Database Cleaner

Database Cleaner is a set of strategies for cleaning your database in Ruby.

The original use case was to ensure a clean state during tests. Each strategy is a small amount of code but is code that is usually needed in any ruby app that is testing with a database.

Gem Setup

# Gemfile
group :test do
  gem 'database_cleaner'
end

Supported Databases, Libraries and Strategies

ActiveRecord, DataMapper, Sequel, MongoMapper, Mongoid, CouchPotato, Ohm and Redis are supported.

Here is an overview of the strategies supported for each library:

ORM	Truncation	Transaction	Deletion
ActiveRecord	Yes	Yes	Yes
DataMapper	Yes	Yes	No
CouchPotato	Yes	No	No
MongoMapper	Yes	No	No
Mongoid	Yes	No	No
Sequel	Yes	Yes	Yes
Redis	Yes	No	No
Ohm	Yes	No	No
Neo4j	Yes	Yes*	Yes*

* Truncation and Deletion strategies for Neo4j will just delete all nodes and relationships from the database.

Driver	Truncation	Transaction	Deletion
Mongo	Yes	No	No
Moped	Yes	No	No

(Default strategy for each library is denoted in bold)

Database Cleaner also includes a null strategy (that does no cleaning at all) which can be used with any ORM library. You can also explicitly use it by setting your strategy to nil.

For support or to discuss development please use the Google Group.

What strategy is fastest?

For the SQL libraries the fastest option will be to use :transaction as transactions are simply rolled back. If you can use this strategy you should. However, if you wind up needing to use multiple database connections in your tests (i.e. your tests run in a different process than your application) then using this strategy becomes a bit more difficult. You can get around the problem a number of ways.

One common approach is to force all processes to use the same database connection (common ActiveRecord hack) however this approach has been reported to result in non-deterministic failures.

Another approach is to have the transactions rolled back in the application's process and relax the isolation level of the database (so the tests can read the uncommitted transactions).

An easier, but slower, solution is to use the :truncation or :deletion strategy.

So what is fastest out of :deletion and :truncation? Well, it depends on your table structure and what percentage of tables you populate in an average test. The reasoning is out of the scope of this README but here is a good SO answer on this topic for Postgres.

Some people report much faster speeds with :deletion while others say :truncation is faster for them. The best approach therefore is it try all options on your test suite and see what is faster.

If you are using ActiveRecord then take a look at the additional options available for :truncation.

Dependencies

Because database_cleaner supports multiple ORMs, it doesn't make sense to include all the dependencies for each one in the gemspec. However, the DataMapper adapter does depend on dm-transactions. Therefore, if you use DataMapper, you must include dm-transactions in your Gemfile/bundle/gemset manually.

How to use

require 'database_cleaner'

DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :truncation

# then, whenever you need to clean the DB
DatabaseCleaner.clean

With the :truncation strategy you can also pass in options, for example:

DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :truncation, {:only => %w[widgets dogs some_other_table]}

DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :truncation, {:except => %w[widgets]}

With Ohm and Redis, :only and :except take a list of strings to be passed to keys).

(I should point out the truncation strategy will never truncate your schema_migrations table.)

Some strategies need to be started before tests are run (for example the :transaction strategy needs to know to open up a transaction). This can be accomplished by calling DatabaseCleaner.start at the beginning of the run, or by running the tests inside a block to DatabaseCleaner.cleaning. So you would have:

require 'database_cleaner'

DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :transaction

DatabaseCleaner.start # usually this is called in setup of a test

dirty_the_db

DatabaseCleaner.clean # cleanup of the test

# OR

DatabaseCleaner.cleaning do
  dirty_the_db
end

At times you may want to do a single clean with one strategy.

For example, you may want to start the process by truncating all the tables, but then use the faster transaction strategy the remaining time. To accomplish this you can say:

require 'database_cleaner'

DatabaseCleaner.clean_with :truncation

DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :transaction

# then make the DatabaseCleaner.start and DatabaseCleaner.clean calls appropriately

Additional ActiveRecord options for Truncation

The following options are available for ActiveRecord's :truncation strategy only for MySQL and Postgres. You set them the same as the other truncation options above (e.g. DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :truncation, {:pre_count => true}).

• :pre_count - When set to true this will check each table for existing rows before truncating it. This can speed up test suites when many of the tables to be truncated are never populated. Defaults to :false. (Also, see the section on What strategy is fastest?)
• :reset_ids - This only matters when :pre_count is used, and it will make sure that a tables auto-incrementing id is reset even if there are no rows in the table (e.g. records were created in the test but also removed before DatabaseCleaner gets to it). Defaults to true.

The following option is available for ActiveRecord's :truncation and :deletion strategy for any DB.

• :cache_tables - When set to true the list of tables to truncate or delete from will only be read from the DB once, otherwise it will be read before each cleanup run. Set this to false if (1) you create and drop tables in your tests, or (2) you change Postgres schemas (ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path) in your tests (for example, in a multitenancy setup with each tenant in a different Postgres schema). Defaults to true.

RSpec Example

RSpec.configure do |config|

  config.before(:suite) do
    DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :transaction
    DatabaseCleaner.clean_with(:truncation)
  end

  config.around(:each) do |example|
    DatabaseCleaner.cleaning do
      example.run
    end
  end

end

RSpec with Capybara Example

You'll typically discover a feature spec is incorrectly using transaction instead of truncation strategy when the data created in the spec is not visible in the app-under-test.

A frequently occurring example of this is when, after creating a user in a spec, the spec mysteriously fails to login with the user. This happens because the user is created inside of an uncommitted transaction on one database connection, while the login attempt is made using a separate database connection. This separate database connection cannot access the uncommitted user data created over the first database connection due to transaction isolation.

For feature specs using a Capybara driver for an external JavaScript-capable browser (in practice this is all drivers except :rack_test), the Rack app under test and the specs do not share a database connection.

When a spec and app-under-test do not share a database connection, you'll likely need to use the truncation strategy instead of the transaction strategy.

See the suggested config below to temporarily enable truncation strategy for affected feature specs only. This config continues to use transaction strategy for all other specs.

It's also recommended to use append_after to ensure DatabaseCleaner.clean runs after the after-test cleanup capybara/rspec installs.

require 'capybara/rspec'

#...

RSpec.configure do |config|

  config.use_transactional_fixtures = false

  config.before(:suite) do
    if config.use_transactional_fixtures?
      raise(<<-MSG)
        Delete line `config.use_transactional_fixtures = true` from rails_helper.rb
        (or set it to false) to prevent uncommitted transactions being used in
        JavaScript-dependent specs.

        During testing, the app-under-test that the browser driver connects to
        uses a different database connection to the database connection used by
        the spec. The app's database connection would not be able to access
        uncommitted transaction data setup over the spec's database connection.
      MSG
    end
    DatabaseCleaner.clean_with(:truncation)
  end

  config.before(:each) do
    DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :transaction
  end

  config.before(:each, type: :feature) do
    # :rack_test driver's Rack app under test shares database connection
    # with the specs, so continue to use transaction strategy for speed.
    driver_shares_db_connection_with_specs = Capybara.current_driver == :rack_test

    unless driver_shares_db_connection_with_specs
      # Driver is probably for an external browser with an app
      # under test that does *not* share a database connection with the
      # specs, so use truncation strategy.
      DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :truncation
    end
  end

  config.before(:each) do
    DatabaseCleaner.start
  end

  config.append_after(:each) do
    DatabaseCleaner.clean
  end

end

Minitest Example

DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :transaction

class Minitest::Spec
  before :each do
    DatabaseCleaner.start
  end

  after :each do
    DatabaseCleaner.clean
  end
end

# with the minitest-around gem, this may be used instead:
class Minitest::Spec
  around do |tests|
    DatabaseCleaner.cleaning(&tests)
  end
end

Cucumber Example

If you're using Cucumber with Rails, just use the generator that ships with cucumber-rails, and that will create all the code you need to integrate DatabaseCleaner into your Rails project.

Otherwise, to add DatabaseCleaner to your project by hand, create a file features/support/database_cleaner.rb that looks like this:

begin
  require 'database_cleaner'
  require 'database_cleaner/cucumber'

  DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :truncation
rescue NameError
  raise "You need to add database_cleaner to your Gemfile (in the :test group) if you wish to use it."
end

Around do |scenario, block|
  DatabaseCleaner.cleaning(&block)
end

This should cover the basics of tear down between scenarios and keeping your database clean.

For more examples see the section "Why?".

How to use with multiple ORMs

Sometimes you need to use multiple ORMs in your application.

You can use DatabaseCleaner to clean multiple ORMs, and multiple connections for those ORMs.

#How to specify particular orms
DatabaseCleaner[:active_record].strategy = :transaction
DatabaseCleaner[:mongo_mapper].strategy = :truncation

#How to specify particular connections
DatabaseCleaner[:active_record, { :connection => :two }]

# You may also pass in the model directly:
DatabaseCleaner[:active_record, { :model => ModelWithDifferentConnection }]

Usage beyond that remains the same with DatabaseCleaner.start calling any setup on the different configured connections, and DatabaseCleaner.clean executing afterwards.

Configuration options

ORM	How to access	Notes
Active Record	DatabaseCleaner[:active_record]	Connection specified as :symbol keys, loaded from config/database.yml. You may also pass in the ActiveRecord model under the :model key.
Data Mapper	DatabaseCleaner[:data_mapper]	Connection specified as :symbol keys, loaded via Datamapper repositories
Mongo Mapper	DatabaseCleaner[:mongo_mapper]	Multiple connections not yet supported
Mongoid	DatabaseCleaner[:mongoid]	Multiple databases supported for Mongoid 3. Specify DatabaseCleaner[:mongoid, {:connection => :db_name}]
Moped	DatabaseCleaner[:moped]	It is necessary to configure database name with DatabaseCleaner[:moped].db = db_name otherwise name `default` will be used.
Couch Potato	DatabaseCleaner[:couch_potato]	Multiple connections not yet supported
Sequel	DatabaseCleaner[:sequel]	Multiple databases supported; specify DatabaseCleaner[:sequel, {:connection => Sequel.connect(uri)}]
Redis	DatabaseCleaner[:redis]	Connection specified as Redis URI
Ohm	DatabaseCleaner[:ohm]	Connection specified as Redis URI
Neo4j	DatabaseCleaner[:neo4j]	Database type and path(URI) DatabaseCleaner[:neo4j, connection: {type: :server_db, path: 'http://localhost:7475'}].

Why?

One of my motivations for writing this library was to have an easy way to turn on what Rails calls "transactional_fixtures" in my non-rails ActiveRecord projects.

After copying and pasting code to do this several times I decided to package it up as a gem and save everyone a bit of time.

Common Errors

DatabaseCleaner is trying to use the wrong ORM

DatabaseCleaner has an autodetect mechanism where if you do not explicitly define your ORM it will use the first ORM it can detect that is loaded.

Since ActiveRecord is the most common ORM used that is the first one checked for.

Sometimes other libraries (e.g. ActiveAdmin) will load other ORMs (e.g. ActiveRecord) even though you are using a different ORM. This will result in DatabaseCleaner trying to use the wrong ORM (e.g. ActiveRecord) unless you explicitly define your ORM like so:

# How to setup your ORM explicitly
DatabaseCleaner[:mongoid].strategy = :truncation

STDERR is being flooded when using Postgres

If you are using Postgres and have foreign key constraints, the truncation strategy will cause a lot of extra noise to appear on STDERR (in the form of "NOTICE truncate cascades" messages).

To silence these warnings set the following log level in your postgresql.conf file:

client_min_messages = warning

For ActiveRecord, you add the following parameter in your database.yml file:

test:
  adapter: postgresql
  # ...
  min_messages: WARNING

Nothing happens in JRuby with Sequel using transactions

Due to an inconsistency in JRuby's implementation of Fibers, Sequel gives a different connection to DatabaseCleaner.start than is used for tests run between .start and .clean. This can be worked around by running your tests in a block like DatabaseCleaner.cleaning { run_my_tests } instead, which does not use Fibers.

Model fails to load with Neo4j using transactions

When you are using neo4j gem it creates schema and reads indexes upon loading models. These operations can't be done during a transaction. You have to preload your models before DatabaseCleaner starts a transaction.

Add to your rails_helper or spec_helper after requiring database_cleaner:

require 'database_cleaner'
Dir["#{Rails.root}/app/models/**/*.rb"].each do |model|
  load model
end

Safeguards

DatabaseCleaner comes with safeguards against:

• Running in production (checking for ENV, RACK_ENV, and RAILS_ENV)
• Running against a remote database (checking for a DATABASE_URL that does not include localhost, .local or 127.0.0.1)

Both safeguards can be disabled separately as follows.

Using environment variables:

export DATABASE_CLEANER_ALLOW_PRODUCTION=true
export DATABASE_CLEANER_ALLOW_REMOTE_DATABASE_URL=true

In Ruby:

DatabaseCleaner.allow_production = true
DatabaseCleaner.allow_remote_database_url = true

In Ruby, a URL whitelist can be specified. When specified, DatabaseCleaner will only allow DATABASE_URL to be equal to one of the values specified in the url whitelist like so:

DatabaseCleaner.url_whitelist = ['postgres://postgres@localhost', 'postgres://foo@bar']

Debugging

In rare cases DatabaseCleaner will encounter errors that it will log. By default it uses STDOUT set to the ERROR level but you can configure this to use whatever Logger you desire.

Here's an example of using the Rails.logger in env.rb:

DatabaseCleaner.logger = Rails.logger

COPYRIGHT

Copyright (c) 2014 Ben Mabey. See LICENSE for details.