From 52360b656f4856d75f3f3020f52b151d18a7b01c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andrew Haines Date: Tue, 25 Dec 2012 23:33:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Rewrite README Closes #364 Closes #368 Closes #371 [ci skip] --- CHANGELOG.markdown => CHANGELOG.md | 0 CONTRIBUTING.md | 11 + LICENSE | 7 + README.md | 319 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Readme.markdown | 383 ----------------------------- 5 files changed, 337 insertions(+), 383 deletions(-) rename CHANGELOG.markdown => CHANGELOG.md (100%) create mode 100644 CONTRIBUTING.md create mode 100644 LICENSE create mode 100644 README.md delete mode 100644 Readme.markdown diff --git a/CHANGELOG.markdown b/CHANGELOG.md similarity index 100% rename from CHANGELOG.markdown rename to CHANGELOG.md diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c18b5fa --- /dev/null +++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# Contributing to Draper + +So you want to help us out... thanks! Here's a quick how-to: + +1. [Fork the project](https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo). +2. Create a branch - `git checkout -b adding_magic` +3. Make your changes, and add some tests! +4. Check that the tests pass - `bundle exec rake` +5. Commit your changes - `git commit -am "Added some magic"` +6. Push the branch to Github - `git push origin adding_magic` +7. Send us a [pull request](https://help.github.com/articles/using-pull-requests)! diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE new file mode 100644 index 0000000..49b1bd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +(The MIT License) + +Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ‘Software’), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: + +The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. + +THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ‘AS IS’, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8999282 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +# Draper: View Models for Rails + +[![TravisCI Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/drapergem/draper.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/drapergem/draper) +[![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/badge.png)](https://codeclimate.com/github/drapergem/draper) + +Draper adds a nicely-separated object-oriented layer of presentation logic to your Rails apps. Previously, this logic might have been tangled up in procedural helpers, or contributing to your fat models' weight problems. Now, you can wrap your models up in decorators to organise - and test - this layer of your app much more effectively. + + +## Overview + +With Draper, your `Article` model has a corresponding `ArticleDecorator`. The decorator wraps the model, and deals only with presentational concerns. In the controller, you simply decorate your article before handing it off to the view. + +```ruby +# app/controllers/articles_controller.rb +def show + @article = Article.find(params[:id]).decorate +end +``` + +In the view, you can use the decorator in exactly the same way as you would have used the model. The difference is, any time you find yourself needing to write a helper, you can implement a method on the decorator instead. For example, this helper: + +```ruby +# app/helpers/articles_helper.rb +def publication_status(article) + if article.published? + "Published at #{article.published_at.strftime('%A, %B %e')}" + else + "Unpublished" + end +end +``` + +could be better written as: + +```ruby +# app/decorators/article_decorator.rb +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + def publication_status + if published? + "Published at #{published_at}" + else + "Unpublished" + end + end + + def published_at + source.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e") + end +end +``` + +Notice that the `published?` method can be called even though `ArticleDecorator` doesn't define it - the decorator delegates methods to the source model. However, we can override methods like `published_at` to add presentation-specific formatting, in which case we access the underlying model using the `source` method. + +You might have heard this sort of decorator called a "presenter", an "exhibit", a "view model", or even just a "view" (in that nomenclature, what Rails calls "views" are actually "templates"). Whatever you call it, it's a great way to replace procedural helpers like the one above with "real" object-oriented programming. + +Decorators are the ideal place to: +* format dates and times using `strftime`, +* define commonly-used representations of an object, like a `name` method that combines `first_name` and `last_name` attributes, +* mark up attributes with a little semantic HTML, like turning a `url` field into a hyperlink. + + +## Installation + +Add Draper to your Gemfile: + +```ruby +gem 'draper', '~> 1.0' +``` + +And run `bundle install` within your app's directory. + + +## Writing decorators + +Decorators inherit from `Draper::Decorator`, live in your `app/decorators` directory, and are named for the model that they decorate: + +```ruby +# app/decorators/article_decorator.rb +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator +# ... +end +``` + +### Generators + +When you generate a resource with `rails generate resource Article`, you get a decorator for free! But if the `Article` model already exists, you can run `rails generate decorator Article` to create the `ArticleDecorator`. + +### Accessing helpers + +Procedural helpers are still useful for generic tasks like generating HTML, and as such you can access all this goodness (both built-in Rails helpers, and your own) through the `helpers` method: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + def emphatic + helpers.content_tag(:strong, "Awesome") + end +end +``` + +To save your typing fingers it's aliased to `h`. If that's still too much effort, just pop `include Draper::LazyHelpers` at the top of your decorator class - you'll mix in a bazillion methods and never have to type `h.` again... [if that's your sort of thing](https://github.com/garybernhardt/base). + +### Accessing the model + +Decorators will delegate methods to the model where possible, which means in most cases you can replace a model with a decorator and your view won't notice the difference. When you need to get your hands on the underlying model the `source` method is your friend (and its aliases `model` and `to_source`): + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + def published_at + source.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e") + end +end +``` + + +## Decorating + +### Single objects + +Ok, so you've written a sweet decorator, now you're going to want to put it in action! A simple option is to call the `decorate` method on your model: + +```ruby +@article = Article.first.decorate +``` + +This infers the decorator from the object being decorated. If you want more control - say you want to decorate a `Widget` with a more general `ProductDecorator` - then you can instantiate a decorator directly: + +```ruby +@article = ArticleDecorator.new(Article.first) +# or, equivalently +@article = ArticleDecorator.decorate(Article.first) +``` + +### Collections + +If you have a whole bunch of objects, you can decorate them all in one fell swoop: + +```ruby +@articles = ArticleDecorator.decorate_collection(Article.all) +# or, for scopes (but not `all`) +@articles = Article.popular.decorate +``` + +If you want to add methods to your decorated collection (for example, for pagination), you can subclass `Draper::CollectionDecorator`: + +```ruby +# app/decorators/articles_decorator.rb +class ArticlesDecorator < Draper::CollectionDecorator + def page_number + 42 + end +end + +# elsewhere... +@articles = ArticlesDecorator.new(Article.all) +# or, equivalently +@articles = ArticlesDecorator.decorate(Article.all) +``` + +Draper guesses the decorator used for each item from the name of the collection decorator ("ArticlesDecorator" becomes "ArticleDecorator"). If that fails, it falls back to using each item's `decorate` method. Alternatively, you can specify a decorator by overriding the collection decorator's `decorator_class` method. + +### Handy shortcuts + +You can automatically decorate associated models: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + decorates_association :author +end +``` + +And, if you want, you can add decorated finder methods: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + decorates_finders +end +``` + +so that you can do: + +```ruby +@article = ArticleDecorator.find(params[:id]) +``` + + +## Testing + +Draper supports RSpec and Minitest::Rails out of the box, and should work with Test::Unit as well. + +### RSpec + +Your specs should live in `spec/decorators` (if not, you need to tag them with `type: :decorator`). + +In controller specs, you might want to check whether your instance variables are being decorated properly. You can use the handy predicate matchers: + +```ruby +assigns(:article).should be_decorated +# or, if you want to be more specific +assigns(:article).should be_decorated_with ArticleDecorator +``` + +Note that `model.decorate == model`, so your existing specs shouldn't break when you add the decoration. + +Spork users should `require 'draper/test/rspec_integration'` in the `Spork.prefork` block. + + +## Advanced usage + +### `ApplicationDecorator` + +If you need common methods in your decorators, you can create an `ApplicationDecorator`: + +```ruby +# app/decorators/application_decorator.rb +class ApplicationDecorator < Draper::Decorator +# ... +end +``` + +and inherit from it instead of directly from `Draper::Decorator`. + +### Enforcing an interface between controllers and views + +If you want to strictly control which methods are called in your views, you can restrict the methods that the decorator delegates to the model. Use `denies` to blacklist methods: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + # allow everything except `title` and `author` to be delegated + denies :title, :author +end +``` + +or, better, use `allows` for a whitelist: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + # only allow `title` and `author` to be delegated to the model + allows :title, :author +end +``` + +You can prevent method delegation altogether using `denies_all`. + +### Adding context + +If you need to pass extra data to your decorators, you can use a `context` hash. Methods that create decorators take it as an option, for example + +```ruby +Article.first.decorate(context: {role: :admin}) +``` + +The value passed to the `:context` option is then available in the decorator through the `context` method. + +If you use `decorates_association`, the context of the parent decorator is passed to the associated decorators. You can override this with the `:context` option: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + decorates_association :author, context: {foo: "bar"} +end +``` + +or, if you simply want to modify the parent's context, use a lambda that takes a hash and returns a new hash: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + decorates_association :author, + context: ->(parent_context){ parent_context.merge(foo: "bar") } +end +``` + +### Specifying decorators + +When you're using `decorates_association`, Draper uses the `decorate` method on the associated record (or each associated record, in the case of a collection association) to perform the decoration. If you want use a specific decorator, you can use the `:with` option: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + decorates_association :author, with: FancyPersonDecorator +end +``` + +For a collection association, you can specify a `CollectionDecorator` subclass, which is applied to the whole collection, or a singular `Decorator` subclass, which is applied to each item individually. + +### Scoping associations + +If you want your decorated association to be ordered, limited, or otherwise scoped, you can pass a `:scope` option to `decorates_association`, which will be applied to the collection before decoration: + +```ruby +class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + decorates_association :comments, scope: :recent +end +``` + +### Breaking with convention + +If, as well as instance methods, you want to proxy class methods to the model through the decorator (including when using `decorates_finders`), Draper needs to know the model class. By default, it assumes that your decorators are named `SomeModelDecorator`, and then attempts to proxy unknown class methods to `SomeModel`. If your model name can't be inferred from your decorator name in this way, you need to use the `decorates` method: + +```ruby +class MySpecialArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator + decorates :article +end +``` + +You don't need to worry about this if you don't want to proxy class methods. + +### Making models decoratable + +Models get their `decorate` method from the `Draper::Decoratable` module, which is included in `ActiveRecord::Base` and `Mongoid::Document` by default. If you're using another ORM, or want to decorate plain old Ruby objects, you can include this module manually. + + +## Contributors + +Draper was conceived by Jeff Casimir and heavily refined by Steve Klabnik and a great community of open source [contributors](https://github.com/drapergem/draper/contributors). + +### Core Team + +* Jeff Casimir (jeff@jumpstartlab.com) +* Steve Klabnik (steve@jumpstartlab.com) +* Vasiliy Ermolovich +* Andrew Haines diff --git a/Readme.markdown b/Readme.markdown deleted file mode 100644 index 3f3431b..0000000 --- a/Readme.markdown +++ /dev/null @@ -1,383 +0,0 @@ -# Draper: View Models for Rails - -[![TravisCI Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/drapergem/draper.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/drapergem/draper) -[![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/badge.png)](https://codeclimate.com/github/drapergem/draper) - -## Quick Start - -1. Add `gem 'draper'` to your `Gemfile` and `bundle` -2. When you generate a resource with `rails g resource YourModel`, you get a decorator automatically! -3. If `YourModel` already exists, run `rails g decorator YourModel` to create `YourModelDecorator` -4. Edit `app/decorators/[your_model]_decorator.rb` using: - 1. `h` to proxy to Rails/application helpers like `h.current_user` - 2. the name of your decorated model to access the wrapped object like `article.created_at` -5. Wrap models in your controller with the decorator using: - 1. `.decorate` method with a single object, - ex: `ArticleDecorator.decorate(Article.first)` - 2. `.new` method with single object - ex: `ArticleDecorator.new(Article.first)` - 3. `.decorate_collection` method with a collection, - ex: `ArticleDecorator.decorate_collection(Article.all)` -6. Call decorator methods from your view templates - ex: `<%= @article_decorator.created_at %>` - -If you need common methods in your decorators, create an `app/decorators/application_decorator.rb`: - -``` ruby -class ApplicationDecorator < Draper::Decorator - # your methods go here -end -``` - -and make your decorators inherit from it. Newly generated decorators will respect this choice and inherit from `ApplicationDecorator`. - -## Goals - -This gem makes it easy to apply the decorator pattern to domain models in a Rails application. This pattern gives you three wins: - -1. Replace most helpers with an object-oriented approach -2. Filter data at the presentation level -3. Enforce an interface between your controllers and view templates. - -### 1. Object Oriented Helpers - -Why hate normal helpers? In Ruby/Rails we approach everything from an Object-Oriented perspective, then with helpers we get procedural.The job of a helper is to take in data and output a presentation-ready string. We can do that with a decorator. - -A decorator wraps an object with presentation-related accessor methods. For instance, if you had an `Article` object, then the decorator could override `.published_at` to use formatted output like this: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator - def published_at - date = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date') - time = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p"), :class => 'time').delete(" ") - h.content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'created_at' - end -end -``` - -### 2. View-Layer Data Filtering - -Have you ever written a `to_xml` or `to_json` method in your model? Did it feel weird to put presentation logic in your model? - -Or, in the course of formatting this data, did you wish you could access `current_user` down in the model? Maybe for guests your `to_json` is only going to show three attributes, but if the user is an admin they get to see them all. - -How would you handle this in the model layer? You'd probably pass the `current_user` or some role/flag down to `to_json`. That should still feel slimy. - -When you use a decorator you have the power of a Ruby object but it's a part of the view layer. This is where your `to_json` belongs. You can access your `current_user` helper method using the `h` proxy available in the decorator: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < ApplicationDecorator - ADMIN_VISIBLE_ATTRIBUTES = [:title, :body, :author, :status] - PUBLIC_VISIBLE_ATTRIBUTES = [:title, :body] - - def to_json - attr_set = h.current_user.admin? ? ADMIN_VISIBLE_ATTRIBUTES : PUBLIC_VISIBLE_ATTRIBUTES - article.to_json(:only => attr_set) - end -end -``` - -### 3. Enforcing an Interface - -Want to strictly control what methods are proxied to the original object? Use `denies` or `allows`. - -#### Using `denies` - -The `denies` method takes a blacklist approach. For instance: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < ApplicationDecorator - denies :title -end -``` - -Then, to test it: - -```irb - > ad = ArticleDecorator.new(Article.find(1)) - => #> - > ad.title -NoMethodError: undefined method `title' for # -``` - -You may also blacklist all methods by using `denies_all`: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorate < ApplicationDecorator - denies_all -end -``` - -#### Using `allows` - -A better approach is to define a whitelist using `allows`: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < ApplicationDecorator - allows :title, :description -end -``` - -```irb -> ad = ArticleDecorator.new(Article.find(1)) -=> #> -> ad.title -=> "Hello, World" -> ad.created_at -NoMethodError: undefined method `created_at' for # -``` - -## Up and Running - -### Setup - -Add the dependency to your `Gemfile`: - -``` -gem "draper" -``` - -Then run `bundle` from the project directory. - -### Generate the Decorator - -To decorate a model named `Article`: - -``` -rails generate decorator article -``` - -### Writing Methods - -Open the decorator model (ex: `app/decorators/article_decorator.rb`) and add normal instance methods. To access the wrapped source object, use the `model` method: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator - def author_name - model.author.first_name + " " + model.author.last_name - end -end -``` - -### Using Existing Helpers - -You probably want to make use of Rails helpers and those defined in your application. Use the `helpers` or `h` method proxy: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator - def published_at - date = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date') - time = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p"), :class => 'time').delete(" ") - h.content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'created_at' - end -end -``` - -#### Lazy Helpers - -Hate seeing that `h.` proxy all over? Willing to mix a bazillion methods into your decorator? Then try lazy helpers: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator - include Draper::LazyHelpers - - def published_at - date = content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date') - time = content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p"), :class => 'time').delete(" ") - content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'created_at' - end -end -``` - -### In the Controller - -When writing your controller actions, you have three options: - -* Call `.new` and pass in the object to be wrapped - -```ruby -ArticleDecorator.new(Article.find(params[:id])) -``` - -* Call `.decorate` and pass in an object or collection of objects to be wrapped: - -```ruby -ArticleDecorator.decorate(Article.first) # Returns one instance of ArticleDecorator -ArticleDecorator.decorate_collection(Article.all) # Returns CollectionDecorator of ArticleDecorator -``` - -### In Your Views - -Use the new methods in your views like any other model method (ex: `@article.published_at`): - -```erb -

<%= @article.title %> <%= @article.published_at %>

-``` - -### Integration with RSpec - -Using the provided generator, Draper will place specs for your new decorator in `spec/decorators/`. - -By default, specs in `spec/decorators` will be tagged as `type => :decorator`. Any spec tagged as `decorator` will make helpers available to the decorator. - -If your decorator specs live somewhere else, which they shouldn't, make sure to tag them with `type => :decorator`. If you don't tag them, Draper's helpers won't be available to your decorator while testing. - -Note: If you're using Spork, you need to `require 'draper/test/rspec_integration'` in your Spork.prefork block. - -## Possible Decoration Methods - -Here are some ideas of what you might do in decorator methods: - -* Implement output formatting for `to_csv`, `to_json`, or `to_xml` -* Format dates and times using `strftime` -* Implement a commonly used representation of the data object like a `.name` method that combines `first_name` and `last_name` attributes - -## Learning Resources - -### RailsCast - -Ryan Bates has put together an excellent RailsCast on Draper based on the 0.8.0 release: http://railscasts.com/episodes/286-draper - -### Example Using a Decorator - -For a brief tutorial with sample project, check this out: http://tutorials.jumpstartlab.com/topics/decorators.html - -Say I have a publishing system with `Article` resources. My designer decides that whenever we print the `published_at` timestamp, it should be constructed like this: - -```html - - Monday, May 6 - 8:52AM - -``` - -Could we build that using a partial? Yes. A helper? Uh-huh. But the point of the decorator is to encapsulate logic just like we would a method in our models. Here's how to implement it. - -First, follow the steps above to add the dependency and update your bundle. - -Since we're talking about the `Article` model we'll create an `ArticleDecorator` class. You could do it by hand, but use the provided generator: - -``` -rails generate decorator Article -``` - -Now open up the created `app/decorators/article_decorator.rb` and you'll find an `ArticleDecorator` class. Add this method: - -```ruby -def published_at - date = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date') - time = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p").delete(" "), :class => 'time') - h.content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'published_at' -end -``` - -Then you need to perform the wrapping in your controller. Here's the simplest method: - -```ruby -class ArticlesController < ApplicationController - def show - @article = ArticleDecorator.new(Article.find(params[:id])) - end -end -``` - -Then within your views you can utilize both the normal data methods and your new presentation methods: - -```ruby -<%= @article.published_at %> -``` - -Ta-da! Object-oriented data formatting for your view layer. Below is the complete decorator with extra comments removed: - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator - def published_at - date = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date') - time = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p"), :class => 'time').delete(" ") - h.content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'published_at' - end -end -``` - -### Example of Decorated Associations - -Add a `decorates_association :association_name` to gain access to a decorated version of your target association. - -```ruby -class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator - decorates_association :author # belongs_to :author association -end - -class AuthorDecorator < Draper::Decorator - def fancy_name - "#{model.title}. #{model.first_name} #{model.middle_name[0]}. #{model.last_name}" - end -end -``` - -Now when you call the association it will use a decorator. - -```ruby -<%= @article.author.fancy_name %> -``` - -### A note on Rails configuration - -Draper loads your application's decorators when Rails start. This may lead to an issue with configuring I18n, whereby the settings you provide in `./config/application.rb` are ignored. This happens when you use the `I18n` constant at the class-level in one of the models that have a decorator, as in the following example: - -```ruby -# app/models/user.rb -class User < ActiveRecord::Base - validates :email, presence: { message: I18n.t('invalid_email') } -end - -# app/decorators/user_decorator.rb -class UserDecorator < ApplicationDecorator -end -``` - -Note how the `validates` line is executed when the `User` class is loaded, triggering the initialization of the I18n framework _before_ Rails had a chance to apply its configuration. - -Using `I18n` directly in your model definition **is an antipattern**. The preferred solution would be to not override the `message` option in your `validates` macro, but provide the `activerecord.errors.models.attributes.user.email.presence` key in your translation files. - -## Extension gems - -For automatic decoration, check out [decorates_before_rendering](https://github.com/ohwillie/decorates_before_rendering). - -## Contributing - -1. Fork it. -2. Create a branch (`git checkout -b my_awesome_branch`) -3. Commit your changes (`git commit -am "Added some magic"`) -4. Push to the branch (`git push origin my_awesome_branch`) -5. Send pull request - -## Running tests - -If it's the first time you want to run the tests, start by creating the dummy database: - -``` -$ rake db:migrate -``` - -You can then run tests by executing `rake`. - -## Contributors - -Draper was conceived by Jeff Casimir and heavily refined by Steve Klabnik and a great community of open source contributors. - -### Core Team - -* Jeff Casimir (jeff@jumpstartlab.com) -* Steve Klabnik (steve@jumpstartlab.com) -* Vasiliy Ermolovich - -## License - -(The MIT License) - -Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ‘Software’), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: - -The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. - -THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ‘AS IS’, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.