diff --git a/include/cairo/context.hpp b/include/cairo/context.hpp
index a10bf3fa..87b222e1 100644
--- a/include/cairo/context.hpp
+++ b/include/cairo/context.hpp
@@ -102,15 +102,6 @@ namespace cairo {
       return *this;
     }
 
-    context& operator<<(const displace& d) {
-      cairo_set_operator(m_c, CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE);
-      cairo_set_source_surface(m_c, cairo_get_target(m_c), d.x - d.w, d.y);
-      cairo_rectangle(m_c, d.x - d.w, d.y, d.x + d.dx, d.y + d.dy);
-      cairo_fill(m_c);
-      cairo_surface_flush(cairo_get_target(m_c));
-      return *this;
-    }
-
     context& operator<<(const translate& d) {
       cairo_translate(m_c, d.x, d.y);
       return *this;
@@ -200,8 +191,8 @@ namespace cairo {
 
           save();
           {
+            cairo_set_operator(m_c, t.bg_operator);
             *this << t.bg;
-            cairo_set_operator(m_c, static_cast<cairo_operator_t>(t.bg_operator));
             cairo_rectangle(m_c, t.bg_rect.x + *t.x_advance, t.bg_rect.y + *t.y_advance,
                 t.bg_rect.w + extents.x_advance, t.bg_rect.h);
             cairo_fill(m_c);
@@ -239,8 +230,6 @@ namespace cairo {
         chars.erase(chars.begin(), ++chars.begin());
       }
 
-      // *this << abspos{x, y};
-
       return *this;
     }
 
@@ -345,8 +334,8 @@ namespace cairo {
 
     context& snap(double* x, double* y) {
       cairo_user_to_device(m_c, x, y);
-      *x = ((int)*x + 0.5);
-      *y = ((int)*y + 0.5);
+      *x = static_cast<int>(*x + 0.5);
+      *y = static_cast<int>(*y + 0.5);
       return *this;
     }
 
diff --git a/include/cairo/types.hpp b/include/cairo/types.hpp
index 56525e63..dc4fb087 100644
--- a/include/cairo/types.hpp
+++ b/include/cairo/types.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <cairo/cairo.h>
+
 #include "common.hpp"
 
 POLYBAR_NS
@@ -33,14 +35,6 @@ namespace cairo {
     double y2;
     double w;
   };
-  struct displace {
-    double x;
-    double y;
-    double w;
-    double h;
-    double dx;
-    double dy;
-  };
   struct translate {
     double x;
     double y;
@@ -64,7 +58,7 @@ namespace cairo {
     string contents;
     int font;
     unsigned int bg;
-    int bg_operator;
+    cairo_operator_t bg_operator;
     rect bg_rect;
     double *x_advance;
     double *y_advance;
diff --git a/include/cairo/utils.hpp b/include/cairo/utils.hpp
index 33b74892..5db3a145 100644
--- a/include/cairo/utils.hpp
+++ b/include/cairo/utils.hpp
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cairo/cairo.h>
+#include <cairo/cairo-ft.h>
 #include <list>
-#include <set>
 
 #include "common.hpp"
-#include "utils/string.hpp"
 
 POLYBAR_NS
 
@@ -16,21 +14,10 @@ namespace cairo {
      */
     class device_lock {
      public:
-      explicit device_lock(cairo_device_t* device) {
-        auto status = cairo_device_acquire(device);
-        if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-          m_device = device;
-        }
-      }
-      ~device_lock() {
-        cairo_device_release(m_device);
-      }
-      operator bool() const {
-        return m_device != nullptr;
-      }
-      operator cairo_device_t*() const {
-        return m_device;
-      }
+      explicit device_lock(cairo_device_t* device);
+      ~device_lock();
+      operator bool() const;
+      operator cairo_device_t*() const;
 
      private:
       cairo_device_t* m_device{nullptr};
@@ -42,16 +29,9 @@ namespace cairo {
      */
     class ft_face_lock {
      public:
-      explicit ft_face_lock(cairo_scaled_font_t* font) : m_font(font) {
-        m_face = cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face(m_font);
-      }
-      ~ft_face_lock() {
-        cairo_ft_scaled_font_unlock_face(m_font);
-      }
-
-      operator FT_Face() const {
-        return m_face;
-      }
+      explicit ft_face_lock(cairo_scaled_font_t* font);
+      ~ft_face_lock();
+      operator FT_Face() const;
 
      private:
       cairo_scaled_font_t* m_font;
@@ -63,8 +43,7 @@ namespace cairo {
      * and details on where its position in the source string
      */
     struct unicode_character {
-      explicit unicode_character() : codepoint(0), offset(0), length(0) {}
-
+      explicit unicode_character();
       unsigned long codepoint;
       int offset;
       int length;
@@ -74,128 +53,17 @@ namespace cairo {
     /**
      * @see <cairo/cairo.h>
      */
-    cairo_operator_t str2operator(const string& mode, cairo_operator_t fallback) {
-      if (mode.empty()) {
-        return fallback;
-      }
-      static std::map<string, cairo_operator_t> modes;
-      if (modes.empty()) {
-        modes["clear"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR;
-        modes["source"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE;
-        modes["over"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER;
-        modes["in"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_IN;
-        modes["out"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OUT;
-        modes["atop"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_ATOP;
-        modes["dest"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST;
-        modes["dest-over"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OVER;
-        modes["dest-in"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_IN;
-        modes["dest-out"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OUT;
-        modes["dest-atop"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_ATOP;
-        modes["xor"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_XOR;
-        modes["add"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_ADD;
-        modes["saturate"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_SATURATE;
-        modes["multiply"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_MULTIPLY;
-        modes["screen"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_SCREEN;
-        modes["overlay"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVERLAY;
-        modes["darken"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DARKEN;
-        modes["lighten"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_LIGHTEN;
-        modes["color-dodge"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_DODGE;
-        modes["color-burn"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_BURN;
-        modes["hard-light"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HARD_LIGHT;
-        modes["soft-light"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOFT_LIGHT;
-        modes["difference"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DIFFERENCE;
-        modes["exclusion"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_EXCLUSION;
-        modes["hsl-hue"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_HUE;
-        modes["hsl-saturation"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_SATURATION;
-        modes["hsl-color"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_COLOR;
-        modes["hsl-luminosity"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_LUMINOSITY;
-      }
-      auto it = modes.find(mode);
-      return it != modes.end() ? it->second : fallback;
-    }
+    cairo_operator_t str2operator(const string& mode, cairo_operator_t fallback);
 
     /**
      * @brief Create a UCS-4 codepoint from a utf-8 encoded string
      */
-    bool utf8_to_ucs4(const unsigned char* src, unicode_charlist& result_list) {
-      if (!src) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      const unsigned char* first = src;
-      while (*first) {
-        int len = 0;
-        unsigned long result = 0;
-        if ((*first >> 7) == 0) {
-          len = 1;
-          result = *first;
-        } else if ((*first >> 5) == 6) {
-          len = 2;
-          result = *first & 31;
-        } else if ((*first >> 4) == 14) {
-          len = 3;
-          result = *first & 15;
-        } else if ((*first >> 3) == 30) {
-          len = 4;
-          result = *first & 7;
-        } else {
-          return false;
-        }
-        const unsigned char* next;
-        for (next = first + 1; *next && ((*next >> 6) == 2) && (next - first < len); next++) {
-          result = result << 6;
-          result |= *next & 63;
-        }
-        unicode_character uc_char;
-        uc_char.codepoint = result;
-        uc_char.offset = first - src;
-        uc_char.length = next - first;
-        result_list.push_back(uc_char);
-        first = next;
-      }
-      return true;
-    }
+    bool utf8_to_ucs4(const unsigned char* src, unicode_charlist& result_list);
 
     /**
      * @brief Convert a UCS-4 codepoint to a utf-8 encoded string
      */
-    size_t ucs4_to_utf8(char* utf8, unsigned int ucs) {
-      if (ucs <= 0x7f) {
-        *utf8 = ucs;
-        return 1;
-      } else if (ucs <= 0x07ff) {
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0xff) | 0xc0;
-        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        return 2;
-      } else if (ucs <= 0xffff) {
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 12) & 0x0f) | 0xe0;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        return 3;
-      } else if (ucs <= 0x1fffff) {
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 18) & 0x07) | 0xf0;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        return 4;
-      } else if (ucs <= 0x03ffffff) {
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 24) & 0x03) | 0xf8;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        return 5;
-      } else if (ucs <= 0x7fffffff) {
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 30) & 0x01) | 0xfc;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 24) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
-        return 6;
-      } else {
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
+    size_t ucs4_to_utf8(char* utf8, unsigned int ucs);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/cairo/utils.cpp b/src/cairo/utils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b58e4309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cairo/utils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+#include <map>
+
+#include "cairo/utils.hpp"
+
+POLYBAR_NS
+
+namespace cairo {
+  namespace utils {
+
+    // implementation : device_lock {{{
+
+    device_lock::device_lock(cairo_device_t* device) {
+      auto status = cairo_device_acquire(device);
+      if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+        m_device = device;
+      }
+    }
+    device_lock::~device_lock() {
+      cairo_device_release(m_device);
+    }
+    device_lock::operator bool() const {
+      return m_device != nullptr;
+    }
+    device_lock::operator cairo_device_t*() const {
+      return m_device;
+    }
+
+    // }}}
+    // implementation : ft_face_lock {{{
+
+    ft_face_lock::ft_face_lock(cairo_scaled_font_t* font) : m_font(font) {
+      m_face = cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face(m_font);
+    }
+    ft_face_lock::~ft_face_lock() {
+      cairo_ft_scaled_font_unlock_face(m_font);
+    }
+    ft_face_lock::operator FT_Face() const {
+      return m_face;
+    }
+
+    // }}}
+    // implementation : unicode_character {{{
+
+    unicode_character::unicode_character() : codepoint(0), offset(0), length(0) {}
+
+    // }}}
+
+    /**
+     * @see <cairo/cairo.h>
+     */
+    cairo_operator_t str2operator(const string& mode, cairo_operator_t fallback) {
+      if (mode.empty()) {
+        return fallback;
+      }
+      static std::map<string, cairo_operator_t> modes;
+      if (modes.empty()) {
+        modes["clear"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR;
+        modes["source"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE;
+        modes["over"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER;
+        modes["in"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_IN;
+        modes["out"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OUT;
+        modes["atop"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_ATOP;
+        modes["dest"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST;
+        modes["dest-over"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OVER;
+        modes["dest-in"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_IN;
+        modes["dest-out"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OUT;
+        modes["dest-atop"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_ATOP;
+        modes["xor"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_XOR;
+        modes["add"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_ADD;
+        modes["saturate"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_SATURATE;
+        modes["multiply"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_MULTIPLY;
+        modes["screen"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_SCREEN;
+        modes["overlay"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVERLAY;
+        modes["darken"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DARKEN;
+        modes["lighten"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_LIGHTEN;
+        modes["color-dodge"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_DODGE;
+        modes["color-burn"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_BURN;
+        modes["hard-light"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HARD_LIGHT;
+        modes["soft-light"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOFT_LIGHT;
+        modes["difference"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_DIFFERENCE;
+        modes["exclusion"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_EXCLUSION;
+        modes["hsl-hue"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_HUE;
+        modes["hsl-saturation"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_SATURATION;
+        modes["hsl-color"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_COLOR;
+        modes["hsl-luminosity"s] = CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_LUMINOSITY;
+      }
+      auto it = modes.find(mode);
+      return it != modes.end() ? it->second : fallback;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Create a UCS-4 codepoint from a utf-8 encoded string
+     */
+    bool utf8_to_ucs4(const unsigned char* src, unicode_charlist& result_list) {
+      if (!src) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      const unsigned char* first = src;
+      while (*first) {
+        int len = 0;
+        unsigned long result = 0;
+        if ((*first >> 7) == 0) {
+          len = 1;
+          result = *first;
+        } else if ((*first >> 5) == 6) {
+          len = 2;
+          result = *first & 31;
+        } else if ((*first >> 4) == 14) {
+          len = 3;
+          result = *first & 15;
+        } else if ((*first >> 3) == 30) {
+          len = 4;
+          result = *first & 7;
+        } else {
+          return false;
+        }
+        const unsigned char* next;
+        for (next = first + 1; *next && ((*next >> 6) == 2) && (next - first < len); next++) {
+          result = result << 6;
+          result |= *next & 63;
+        }
+        unicode_character uc_char;
+        uc_char.codepoint = result;
+        uc_char.offset = first - src;
+        uc_char.length = next - first;
+        result_list.push_back(uc_char);
+        first = next;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Convert a UCS-4 codepoint to a utf-8 encoded string
+     */
+    size_t ucs4_to_utf8(char* utf8, unsigned int ucs) {
+      if (ucs <= 0x7f) {
+        *utf8 = ucs;
+        return 1;
+      } else if (ucs <= 0x07ff) {
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0xff) | 0xc0;
+        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        return 2;
+      } else if (ucs <= 0xffff) {
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 12) & 0x0f) | 0xe0;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        return 3;
+      } else if (ucs <= 0x1fffff) {
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 18) & 0x07) | 0xf0;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        return 4;
+      } else if (ucs <= 0x03ffffff) {
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 24) & 0x03) | 0xf8;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        return 5;
+      } else if (ucs <= 0x7fffffff) {
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 30) & 0x01) | 0xfc;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 24) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *(utf8++) = ((ucs >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        *utf8 = (ucs & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+        return 6;
+      } else {
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+POLYBAR_NS_END