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trying to shorten the table of contents.

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Jeremy Ashkenas 2010-12-21 22:24:24 -05:00
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documentation/index.html.erb
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@ -46,32 +46,25 @@
<a href="#overview">Overview</a>
<a href="#installation">Installation and Usage</a>
<a href="#language">Language Reference</a>
<a href="#whitespace">Significant Whitespace</a>
<a href="#functions">Functions and Invocation</a>
<a href="#objects_and_arrays">Objects and Arrays</a>
<a href="#literals">Literals: Functions, Objects and Arrays</a>
<a href="#lexical_scope">Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety</a>
<a href="#conditionals">If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment</a>
<a href="#aliases">Aliases</a>
<a href="#splats">Splats...</a>
<a href="#while">While, Until, and Loop</a>
<a href="#comprehensions">Comprehensions (Arrays, Objects, and Ranges)</a>
<a href="#loops">Loops and Comprehensions</a>
<a href="#slices">Array Slicing and Splicing</a>
<a href="#expressions">Everything is an Expression</a>
<a href="#existence">The Existential Operator</a>
<a href="#operators">Operators and Aliases</a>
<a href="#classes">Classes, Inheritance, and Super</a>
<a href="#pattern_matching">Pattern Matching</a>
<a href="#fat_arrow">Function Binding</a>
<a href="#embedded">Embedded JavaScript</a>
<a href="#switch">The Switch Statement</a>
<a href="#try">Try/Catch/Finally</a>
<a href="#switch">Switch and Try/Catch</a>
<a href="#comparisons">Chained Comparisons</a>
<a href="#strings">String Interpolation, Heredocs, and Block Comments</a>
<a href="#regexes">Extended Regular Expressions</a>
<a href="#cake">Cake, and Cakefiles</a>
<a href="#scripts">"text/coffeescript" Script Tags</a>
<a href="#examples">Examples</a>
<a href="#resources">Resources</a>
<a href="#webchat">Web Chat (IRC)</a>
<a href="#resources">Examples and Resources</a>
<a href="#change_log">Change Log</a>
</div>
</div>
@ -339,8 +332,6 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
"Try CoffeeScript" in the toolbar, and play with them from there.
</i>
<p>
<span id="whitespace" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Significant Whitespace</b>
CoffeeScript uses Python-style significant whitespace: You don't need to
use semicolons <tt>;</tt> to terminate expressions, ending
the line will do just as well. Semicolons can still be used to fit
@ -362,7 +353,7 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
</p>
<p>
<span id="functions" class="bookmark"></span>
<span id="literals" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Functions</b>
Functions are defined by a list of parameters, an arrow, and the
function body. The empty function looks like this: <tt>-></tt>
@ -444,63 +435,6 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
</p>
<%= code_for('conditionals') %>
<p>
<span id="aliases" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Aliases</b>
Because the <tt>==</tt> operator frequently causes undesirable coercion,
is intransitive, and has a different meaning than in other languages,
CoffeeScript compiles <tt>==</tt> into <tt>===</tt>, and <tt>!=</tt> into
<tt>!==</tt>.
In addition, <tt>is</tt> compiles into <tt>===</tt>,
and <tt>isnt</tt> into <tt>!==</tt>.
</p>
<p>
You can use <tt>not</tt> as an alias for <tt>!</tt>.
</p>
<p>
For logic, <tt>and</tt> compiles to <tt>&amp;&amp;</tt>, and <tt>or</tt>
into <tt>||</tt>.
</p>
<p>
Instead of a newline or semicolon, <tt>then</tt> can be used to separate
conditions from expressions, in <b>while</b>,
<b>if</b>/<b>else</b>, and <b>switch</b>/<b>when</b> statements.
</p>
<p>
As in <a href="http://yaml.org/">YAML</a>, <tt>on</tt> and <tt>yes</tt>
are the same as boolean <tt>true</tt>, while <tt>off</tt> and <tt>no</tt> are boolean <tt>false</tt>.
</p>
<p>
For single-line statements, <tt>unless</tt> can be used as the inverse of <tt>if</tt>.
</p>
<p>
As a shortcut for <tt>this.property</tt>, you can use <tt>@property</tt>.
</p>
<p>
You can use <tt>in</tt> to test for array presence, and <tt>of</tt> to
test for JavaScript object-key presence.
</p>
<p>
All together now:
</p>
<table class="definitions">
<tr><th>CoffeeScript</th><th>JavaScript</th></tr>
<tr><td><tt>is</tt></td><td><tt>===</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>isnt</tt></td><td><tt>!==</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>not</tt></td><td><tt>!</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>and</tt></td><td><tt>&amp;&amp;</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>or</tt></td><td><tt>||</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>true, yes, on</tt></td><td><tt>true</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>false, no, off</tt></td><td><tt>false</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>@, this</tt></td><td><tt>this</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>of</tt></td><td><tt>in</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>in</tt></td><td><i><small>no JS equivalent</small></i></td></tr>
</table>
<%= code_for('aliases') %>
<p>
<span id="splats" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Splats...</b>
@ -512,8 +446,8 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
<%= code_for('splats', true) %>
<p>
<span id="while" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">While, Until, and Loop</b>
<span id="loops" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Loops</b>
The only low-level loop that CoffeeScript provides is the <b>while</b> loop. The
main difference from JavaScript is that the <b>while</b> loop can be used
as an expression, returning an array containing the result of each iteration
@ -523,18 +457,14 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
<p>
For readability, the <b>until</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while not</tt>,
and the <b>loop</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while true</tt>.
Other JavaScript loops, such as <b>for</b> loops and <b>do-while</b> loops
can be mimicked by variations on <b>loop</b>, but the hope is that you
won't need to do that with CoffeeScript, either because you're using
<b>each</b> (<b>forEach</b>) style iterators, or...
</p>
<p>
<span id="comprehensions" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Comprehensions (Arrays, Objects, and Ranges)</b>
For your looping needs, CoffeeScript provides array comprehensions
similar to Python's. They replace (and compile into) <b>for</b> loops, with
optional guard clauses and the value of the current array index.
<b class="header">Comprehensions</b>
Hopefully, the majority of your loops can be implemented with <b>comprehensions</b>
over arrays, objects, and ranges. Comprehensions replace (and compile into)
<b>for</b> loops, with optional guard clauses and the value of the current array index.
Unlike for loops, array comprehensions are expressions, and can be returned
and assigned. They should be able to handle most places where you otherwise
would use a loop, <b>each</b>/<b>forEach</b>, <b>map</b>, or <b>select</b>/<b>filter</b>.
@ -627,9 +557,65 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
and <tt>return</tt>. If you make use of them within a block of code,
CoffeeScript won't try to perform the conversion.
</p>
<p>
<span id="operators" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Operators and Aliases</b>
Because the <tt>==</tt> operator frequently causes undesirable coercion,
is intransitive, and has a different meaning than in other languages,
CoffeeScript compiles <tt>==</tt> into <tt>===</tt>, and <tt>!=</tt> into
<tt>!==</tt>.
In addition, <tt>is</tt> compiles into <tt>===</tt>,
and <tt>isnt</tt> into <tt>!==</tt>.
</p>
<p>
You can use <tt>not</tt> as an alias for <tt>!</tt>.
</p>
<p>
For logic, <tt>and</tt> compiles to <tt>&amp;&amp;</tt>, and <tt>or</tt>
into <tt>||</tt>.
</p>
<p>
Instead of a newline or semicolon, <tt>then</tt> can be used to separate
conditions from expressions, in <b>while</b>,
<b>if</b>/<b>else</b>, and <b>switch</b>/<b>when</b> statements.
</p>
<p>
As in <a href="http://yaml.org/">YAML</a>, <tt>on</tt> and <tt>yes</tt>
are the same as boolean <tt>true</tt>, while <tt>off</tt> and <tt>no</tt> are boolean <tt>false</tt>.
</p>
<p>
For single-line statements, <tt>unless</tt> can be used as the inverse of <tt>if</tt>.
</p>
<p>
As a shortcut for <tt>this.property</tt>, you can use <tt>@property</tt>.
</p>
<p>
You can use <tt>in</tt> to test for array presence, and <tt>of</tt> to
test for JavaScript object-key presence.
</p>
<p>
All together now:
</p>
<table class="definitions">
<tr><th>CoffeeScript</th><th>JavaScript</th></tr>
<tr><td><tt>is</tt></td><td><tt>===</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>isnt</tt></td><td><tt>!==</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>not</tt></td><td><tt>!</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>and</tt></td><td><tt>&amp;&amp;</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>or</tt></td><td><tt>||</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>true, yes, on</tt></td><td><tt>true</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>false, no, off</tt></td><td><tt>false</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>@, this</tt></td><td><tt>this</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>of</tt></td><td><tt>in</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><tt>in</tt></td><td><i><small>no JS equivalent</small></i></td></tr>
</table>
<%= code_for('aliases') %>
<p>
<span id="existence" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">The Existential Operator</b>
It's a little difficult to check for the existence of a variable in
JavaScript. <tt>if (variable) ...</tt> comes close, but fails for zero,
@ -897,7 +883,7 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
</p>
<h2>
<span id="examples" class="bookmark"></span>
<span id="resources" class="bookmark"></span>
Examples
</h2>
@ -931,7 +917,6 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
</ul>
<h2>
<span id="resources" class="bookmark"></span>
Resources
</h2>

819
index.html
View File

@ -24,32 +24,25 @@
<a href="#overview">Overview</a>
<a href="#installation">Installation and Usage</a>
<a href="#language">Language Reference</a>
<a href="#whitespace">Significant Whitespace</a>
<a href="#functions">Functions and Invocation</a>
<a href="#objects_and_arrays">Objects and Arrays</a>
<a href="#literals">Literals: Functions, Objects and Arrays</a>
<a href="#lexical_scope">Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety</a>
<a href="#conditionals">If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment</a>
<a href="#aliases">Aliases</a>
<a href="#splats">Splats...</a>
<a href="#while">While, Until, and Loop</a>
<a href="#comprehensions">Comprehensions (Arrays, Objects, and Ranges)</a>
<a href="#loops">Loops and Comprehensions</a>
<a href="#slices">Array Slicing and Splicing</a>
<a href="#expressions">Everything is an Expression</a>
<a href="#existence">The Existential Operator</a>
<a href="#operators">Operators and Aliases</a>
<a href="#classes">Classes, Inheritance, and Super</a>
<a href="#pattern_matching">Pattern Matching</a>
<a href="#fat_arrow">Function Binding</a>
<a href="#embedded">Embedded JavaScript</a>
<a href="#switch">The Switch Statement</a>
<a href="#try">Try/Catch/Finally</a>
<a href="#switch">Switch and Try/Catch</a>
<a href="#comparisons">Chained Comparisons</a>
<a href="#strings">String Interpolation, Heredocs, and Block Comments</a>
<a href="#regexes">Extended Regular Expressions</a>
<a href="#cake">Cake, and Cakefiles</a>
<a href="#scripts">"text/coffeescript" Script Tags</a>
<a href="#examples">Examples</a>
<a href="#resources">Resources</a>
<a href="#webchat">Web Chat (IRC)</a>
<a href="#resources">Examples and Resources</a>
<a href="#change_log">Change Log</a>
</div>
</div>
@ -414,8 +407,6 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
"Try CoffeeScript" in the toolbar, and play with them from there.
</i>
<p>
<span id="whitespace" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Significant Whitespace</b>
CoffeeScript uses Python-style significant whitespace: You don't need to
use semicolons <tt>;</tt> to terminate expressions, ending
the line will do just as well. Semicolons can still be used to fit
@ -437,7 +428,7 @@ coffee --bare --print --stdio</pre>
</p>
<p>
<span id="functions" class="bookmark"></span>
<span id="literals" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Functions</b>
Functions are defined by a list of parameters, an arrow, and the
function body. The empty function looks like this: <tt>-></tt>
@ -662,8 +653,400 @@ options <span class="Keyword">||</span> (options <span class="Keyword">=</span>
</pre><script>window.example7 = "mood = greatlyImproved if singing\n\nif happy and knowsIt\n clapsHands()\n chaChaCha()\nelse\n showIt()\n\ndate = if friday then sue else jill\n\noptions or= defaults\n\n\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example7);'>Load</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
<span id="aliases" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Aliases</b>
<span id="splats" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Splats...</b>
The JavaScript <b>arguments object</b> is a useful way to work with
functions that accept variable numbers of arguments. CoffeeScript provides
splats <tt>...</tt>, both for function definition as well as invocation,
making variable numbers of arguments a little bit more palatable.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">gold <span class="Keyword">=</span> silver <span class="Keyword">=</span> rest <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>unknown<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="FunctionName">awardMedals </span><span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="FunctionArgument">(first, second, others...)</span> <span class="Storage">-&gt;</span>
gold <span class="Keyword">=</span> first
silver <span class="Keyword">=</span> second
rest <span class="Keyword">=</span> others
contenders <span class="Keyword">=</span> [
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Michael Phelps<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Liu Xiang<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Yao Ming<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Allyson Felix<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Shawn Johnson<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Roman Sebrle<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Guo Jingjing<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Tyson Gay<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Asafa Powell<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Usain Bolt<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
]
awardMedals contenders...
alert <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Gold: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> gold
alert <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Silver: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> silver
alert <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>The Field: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> rest
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> awardMedals, contenders, gold, rest, silver;
<span class="Storage">var</span> __slice <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="LibraryClassType">Array</span>.<span class="LibraryConstant">prototype</span>.slice;
gold <span class="Keyword">=</span> silver <span class="Keyword">=</span> rest <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>unknown<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
<span class="FunctionName">awardMedals</span> = <span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> first, others, second;
first <span class="Keyword">=</span> arguments[<span class="Number">0</span>], second <span class="Keyword">=</span> arguments[<span class="Number">1</span>], others <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">3</span> <span class="Keyword">&lt;=</span> arguments.<span class="LibraryConstant">length</span> ? __slice.<span class="LibraryFunction">call</span>(arguments, <span class="Number">2</span>) : [];
gold <span class="Keyword">=</span> first;
silver <span class="Keyword">=</span> second;
<span class="Keyword">return</span> rest <span class="Keyword">=</span> others;
};
contenders <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Michael Phelps<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Liu Xiang<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Yao Ming<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Allyson Felix<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Shawn Johnson<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Roman Sebrle<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Guo Jingjing<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Tyson Gay<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Asafa Powell<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Usain Bolt<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>];
awardMedals.<span class="LibraryFunction">apply</span>(<span class="BuiltInConstant">null</span>, contenders);
<span class="LibraryFunction">alert</span>(<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Gold: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> gold);
<span class="LibraryFunction">alert</span>(<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Silver: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> silver);
<span class="LibraryFunction">alert</span>(<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>The Field: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> rest);
</pre><script>window.example8 = "gold = silver = rest = \"unknown\"\n\nawardMedals = (first, second, others...) ->\n gold = first\n silver = second\n rest = others\n\ncontenders = [\n \"Michael Phelps\"\n \"Liu Xiang\"\n \"Yao Ming\"\n \"Allyson Felix\"\n \"Shawn Johnson\"\n \"Roman Sebrle\"\n \"Guo Jingjing\"\n \"Tyson Gay\"\n \"Asafa Powell\"\n \"Usain Bolt\"\n]\n\nawardMedals contenders...\n\nalert \"Gold: \" + gold\nalert \"Silver: \" + silver\nalert \"The Field: \" + rest\n\n\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example8);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var awardMedals, contenders, gold, rest, silver;
var __slice = Array.prototype.slice;
gold = silver = rest = "unknown";
awardMedals = function() {
var first, others, second;
first = arguments[0], second = arguments[1], others = 3 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 2) : [];
gold = first;
silver = second;
return rest = others;
};
contenders = ["Michael Phelps", "Liu Xiang", "Yao Ming", "Allyson Felix", "Shawn Johnson", "Roman Sebrle", "Guo Jingjing", "Tyson Gay", "Asafa Powell", "Usain Bolt"];
awardMedals.apply(null, contenders);
alert("Gold: " + gold);
alert("Silver: " + silver);
alert("The Field: " + rest);;'>run</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
<span id="loops" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Loops</b>
The only low-level loop that CoffeeScript provides is the <b>while</b> loop. The
main difference from JavaScript is that the <b>while</b> loop can be used
as an expression, returning an array containing the result of each iteration
through the loop.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle"><span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span> Econ 101</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Variable">this</span>.studyingEconomics
buy() <span class="Keyword">while</span> supply <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> demand
sell() <span class="Keyword">until</span> supply <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> demand
<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span> Nursery Rhyme</span>
num <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">6</span>
lyrics <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Keyword">while</span> num <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>
num <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span> little monkeys, jumping on the bed.</span>
<span class="String"> One fell out and bumped his head.<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> lyrics, num;
<span class="Keyword">if</span> (<span class="Variable">this</span>.studyingEconomics) {
<span class="Keyword">while</span> (supply <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> demand) {
buy();
}
<span class="Keyword">while</span> (<span class="Keyword">!</span>(supply <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> demand)) {
sell();
}
}
num <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">6</span>;
<span class="FunctionName">lyrics</span> = <span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> _results;
_results <span class="Keyword">=</span> [];
<span class="Keyword">while</span> (num <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>) {
_results.<span class="LibraryFunction">push</span>(num <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span> little monkeys, jumping on the bed. One fell out and bumped his head.<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>);
}
<span class="Keyword">return</span> _results;
}();
</pre><script>window.example9 = "# Econ 101\nif this.studyingEconomics\n buy() while supply > demand\n sell() until supply > demand\n\n# Nursery Rhyme\nnum = 6\nlyrics = while num -= 1\n num + \" little monkeys, jumping on the bed.\n One fell out and bumped his head.\"\n\nalert lyrics.join(\"\\n\")"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example9);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var lyrics, num;
if (this.studyingEconomics) {
while (supply > demand) {
buy();
}
while (!(supply > demand)) {
sell();
}
}
num = 6;
lyrics = function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
while (num -= 1) {
_results.push(num + " little monkeys, jumping on the bed. One fell out and bumped his head.");
}
return _results;
}();;alert(lyrics.join("\n"));'>run: lyrics.join("\n")</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
For readability, the <b>until</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while not</tt>,
and the <b>loop</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while true</tt>.
</p>
<p>
<span id="comprehensions" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Comprehensions</b>
Hopefully, the majority of your loops can be implemented with <b>comprehensions</b>
over arrays, objects, and ranges. Comprehensions replace (and compile into)
<b>for</b> loops, with optional guard clauses and the value of the current array index.
Unlike for loops, array comprehensions are expressions, and can be returned
and assigned. They should be able to handle most places where you otherwise
would use a loop, <b>each</b>/<b>forEach</b>, <b>map</b>, or <b>select</b>/<b>filter</b>.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle"><span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span> Eat lunch.</span>
eat food <span class="Keyword">for</span> food <span class="Keyword">in</span> [<span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>toast<span class="String">'</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>cheese<span class="String">'</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>wine<span class="String">'</span></span>]
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> food, _i, _len, _ref;
_ref <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>toast<span class="String">'</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>cheese<span class="String">'</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>wine<span class="String">'</span></span>];
<span class="Keyword">for</span> (_i <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">0</span>, _len <span class="Keyword">=</span> _ref.<span class="LibraryConstant">length</span>; _i <span class="Keyword">&lt;</span> _len; _i<span class="Keyword">++</span>) {
food <span class="Keyword">=</span> _ref[_i];
eat(food);
}
</pre><script>window.example10 = "# Eat lunch.\neat food for food in ['toast', 'cheese', 'wine']\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example10);'>Load</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
If you know the start and end of your loop, or would like to step through
in fixed-size increments, you can use a range to specify the start and
end of your comprehension.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">countdown <span class="Keyword">=</span> (num <span class="Keyword">for</span> num <span class="Keyword">in</span> [<span class="Number">10</span>..<span class="Number">1</span>])
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> countdown, num;
countdown <span class="Keyword">=</span> (<span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> _results;
_results <span class="Keyword">=</span> [];
<span class="Keyword">for</span> (num <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">10</span>; num <span class="Keyword">&gt;=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>; num<span class="Keyword">--</span>) {
_results.<span class="LibraryFunction">push</span>(num);
}
<span class="Keyword">return</span> _results;
}());
</pre><script>window.example11 = "countdown = (num for num in [10..1])\n\nalert countdown"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example11);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var countdown, num;
countdown = (function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
for (num = 10; num >= 1; num--) {
_results.push(num);
}
return _results;
}());;alert(countdown);'>run: countdown</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
Note how because we are assigning the value of the comprehensions to a
variable in the example above, CoffeeScript is collecting the result of
each iteration into an array. Sometimes functions end with loops that are
intended to run only for their side-effects. Be careful that you're not
accidentally returning the results of the comprehension in these cases,
by adding a meaningful return value, like <tt>true</tt>, or <tt>null</tt>,
to the bottom of your function.
</p>
<p>
To step through a range comprehension in fixed-size chunks,
use <tt>by</tt>, for example:<br />
<tt>evens = (x for x in [0..10] by 2)</tt>
</p>
<p>
Comprehensions can also be used to iterate over the keys and values in
an object. Use <tt>of</tt> to signal comprehension over the properties of
an object instead of the values in an array.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">yearsOld <span class="Keyword">=</span> max: <span class="Number">10</span>, ida: <span class="Number">9</span>, tim: <span class="Number">11</span>
ages <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Keyword">for</span> child, age <span class="Keyword">of</span> yearsOld
child <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span> is <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> age
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> age, ages, child, yearsOld;
yearsOld <span class="Keyword">=</span> {
max: <span class="Number">10</span>,
ida: <span class="Number">9</span>,
tim: <span class="Number">11</span>
};
<span class="FunctionName">ages</span> = <span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> _results;
_results <span class="Keyword">=</span> [];
<span class="Keyword">for</span> (child <span class="Keyword">in</span> yearsOld) {
age <span class="Keyword">=</span> yearsOld[child];
_results.<span class="LibraryFunction">push</span>(child <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span> is <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> age);
}
<span class="Keyword">return</span> _results;
}();
</pre><script>window.example12 = "yearsOld = max: 10, ida: 9, tim: 11\n\nages = for child, age of yearsOld\n child + \" is \" + age\n\nalert ages.join(\", \")"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example12);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var age, ages, child, yearsOld;
yearsOld = {
max: 10,
ida: 9,
tim: 11
};
ages = function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
for (child in yearsOld) {
age = yearsOld[child];
_results.push(child + " is " + age);
}
return _results;
}();;alert(ages.join(", "));'>run: ages.join(", ")</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
If you would like to iterate over just the keys that are defined on the
object itself, by adding a <tt>hasOwnProperty</tt>
check to avoid properties that may be interited from the prototype, use<br />
<tt>for own key, value of object</tt>
</p>
<p>
<span id="slices" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Array Slicing and Splicing with Ranges</b>
Ranges can also be used to extract slices of arrays.
With two dots (<tt>3..6</tt>), the range is inclusive (<tt>3, 4, 5, 6</tt>);
with three docs (<tt>3...6</tt>), the range excludes the end (<tt>3, 4, 5</tt>).
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">numbers <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">1</span>, <span class="Number">2</span>, <span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Number">6</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>, <span class="Number">8</span>, <span class="Number">9</span>]
copy <span class="Keyword">=</span> numbers[<span class="Number">0</span>...numbers.length]
middle <span class="Keyword">=</span> copy[<span class="Number">3</span>..<span class="Number">6</span>]
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> copy, middle, numbers;
numbers <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">1</span>, <span class="Number">2</span>, <span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Number">6</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>, <span class="Number">8</span>, <span class="Number">9</span>];
copy <span class="Keyword">=</span> numbers.<span class="LibraryFunction">slice</span>(<span class="Number">0</span>, numbers.<span class="LibraryConstant">length</span>);
middle <span class="Keyword">=</span> copy.<span class="LibraryFunction">slice</span>(<span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>);
</pre><script>window.example13 = "numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n\ncopy = numbers[0...numbers.length]\n\nmiddle = copy[3..6]\n\nalert middle"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example13);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var copy, middle, numbers;
numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
copy = numbers.slice(0, numbers.length);
middle = copy.slice(3, 7);;alert(middle);'>run: middle</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
The same syntax can be used with assignment to replace a segment of an array
with new values, splicing it.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">numbers <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">1</span>, <span class="Number">2</span>, <span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Number">6</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>, <span class="Number">8</span>, <span class="Number">9</span>]
numbers[<span class="Number">3</span>..<span class="Number">6</span>] <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">6</span>]
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> numbers;
numbers <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">1</span>, <span class="Number">2</span>, <span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Number">6</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>, <span class="Number">8</span>, <span class="Number">9</span>];
[].splice.<span class="LibraryFunction">apply</span>(numbers, [<span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>].<span class="LibraryFunction">concat</span>([<span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">6</span>]));
</pre><script>window.example14 = "numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n\nnumbers[3..6] = [-3, -4, -5, -6]\n\nalert numbers"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example14);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var numbers;
numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
[].splice.apply(numbers, [3, 4].concat([-3, -4, -5, -6]));;alert(numbers);'>run: numbers</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
Note that JavaScript strings are immutable, and can't be spliced.
</p>
<p>
<span id="expressions" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Everything is an Expression (at least, as much as possible)</b>
You might have noticed how even though we don't add return statements
to CoffeeScript functions, they nonetheless return their final value.
The CoffeeScript compiler tries to make sure that all statements in the
language can be used as expressions. Watch how the <tt>return</tt> gets
pushed down into each possible branch of execution, in the function
below.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle"><span class="FunctionName">grade </span><span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="FunctionArgument">(student)</span> <span class="Storage">-&gt;</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> student.excellentWork
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>A+<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span> <span class="Keyword">if</span> student.okayStuff
<span class="Keyword">if</span> student.triedHard <span class="Keyword">then</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>B<span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">else</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>B-<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>C<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
eldest <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Number">24</span> <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> <span class="Number">21</span> <span class="Keyword">then</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Liz<span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">else</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Ike<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> eldest, grade;
<span class="FunctionName">grade</span> = <span class="Storage">function</span>(<span class="FunctionArgument">student</span>) {
<span class="Keyword">if</span> (student.excellentWork) {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>A+<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
} <span class="Keyword">else</span> <span class="Keyword">if</span> (student.okayStuff) {
<span class="Keyword">if</span> (student.triedHard) {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>B<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
} <span class="Keyword">else</span> {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>B-<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
}
} <span class="Keyword">else</span> {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>C<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
}
};
eldest <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">24</span> <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> <span class="Number">21</span> ? <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Liz<span class="String">&quot;</span></span> : <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Ike<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
</pre><script>window.example15 = "grade = (student) ->\n if student.excellentWork\n \"A+\"\n else if student.okayStuff\n if student.triedHard then \"B\" else \"B-\"\n else\n \"C\"\n\neldest = if 24 > 21 then \"Liz\" else \"Ike\"\n\nalert eldest"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example15);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var eldest, grade;
grade = function(student) {
if (student.excellentWork) {
return "A+";
} else if (student.okayStuff) {
if (student.triedHard) {
return "B";
} else {
return "B-";
}
} else {
return "C";
}
};
eldest = 24 > 21 ? "Liz" : "Ike";;alert(eldest);'>run: eldest</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
Even though functions will always return their final value, it's both possible
and encouraged to return early from a function body writing out the explicit
return (<tt>return value</tt>), when you know that you're done.
</p>
<p>
Because variable declarations occur at the top of scope, assignment can
be used within expressions, even for variables that haven't been seen before:
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">six <span class="Keyword">=</span> (one <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>) <span class="Keyword">+</span> (two <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">2</span>) <span class="Keyword">+</span> (three <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">3</span>)
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> one, six, three, two;
six <span class="Keyword">=</span> (one <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>) <span class="Keyword">+</span> (two <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">2</span>) <span class="Keyword">+</span> (three <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">3</span>);
</pre><script>window.example16 = "six = (one = 1) + (two = 2) + (three = 3)\n\nalert six"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example16);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var one, six, three, two;
six = (one = 1) + (two = 2) + (three = 3);;alert(six);'>run: six</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
Things that would otherwise be statements in JavaScript, when used
as part of an expression in CoffeeScript, are converted into expressions
by wrapping them in a closure. This lets you do useful things, like assign
the result of a comprehension to a variable:
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle"><span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span> The first ten global properties.</span>
globals <span class="Keyword">=</span> (name <span class="Keyword">for</span> name <span class="Keyword">of</span> window)[<span class="Number">0</span>...<span class="Number">10</span>]
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> globals, name;
globals <span class="Keyword">=</span> (<span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> _results;
_results <span class="Keyword">=</span> [];
<span class="Keyword">for</span> (name <span class="Keyword">in</span> <span class="LibraryClassType">window</span>) {
_results.<span class="LibraryFunction">push</span>(name);
}
<span class="Keyword">return</span> _results;
}()).<span class="LibraryFunction">slice</span>(<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">10</span>);
</pre><script>window.example17 = "# The first ten global properties.\n\nglobals = (name for name of window)[0...10]\n\nalert globals"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example17);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var globals, name;
globals = (function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
for (name in window) {
_results.push(name);
}
return _results;
}()).slice(0, 10);;alert(globals);'>run: globals</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
As well as silly things, like passing a <b>try/catch</b> statement directly
into a function call:
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">alert(
<span class="Keyword">try</span>
nonexistent <span class="Keyword">/</span> <span class="BuiltInConstant">undefined</span>
<span class="Keyword">catch</span> error
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>And the error is ... <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> error
)
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="LibraryFunction">alert</span>(<span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Keyword">try</span> {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> nonexistent / <span class="Storage">void</span> <span class="Number">0</span>;
} <span class="Keyword">catch</span> (error) {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>And the error is ... <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> error;
}
}());
</pre><script>window.example18 = "alert(\n try\n nonexistent / undefined\n catch error\n \"And the error is ... \" + error\n)\n\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example18);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: alert(function() {
try {
return nonexistent / void 0;
} catch (error) {
return "And the error is ... " + error;
}
}());;'>run</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
There are a handful of statements in JavaScript that can't be meaningfully
converted into expressions, namely <tt>break</tt>, <tt>continue</tt>,
and <tt>return</tt>. If you make use of them within a block of code,
CoffeeScript won't try to perform the conversion.
</p>
<p>
<span id="operators" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Operators and Aliases</b>
Because the <tt>==</tt> operator frequently causes undesirable coercion,
is intransitive, and has a different meaning than in other languages,
CoffeeScript compiles <tt>==</tt> into <tt>===</tt>, and <tt>!=</tt> into
@ -744,406 +1127,9 @@ print inspect <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>My name is
winner <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="BuiltInConstant">true</span>;
}
<span class="LibraryFunction">print</span>(inspect(<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>My name is <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="Variable">this</span>.<span class="LibraryConstant">name</span>));
</pre><script>window.example8 = "launch() if ignition is on\n\nvolume = 10 if band isnt SpinalTap\n\nletTheWildRumpusBegin() unless answer is no\n\nif car.speed < limit then accelerate()\n\nwinner = yes if pick in [47, 92, 13]\n\nprint inspect \"My name is \" + @name\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example8);'>Load</div><br class='clear' /></div>
</pre><script>window.example19 = "launch() if ignition is on\n\nvolume = 10 if band isnt SpinalTap\n\nletTheWildRumpusBegin() unless answer is no\n\nif car.speed < limit then accelerate()\n\nwinner = yes if pick in [47, 92, 13]\n\nprint inspect \"My name is \" + @name\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example19);'>Load</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
<span id="splats" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Splats...</b>
The JavaScript <b>arguments object</b> is a useful way to work with
functions that accept variable numbers of arguments. CoffeeScript provides
splats <tt>...</tt>, both for function definition as well as invocation,
making variable numbers of arguments a little bit more palatable.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">gold <span class="Keyword">=</span> silver <span class="Keyword">=</span> rest <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>unknown<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="FunctionName">awardMedals </span><span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="FunctionArgument">(first, second, others...)</span> <span class="Storage">-&gt;</span>
gold <span class="Keyword">=</span> first
silver <span class="Keyword">=</span> second
rest <span class="Keyword">=</span> others
contenders <span class="Keyword">=</span> [
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Michael Phelps<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Liu Xiang<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Yao Ming<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Allyson Felix<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Shawn Johnson<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Roman Sebrle<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Guo Jingjing<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Tyson Gay<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Asafa Powell<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Usain Bolt<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
]
awardMedals contenders...
alert <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Gold: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> gold
alert <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Silver: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> silver
alert <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>The Field: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> rest
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> awardMedals, contenders, gold, rest, silver;
<span class="Storage">var</span> __slice <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="LibraryClassType">Array</span>.<span class="LibraryConstant">prototype</span>.slice;
gold <span class="Keyword">=</span> silver <span class="Keyword">=</span> rest <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>unknown<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
<span class="FunctionName">awardMedals</span> = <span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> first, others, second;
first <span class="Keyword">=</span> arguments[<span class="Number">0</span>], second <span class="Keyword">=</span> arguments[<span class="Number">1</span>], others <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">3</span> <span class="Keyword">&lt;=</span> arguments.<span class="LibraryConstant">length</span> ? __slice.<span class="LibraryFunction">call</span>(arguments, <span class="Number">2</span>) : [];
gold <span class="Keyword">=</span> first;
silver <span class="Keyword">=</span> second;
<span class="Keyword">return</span> rest <span class="Keyword">=</span> others;
};
contenders <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Michael Phelps<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Liu Xiang<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Yao Ming<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Allyson Felix<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Shawn Johnson<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Roman Sebrle<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Guo Jingjing<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Tyson Gay<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Asafa Powell<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Usain Bolt<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>];
awardMedals.<span class="LibraryFunction">apply</span>(<span class="BuiltInConstant">null</span>, contenders);
<span class="LibraryFunction">alert</span>(<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Gold: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> gold);
<span class="LibraryFunction">alert</span>(<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Silver: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> silver);
<span class="LibraryFunction">alert</span>(<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>The Field: <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> rest);
</pre><script>window.example9 = "gold = silver = rest = \"unknown\"\n\nawardMedals = (first, second, others...) ->\n gold = first\n silver = second\n rest = others\n\ncontenders = [\n \"Michael Phelps\"\n \"Liu Xiang\"\n \"Yao Ming\"\n \"Allyson Felix\"\n \"Shawn Johnson\"\n \"Roman Sebrle\"\n \"Guo Jingjing\"\n \"Tyson Gay\"\n \"Asafa Powell\"\n \"Usain Bolt\"\n]\n\nawardMedals contenders...\n\nalert \"Gold: \" + gold\nalert \"Silver: \" + silver\nalert \"The Field: \" + rest\n\n\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example9);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var awardMedals, contenders, gold, rest, silver;
var __slice = Array.prototype.slice;
gold = silver = rest = "unknown";
awardMedals = function() {
var first, others, second;
first = arguments[0], second = arguments[1], others = 3 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 2) : [];
gold = first;
silver = second;
return rest = others;
};
contenders = ["Michael Phelps", "Liu Xiang", "Yao Ming", "Allyson Felix", "Shawn Johnson", "Roman Sebrle", "Guo Jingjing", "Tyson Gay", "Asafa Powell", "Usain Bolt"];
awardMedals.apply(null, contenders);
alert("Gold: " + gold);
alert("Silver: " + silver);
alert("The Field: " + rest);;'>run</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
<span id="while" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">While, Until, and Loop</b>
The only low-level loop that CoffeeScript provides is the <b>while</b> loop. The
main difference from JavaScript is that the <b>while</b> loop can be used
as an expression, returning an array containing the result of each iteration
through the loop.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle"><span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span> Econ 101</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Variable">this</span>.studyingEconomics
buy() <span class="Keyword">while</span> supply <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> demand
sell() <span class="Keyword">until</span> supply <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> demand
<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span> Nursery Rhyme</span>
num <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">6</span>
lyrics <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Keyword">while</span> num <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>
num <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span> little monkeys, jumping on the bed.</span>
<span class="String"> One fell out and bumped his head.<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> lyrics, num;
<span class="Keyword">if</span> (<span class="Variable">this</span>.studyingEconomics) {
<span class="Keyword">while</span> (supply <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> demand) {
buy();
}
<span class="Keyword">while</span> (<span class="Keyword">!</span>(supply <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> demand)) {
sell();
}
}
num <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">6</span>;
<span class="FunctionName">lyrics</span> = <span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> _results;
_results <span class="Keyword">=</span> [];
<span class="Keyword">while</span> (num <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>) {
_results.<span class="LibraryFunction">push</span>(num <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span> little monkeys, jumping on the bed. One fell out and bumped his head.<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>);
}
<span class="Keyword">return</span> _results;
}();
</pre><script>window.example10 = "# Econ 101\nif this.studyingEconomics\n buy() while supply > demand\n sell() until supply > demand\n\n# Nursery Rhyme\nnum = 6\nlyrics = while num -= 1\n num + \" little monkeys, jumping on the bed.\n One fell out and bumped his head.\"\n\nalert lyrics.join(\"\\n\")"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example10);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var lyrics, num;
if (this.studyingEconomics) {
while (supply > demand) {
buy();
}
while (!(supply > demand)) {
sell();
}
}
num = 6;
lyrics = function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
while (num -= 1) {
_results.push(num + " little monkeys, jumping on the bed. One fell out and bumped his head.");
}
return _results;
}();;alert(lyrics.join("\n"));'>run: lyrics.join("\n")</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
For readability, the <b>until</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while not</tt>,
and the <b>loop</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while true</tt>.
Other JavaScript loops, such as <b>for</b> loops and <b>do-while</b> loops
can be mimicked by variations on <b>loop</b>, but the hope is that you
won't need to do that with CoffeeScript, either because you're using
<b>each</b> (<b>forEach</b>) style iterators, or...
</p>
<p>
<span id="comprehensions" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Comprehensions (Arrays, Objects, and Ranges)</b>
For your looping needs, CoffeeScript provides array comprehensions
similar to Python's. They replace (and compile into) <b>for</b> loops, with
optional guard clauses and the value of the current array index.
Unlike for loops, array comprehensions are expressions, and can be returned
and assigned. They should be able to handle most places where you otherwise
would use a loop, <b>each</b>/<b>forEach</b>, <b>map</b>, or <b>select</b>/<b>filter</b>.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle"><span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span> Eat lunch.</span>
eat food <span class="Keyword">for</span> food <span class="Keyword">in</span> [<span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>toast<span class="String">'</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>cheese<span class="String">'</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>wine<span class="String">'</span></span>]
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> food, _i, _len, _ref;
_ref <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>toast<span class="String">'</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>cheese<span class="String">'</span></span>, <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>wine<span class="String">'</span></span>];
<span class="Keyword">for</span> (_i <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">0</span>, _len <span class="Keyword">=</span> _ref.<span class="LibraryConstant">length</span>; _i <span class="Keyword">&lt;</span> _len; _i<span class="Keyword">++</span>) {
food <span class="Keyword">=</span> _ref[_i];
eat(food);
}
</pre><script>window.example11 = "# Eat lunch.\neat food for food in ['toast', 'cheese', 'wine']\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example11);'>Load</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
If you know the start and end of your loop, or would like to step through
in fixed-size increments, you can use a range to specify the start and
end of your comprehension.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">countdown <span class="Keyword">=</span> (num <span class="Keyword">for</span> num <span class="Keyword">in</span> [<span class="Number">10</span>..<span class="Number">1</span>])
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> countdown, num;
countdown <span class="Keyword">=</span> (<span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> _results;
_results <span class="Keyword">=</span> [];
<span class="Keyword">for</span> (num <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">10</span>; num <span class="Keyword">&gt;=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>; num<span class="Keyword">--</span>) {
_results.<span class="LibraryFunction">push</span>(num);
}
<span class="Keyword">return</span> _results;
}());
</pre><script>window.example12 = "countdown = (num for num in [10..1])\n\nalert countdown"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example12);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var countdown, num;
countdown = (function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
for (num = 10; num >= 1; num--) {
_results.push(num);
}
return _results;
}());;alert(countdown);'>run: countdown</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
Note how because we are assigning the value of the comprehensions to a
variable in the example above, CoffeeScript is collecting the result of
each iteration into an array. Sometimes functions end with loops that are
intended to run only for their side-effects. Be careful that you're not
accidentally returning the results of the comprehension in these cases,
by adding a meaningful return value, like <tt>true</tt>, or <tt>null</tt>,
to the bottom of your function.
</p>
<p>
To step through a range comprehension in fixed-size chunks,
use <tt>by</tt>, for example:<br />
<tt>evens = (x for x in [0..10] by 2)</tt>
</p>
<p>
Comprehensions can also be used to iterate over the keys and values in
an object. Use <tt>of</tt> to signal comprehension over the properties of
an object instead of the values in an array.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">yearsOld <span class="Keyword">=</span> max: <span class="Number">10</span>, ida: <span class="Number">9</span>, tim: <span class="Number">11</span>
ages <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Keyword">for</span> child, age <span class="Keyword">of</span> yearsOld
child <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span> is <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> age
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> age, ages, child, yearsOld;
yearsOld <span class="Keyword">=</span> {
max: <span class="Number">10</span>,
ida: <span class="Number">9</span>,
tim: <span class="Number">11</span>
};
<span class="FunctionName">ages</span> = <span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> _results;
_results <span class="Keyword">=</span> [];
<span class="Keyword">for</span> (child <span class="Keyword">in</span> yearsOld) {
age <span class="Keyword">=</span> yearsOld[child];
_results.<span class="LibraryFunction">push</span>(child <span class="Keyword">+</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span> is <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> age);
}
<span class="Keyword">return</span> _results;
}();
</pre><script>window.example13 = "yearsOld = max: 10, ida: 9, tim: 11\n\nages = for child, age of yearsOld\n child + \" is \" + age\n\nalert ages.join(\", \")"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example13);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var age, ages, child, yearsOld;
yearsOld = {
max: 10,
ida: 9,
tim: 11
};
ages = function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
for (child in yearsOld) {
age = yearsOld[child];
_results.push(child + " is " + age);
}
return _results;
}();;alert(ages.join(", "));'>run: ages.join(", ")</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
If you would like to iterate over just the keys that are defined on the
object itself, by adding a <tt>hasOwnProperty</tt>
check to avoid properties that may be interited from the prototype, use<br />
<tt>for own key, value of object</tt>
</p>
<p>
<span id="slices" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Array Slicing and Splicing with Ranges</b>
Ranges can also be used to extract slices of arrays.
With two dots (<tt>3..6</tt>), the range is inclusive (<tt>3, 4, 5, 6</tt>);
with three docs (<tt>3...6</tt>), the range excludes the end (<tt>3, 4, 5</tt>).
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">numbers <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">1</span>, <span class="Number">2</span>, <span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Number">6</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>, <span class="Number">8</span>, <span class="Number">9</span>]
copy <span class="Keyword">=</span> numbers[<span class="Number">0</span>...numbers.length]
middle <span class="Keyword">=</span> copy[<span class="Number">3</span>..<span class="Number">6</span>]
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> copy, middle, numbers;
numbers <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">1</span>, <span class="Number">2</span>, <span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Number">6</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>, <span class="Number">8</span>, <span class="Number">9</span>];
copy <span class="Keyword">=</span> numbers.<span class="LibraryFunction">slice</span>(<span class="Number">0</span>, numbers.<span class="LibraryConstant">length</span>);
middle <span class="Keyword">=</span> copy.<span class="LibraryFunction">slice</span>(<span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>);
</pre><script>window.example14 = "numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n\ncopy = numbers[0...numbers.length]\n\nmiddle = copy[3..6]\n\nalert middle"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example14);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var copy, middle, numbers;
numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
copy = numbers.slice(0, numbers.length);
middle = copy.slice(3, 7);;alert(middle);'>run: middle</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
The same syntax can be used with assignment to replace a segment of an array
with new values, splicing it.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">numbers <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">1</span>, <span class="Number">2</span>, <span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Number">6</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>, <span class="Number">8</span>, <span class="Number">9</span>]
numbers[<span class="Number">3</span>..<span class="Number">6</span>] <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">6</span>]
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> numbers;
numbers <span class="Keyword">=</span> [<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">1</span>, <span class="Number">2</span>, <span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Number">6</span>, <span class="Number">7</span>, <span class="Number">8</span>, <span class="Number">9</span>];
[].splice.<span class="LibraryFunction">apply</span>(numbers, [<span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Number">4</span>].<span class="LibraryFunction">concat</span>([<span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">3</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">4</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">5</span>, <span class="Keyword">-</span><span class="Number">6</span>]));
</pre><script>window.example15 = "numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n\nnumbers[3..6] = [-3, -4, -5, -6]\n\nalert numbers"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example15);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var numbers;
numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
[].splice.apply(numbers, [3, 4].concat([-3, -4, -5, -6]));;alert(numbers);'>run: numbers</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
Note that JavaScript strings are immutable, and can't be spliced.
</p>
<p>
<span id="expressions" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">Everything is an Expression (at least, as much as possible)</b>
You might have noticed how even though we don't add return statements
to CoffeeScript functions, they nonetheless return their final value.
The CoffeeScript compiler tries to make sure that all statements in the
language can be used as expressions. Watch how the <tt>return</tt> gets
pushed down into each possible branch of execution, in the function
below.
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle"><span class="FunctionName">grade </span><span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="FunctionArgument">(student)</span> <span class="Storage">-&gt;</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> student.excellentWork
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>A+<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span> <span class="Keyword">if</span> student.okayStuff
<span class="Keyword">if</span> student.triedHard <span class="Keyword">then</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>B<span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">else</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>B-<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span>
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>C<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
eldest <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Number">24</span> <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> <span class="Number">21</span> <span class="Keyword">then</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Liz<span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">else</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Ike<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> eldest, grade;
<span class="FunctionName">grade</span> = <span class="Storage">function</span>(<span class="FunctionArgument">student</span>) {
<span class="Keyword">if</span> (student.excellentWork) {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>A+<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
} <span class="Keyword">else</span> <span class="Keyword">if</span> (student.okayStuff) {
<span class="Keyword">if</span> (student.triedHard) {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>B<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
} <span class="Keyword">else</span> {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>B-<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
}
} <span class="Keyword">else</span> {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>C<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
}
};
eldest <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">24</span> <span class="Keyword">&gt;</span> <span class="Number">21</span> ? <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Liz<span class="String">&quot;</span></span> : <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>Ike<span class="String">&quot;</span></span>;
</pre><script>window.example16 = "grade = (student) ->\n if student.excellentWork\n \"A+\"\n else if student.okayStuff\n if student.triedHard then \"B\" else \"B-\"\n else\n \"C\"\n\neldest = if 24 > 21 then \"Liz\" else \"Ike\"\n\nalert eldest"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example16);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var eldest, grade;
grade = function(student) {
if (student.excellentWork) {
return "A+";
} else if (student.okayStuff) {
if (student.triedHard) {
return "B";
} else {
return "B-";
}
} else {
return "C";
}
};
eldest = 24 > 21 ? "Liz" : "Ike";;alert(eldest);'>run: eldest</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
Even though functions will always return their final value, it's both possible
and encouraged to return early from a function body writing out the explicit
return (<tt>return value</tt>), when you know that you're done.
</p>
<p>
Because variable declarations occur at the top of scope, assignment can
be used within expressions, even for variables that haven't been seen before:
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">six <span class="Keyword">=</span> (one <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>) <span class="Keyword">+</span> (two <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">2</span>) <span class="Keyword">+</span> (three <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">3</span>)
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> one, six, three, two;
six <span class="Keyword">=</span> (one <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">1</span>) <span class="Keyword">+</span> (two <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">2</span>) <span class="Keyword">+</span> (three <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Number">3</span>);
</pre><script>window.example17 = "six = (one = 1) + (two = 2) + (three = 3)\n\nalert six"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example17);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var one, six, three, two;
six = (one = 1) + (two = 2) + (three = 3);;alert(six);'>run: six</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
Things that would otherwise be statements in JavaScript, when used
as part of an expression in CoffeeScript, are converted into expressions
by wrapping them in a closure. This lets you do useful things, like assign
the result of a comprehension to a variable:
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle"><span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span> The first ten global properties.</span>
globals <span class="Keyword">=</span> (name <span class="Keyword">for</span> name <span class="Keyword">of</span> window)[<span class="Number">0</span>...<span class="Number">10</span>]
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="Storage">var</span> globals, name;
globals <span class="Keyword">=</span> (<span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Storage">var</span> _results;
_results <span class="Keyword">=</span> [];
<span class="Keyword">for</span> (name <span class="Keyword">in</span> <span class="LibraryClassType">window</span>) {
_results.<span class="LibraryFunction">push</span>(name);
}
<span class="Keyword">return</span> _results;
}()).<span class="LibraryFunction">slice</span>(<span class="Number">0</span>, <span class="Number">10</span>);
</pre><script>window.example18 = "# The first ten global properties.\n\nglobals = (name for name of window)[0...10]\n\nalert globals"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example18);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: var globals, name;
globals = (function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
for (name in window) {
_results.push(name);
}
return _results;
}()).slice(0, 10);;alert(globals);'>run: globals</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
As well as silly things, like passing a <b>try/catch</b> statement directly
into a function call:
</p>
<div class='code'><pre class="idle">alert(
<span class="Keyword">try</span>
nonexistent <span class="Keyword">/</span> <span class="BuiltInConstant">undefined</span>
<span class="Keyword">catch</span> error
<span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>And the error is ... <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> error
)
</pre><pre class="idle"><span class="LibraryFunction">alert</span>(<span class="Storage">function</span>() {
<span class="Keyword">try</span> {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> nonexistent / <span class="Storage">void</span> <span class="Number">0</span>;
} <span class="Keyword">catch</span> (error) {
<span class="Keyword">return</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">&quot;</span>And the error is ... <span class="String">&quot;</span></span> <span class="Keyword">+</span> error;
}
}());
</pre><script>window.example19 = "alert(\n try\n nonexistent / undefined\n catch error\n \"And the error is ... \" + error\n)\n\n"</script><div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(example19);'>Load</div><div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: alert(function() {
try {
return nonexistent / void 0;
} catch (error) {
return "And the error is ... " + error;
}
}());;'>run</div><br class='clear' /></div>
<p>
There are a handful of statements in JavaScript that can't be meaningfully
converted into expressions, namely <tt>break</tt>, <tt>continue</tt>,
and <tt>return</tt>. If you make use of them within a block of code,
CoffeeScript won't try to perform the conversion.
</p>
<p>
<span id="existence" class="bookmark"></span>
<b class="header">The Existential Operator</b>
It's a little difficult to check for the existence of a variable in
JavaScript. <tt>if (variable) ...</tt> comes close, but fails for zero,
@ -1790,7 +1776,7 @@ task(<span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>build:parser<span class="
</p>
<h2>
<span id="examples" class="bookmark"></span>
<span id="resources" class="bookmark"></span>
Examples
</h2>
@ -1824,7 +1810,6 @@ task(<span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>build:parser<span class="
</ul>
<h2>
<span id="resources" class="bookmark"></span>
Resources
</h2>