mirror of
https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript.git
synced 2022-11-09 12:23:24 -05:00
1879 lines
80 KiB
Text
1879 lines
80 KiB
Text
<%
|
|
require 'uv'
|
|
require 'json'
|
|
@counter = 0
|
|
def code_for(file, executable=false, show_load=true)
|
|
@counter += 1
|
|
return '' unless File.exists?("documentation/js/#{file}.js")
|
|
cs = File.read("documentation/coffee/#{file}.coffee")
|
|
js = File.read("documentation/js/#{file}.js")
|
|
js = js.sub(/^\/\/ generated.*?\n/i, '')
|
|
cshtml = Uv.parse(cs, 'xhtml', 'coffeescript', false, 'idle', false)
|
|
jshtml = Uv.parse(js, 'xhtml', 'javascript', false, 'idle', false)
|
|
append = executable == true ? '' : "alert(#{executable});"
|
|
if executable and executable != true
|
|
cs.sub!(/(\S)\s*\Z/m, "\\1\n\nalert #{executable}")
|
|
end
|
|
run = executable == true ? 'run' : "run: #{executable}"
|
|
name = "example#{@counter}"
|
|
script = "<script>window.#{name} = #{cs.to_json}</script>"
|
|
import = show_load ? "<div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(#{name});'>load</div>" : ''
|
|
button = executable ? "<div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: #{js};#{append}'>#{run}</div>" : ''
|
|
"<div class='code'>#{cshtml}#{jshtml}#{script}#{import}#{button}<br class='clear' /></div>"
|
|
end
|
|
%>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
|
|
<title>CoffeeScript</title>
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="http://coffeescript.org" />
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="documentation/css/docs.css" />
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="documentation/css/idle.css" />
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="documentation/images/favicon.ico" />
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
<div id="fadeout"></div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="flybar">
|
|
<a id="logo" href="#top"> </a>
|
|
<div class="navigation toc">
|
|
<div class="button">
|
|
Table of Contents
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="contents menu">
|
|
<a href="#overview">Overview</a>
|
|
<a href="#installation">Installation</a>
|
|
<a href="#usage">Usage</a>
|
|
<a href="#language">Language Reference</a>
|
|
<a href="#literals">Literals: Functions, Objects and Arrays</a>
|
|
<a href="#lexical_scope">Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety</a>
|
|
<a href="#conditionals">If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment</a>
|
|
<a href="#splats">Splats...</a>
|
|
<a href="#loops">Loops and Comprehensions</a>
|
|
<a href="#slices">Array Slicing and Splicing</a>
|
|
<a href="#expressions">Everything is an Expression</a>
|
|
<a href="#operators">Operators and Aliases</a>
|
|
<a href="#classes">Classes, Inheritance, and Super</a>
|
|
<a href="#destructuring">Destructuring Assignment</a>
|
|
<a href="#fat_arrow">Function Binding</a>
|
|
<a href="#embedded">Embedded JavaScript</a>
|
|
<a href="#switch">Switch and Try/Catch</a>
|
|
<a href="#comparisons">Chained Comparisons</a>
|
|
<a href="#strings">String Interpolation, Block Strings, and Block Comments</a>
|
|
<a href="#regexes">Block Regular Expressions</a>
|
|
<a href="#cake">Cake, and Cakefiles</a>
|
|
<a href="#scripts">"text/coffeescript" Script Tags</a>
|
|
<a href="#resources">Books, Screencasts, Examples and Resources</a>
|
|
<a href="#changelog">Change Log</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="navigation try">
|
|
<div class="button">
|
|
Try CoffeeScript
|
|
<div class="repl_bridge"></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="contents repl_wrapper">
|
|
<div class="code">
|
|
<div class="screenshadow tl"></div>
|
|
<div class="screenshadow tr"></div>
|
|
<div class="screenshadow bl"></div>
|
|
<div class="screenshadow br"></div>
|
|
<div id="repl_source_wrap">
|
|
<textarea id="repl_source" rows="100" spellcheck="false">alert "Hello CoffeeScript!"</textarea>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="repl_results_wrap"><pre id="repl_results"></pre></div>
|
|
<div class="minibutton dark run" title="Ctrl-Enter">Run</div>
|
|
<a class="minibutton permalink" id="repl_permalink">Link</a>
|
|
<br class="clear" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="navigation annotated">
|
|
<div class="button">
|
|
Annotated Source
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="contents menu">
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/grammar.html">Grammar Rules — src/grammar</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/lexer.html">Lexing Tokens — src/lexer</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/rewriter.html">The Rewriter — src/rewriter</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/nodes.html">The Syntax Tree — src/nodes</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/scope.html">Lexical Scope — src/scope</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/helpers.html">Helpers & Utility Functions — src/helpers</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/coffee-script.html">The CoffeeScript Module — src/coffee-script</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/cake.html">Cake & Cakefiles — src/cake</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/command.html">"coffee" Command-Line Utility — src/command</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/optparse.html">Option Parsing — src/optparse</a>
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/repl.html">Interactive REPL — src/repl</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="error" style="display:none;"></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="container">
|
|
<span class="bookmark" id="top"></span>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>CoffeeScript is a little language that compiles into JavaScript.</b> Underneath
|
|
all those awkward braces and semicolons, JavaScript has always had
|
|
a gorgeous object model at its heart. CoffeeScript is an attempt to expose
|
|
the good parts of JavaScript in a simple way.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The golden rule of CoffeeScript is: <i>"It's just JavaScript"</i>. The code
|
|
compiles one-to-one into the equivalent JS, and there is
|
|
no interpretation at runtime. You can use any existing JavaScript library
|
|
seamlessly from CoffeeScript (and vice-versa). The compiled output is
|
|
readable and pretty-printed, passes through
|
|
<a href="http://www.javascriptlint.com/">JavaScript Lint</a>
|
|
without warnings, will work in every JavaScript runtime, and tends
|
|
to run as fast or faster than the equivalent handwritten JavaScript.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Latest Version:</b>
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/tarball/1.4.0">1.4.0</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="overview" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
Overview
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p><i>CoffeeScript on the left, compiled JavaScript output on the right.</i></p>
|
|
|
|
<%= code_for('overview', 'cubes', false) %>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="installation" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
Installation
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The CoffeeScript compiler is itself
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/grammar.html">written in CoffeeScript</a>,
|
|
using the <a href="http://jison.org">Jison parser generator</a>. The
|
|
command-line version of <tt>coffee</tt> is available as a
|
|
<a href="http://nodejs.org/">Node.js</a> utility. The
|
|
<a href="extras/coffee-script.js">core compiler</a> however, does not
|
|
depend on Node, and can be run in any JavaScript environment, or in the
|
|
browser (see "Try CoffeeScript", above).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
To install, first make sure you have a working copy of the latest stable version of
|
|
<a href="http://nodejs.org/">Node.js</a>, and <a href="http://npmjs.org">npm</a>
|
|
(the Node Package Manager). You can then install CoffeeScript with npm:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
npm install -g coffee-script</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
(Leave off the <tt>-g</tt> if you don't wish to install globally.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you'd prefer to install the latest <b>master</b> version of CoffeeScript, you
|
|
can clone the CoffeeScript
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script">source repository</a>
|
|
from GitHub, or download
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/tarball/master">the source</a> directly.
|
|
To install the lastest master CoffeeScript compiler with npm:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
npm install -g http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/tarball/master</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Or, if you want to install to <tt>/usr/local</tt>, and don't want to use
|
|
npm to manage it, open the <tt>coffee-script</tt> directory and run:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
sudo bin/cake install</pre>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="usage" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
Usage
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Once installed, you should have access to the <tt>coffee</tt> command,
|
|
which can execute scripts, compile <tt>.coffee</tt> files into <tt>.js</tt>,
|
|
and provide an interactive REPL. The <tt>coffee</tt> command takes the
|
|
following options:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-c, --compile</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Compile a <tt>.coffee</tt> script into a <tt>.js</tt> JavaScript file
|
|
of the same name.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td width="25%"><code>-i, --interactive</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Launch an interactive CoffeeScript session to try short snippets.
|
|
Identical to calling <tt>coffee</tt> with no arguments.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-o, --output [DIR]</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Write out all compiled JavaScript files into the specified directory.
|
|
Use in conjunction with <tt>--compile</tt> or <tt>--watch</tt>.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-j, --join [FILE]</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Before compiling, concatenate all scripts together in the order they
|
|
were passed, and write them into the specified file.
|
|
Useful for building large projects.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-w, --watch</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Watch files for changes, rerunning the specified command when any
|
|
file is updated.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-p, --print</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Instead of writing out the JavaScript as a file, print it
|
|
directly to <b>stdout</b>.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-l, --lint</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
If the <tt>jsl</tt>
|
|
(<a href="http://www.javascriptlint.com/">JavaScript Lint</a>)
|
|
command is installed, use it
|
|
to check the compilation of a CoffeeScript file. (Handy in
|
|
conjunction with <br /> <tt>--watch</tt>)
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-s, --stdio</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Pipe in CoffeeScript to STDIN and get back JavaScript over STDOUT.
|
|
Good for use with processes written in other languages. An example:<br />
|
|
<tt>cat src/cake.coffee | coffee -sc</tt>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-e, --eval</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Compile and print a little snippet of CoffeeScript directly from the
|
|
command line. For example:<br /><tt>coffee -e "console.log num for num in [10..1]"</tt>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-r, --require</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Load a library before compiling or executing your script. Can be used
|
|
to hook in to the compiler (to add Growl notifications, for example).
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-b, --bare</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Compile the JavaScript without the
|
|
<a href="#lexical_scope">top-level function safety wrapper</a>.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-t, --tokens</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Instead of parsing the CoffeeScript, just lex it, and print out the
|
|
token stream: <tt>[IDENTIFIER square] [ASSIGN =] [PARAM_START (]</tt> ...
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>-n, --nodes</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
Instead of compiling the CoffeeScript, just lex and parse it, and print
|
|
out the parse tree:
|
|
<pre class="no_bar">
|
|
Expressions
|
|
Assign
|
|
Value "square"
|
|
Code "x"
|
|
Op *
|
|
Value "x"
|
|
Value "x"</pre>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>--nodejs</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
The <tt>node</tt> executable has some useful options you can set,
|
|
such as<br /> <tt>--debug</tt>, <tt>--debug-brk</tt> and <tt>--max-stack-size</tt>. Use this
|
|
flag to forward options directly to Node.js.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Examples:</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Compile a directory tree of <tt>.coffee</tt> files in <tt>src</tt> into a parallel
|
|
tree of <tt>.js</tt> files in <tt>lib</tt>:<br />
|
|
<tt>coffee --compile --output lib/ src/</tt>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Watch a file for changes, and recompile it every time the file is saved:<br />
|
|
<tt>coffee --watch --compile experimental.coffee</tt>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Concatenate a list of files into a single script:<br />
|
|
<tt>coffee --join project.js --compile src/*.coffee</tt>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Print out the compiled JS from a one-liner:<br />
|
|
<tt>coffee -bpe "alert i for i in [0..10]"</tt>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
All together now, watch and recompile an entire project as you work on it:<br />
|
|
<tt>coffee -o lib/ -cw src/</tt>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Start the CoffeeScript REPL (<tt>Ctrl-D</tt> to exit, <tt>Ctrl-V</tt>for multi-line):<br />
|
|
<tt>coffee</tt>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="language" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
Language Reference
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>
|
|
This reference is structured so that it can be read from top to bottom,
|
|
if you like. Later sections use ideas and syntax previously introduced.
|
|
Familiarity with JavaScript is assumed.
|
|
In all of the following examples, the source CoffeeScript is provided on
|
|
the left, and the direct compilation into JavaScript is on the right.
|
|
</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>
|
|
Many of the examples can be run (where it makes sense) by pressing the <b>run</b>
|
|
button on the right, and can be loaded into the "Try CoffeeScript"
|
|
console by pressing the <b>load</b> button on the left.
|
|
</i>
|
|
<p>
|
|
First, the basics: CoffeeScript uses significant whitespace to delimit blocks of code.
|
|
You don't need to use semicolons <tt>;</tt> to terminate expressions,
|
|
ending the line will do just as well (although semicolons can still
|
|
be used to fit multiple expressions onto a single line).
|
|
Instead of using curly braces
|
|
<tt>{ }</tt> to surround blocks of code in <a href="#literals">functions</a>,
|
|
<a href="#conditionals">if-statements</a>,
|
|
<a href="#switch">switch</a>, and <a href="#try">try/catch</a>,
|
|
use indentation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
You don't need to use parentheses to invoke a function if you're passing
|
|
arguments. The implicit call wraps forward to the end of the line or block expression.<br />
|
|
<tt>console.log sys.inspect object</tt> → <tt>console.log(sys.inspect(object));</tt>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="literals" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Functions</b>
|
|
Functions are defined by an optional list of parameters in parentheses,
|
|
an arrow, and the function body. The empty function looks like this:
|
|
<tt>-></tt>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('functions', 'cube(5)') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Functions may also have default values for arguments. Override the default
|
|
value by passing a non-null argument.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('default_args', 'fill("cup")') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="objects_and_arrays" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Objects and Arrays</b>
|
|
The CoffeeScript literals for objects and arrays look very similar to
|
|
their JavaScript cousins. When each property is listed on its own line,
|
|
the commas are optional. Objects may be created using indentation instead
|
|
of explicit braces, similar to <a href="http://yaml.org">YAML</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('objects_and_arrays', 'song.join(" ... ")') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In JavaScript, you can't use reserved words, like <tt>class</tt>, as properties
|
|
of an object, without quoting them as strings. CoffeeScript notices reserved words
|
|
used as keys in objects and quotes them for you, so you don't have to worry
|
|
about it (say, when using jQuery).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('objects_reserved') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="lexical_scope" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety</b>
|
|
The CoffeeScript compiler takes care to make sure that all of your variables
|
|
are properly declared within lexical scope — you never need to write
|
|
<tt>var</tt> yourself.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('scope', 'inner') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Notice how all of the variable declarations have been pushed up to
|
|
the top of the closest scope, the first time they appear.
|
|
<b>outer</b> is not redeclared within the inner function, because it's
|
|
already in scope; <b>inner</b> within the function, on the other hand,
|
|
should not be able to change the value of the external variable of the same name, and
|
|
therefore has a declaration of its own.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
This behavior is effectively identical to Ruby's scope for local variables.
|
|
Because you don't have direct access to the <tt>var</tt> keyword,
|
|
it's impossible to shadow an outer variable on purpose, you may only refer
|
|
to it. So be careful that you're not reusing the name of an external
|
|
variable accidentally, if you're writing a deeply nested function.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Although suppressed within this documentation for clarity, all
|
|
CoffeeScript output is wrapped in an anonymous function:
|
|
<tt>(function(){ ... })();</tt> This safety wrapper, combined with the
|
|
automatic generation of the <tt>var</tt> keyword, make it exceedingly difficult
|
|
to pollute the global namespace by accident.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you'd like to create top-level variables for other scripts to use,
|
|
attach them as properties on <b>window</b>, or on the <b>exports</b>
|
|
object in CommonJS. The <b>existential operator</b> (covered below), gives you a
|
|
reliable way to figure out where to add them; if you're targeting both
|
|
CommonJS and the browser: <tt>exports ? this</tt>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="conditionals" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment</b>
|
|
<b>If/else</b> statements can be written without the use of parentheses and
|
|
curly brackets. As with functions and other block expressions,
|
|
multi-line conditionals are delimited by indentation. There's also a handy
|
|
postfix form, with the <tt>if</tt> or <tt>unless</tt> at the end.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
CoffeeScript can compile <b>if</b> statements into JavaScript expressions,
|
|
using the ternary operator when possible, and closure wrapping otherwise. There
|
|
is no explicit ternary statement in CoffeeScript — you simply use
|
|
a regular <b>if</b> statement on a single line.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('conditionals') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="splats" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Splats...</b>
|
|
The JavaScript <b>arguments object</b> is a useful way to work with
|
|
functions that accept variable numbers of arguments. CoffeeScript provides
|
|
splats <tt>...</tt>, both for function definition as well as invocation,
|
|
making variable numbers of arguments a little bit more palatable.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('splats', true) %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="loops" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Loops and Comprehensions</b>
|
|
Most of the loops you'll write in CoffeeScript will be <b>comprehensions</b>
|
|
over arrays, objects, and ranges. Comprehensions replace (and compile into)
|
|
<b>for</b> loops, with optional guard clauses and the value of the current array index.
|
|
Unlike for loops, array comprehensions are expressions, and can be returned
|
|
and assigned.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('array_comprehensions') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Comprehensions should be able to handle most places where you otherwise
|
|
would use a loop, <b>each</b>/<b>forEach</b>, <b>map</b>, or <b>select</b>/<b>filter</b>, for example:
|
|
<tt>shortNames = (name for name in list when name.length < 5)</tt><br />
|
|
If you know the start and end of your loop, or would like to step through
|
|
in fixed-size increments, you can use a range to specify the start and
|
|
end of your comprehension.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('range_comprehensions', 'countdown') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note how because we are assigning the value of the comprehensions to a
|
|
variable in the example above, CoffeeScript is collecting the result of
|
|
each iteration into an array. Sometimes functions end with loops that are
|
|
intended to run only for their side-effects. Be careful that you're not
|
|
accidentally returning the results of the comprehension in these cases,
|
|
by adding a meaningful return value — like <tt>true</tt> — or <tt>null</tt>,
|
|
to the bottom of your function.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
To step through a range comprehension in fixed-size chunks,
|
|
use <tt>by</tt>, for example:<br />
|
|
<tt>evens = (x for x in [0..10] by 2)</tt>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Comprehensions can also be used to iterate over the keys and values in
|
|
an object. Use <tt>of</tt> to signal comprehension over the properties of
|
|
an object instead of the values in an array.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('object_comprehensions', 'ages.join(", ")') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you would like to iterate over just the keys that are defined on the
|
|
object itself, by adding a <tt>hasOwnProperty</tt>
|
|
check to avoid properties that may be inherited from the prototype, use<br />
|
|
<tt>for own key, value of object</tt>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The only low-level loop that CoffeeScript provides is the <b>while</b> loop. The
|
|
main difference from JavaScript is that the <b>while</b> loop can be used
|
|
as an expression, returning an array containing the result of each iteration
|
|
through the loop.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('while', 'lyrics.join("\n")') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
For readability, the <b>until</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while not</tt>,
|
|
and the <b>loop</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while true</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When using a JavaScript loop to generate functions, it's common to insert
|
|
a closure wrapper in order to ensure that loop variables are closed over,
|
|
and all the generated functions don't just share the final values. CoffeeScript
|
|
provides the <tt>do</tt> keyword, which immediately invokes a passed function,
|
|
forwarding any arguments.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('do') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="slices" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Array Slicing and Splicing with Ranges</b>
|
|
Ranges can also be used to extract slices of arrays.
|
|
With two dots (<tt>3..6</tt>), the range is inclusive (<tt>3, 4, 5, 6</tt>);
|
|
with three dots (<tt>3...6</tt>), the range excludes the end (<tt>3, 4, 5</tt>).
|
|
Slices indices have useful defaults. An omitted first index defaults to
|
|
zero and an omitted second index defaults to the size of the array.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('slices', 'middle') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The same syntax can be used with assignment to replace a segment of an array
|
|
with new values, splicing it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('splices', 'numbers') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note that JavaScript strings are immutable, and can't be spliced.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="expressions" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Everything is an Expression (at least, as much as possible)</b>
|
|
You might have noticed how even though we don't add return statements
|
|
to CoffeeScript functions, they nonetheless return their final value.
|
|
The CoffeeScript compiler tries to make sure that all statements in the
|
|
language can be used as expressions. Watch how the <tt>return</tt> gets
|
|
pushed down into each possible branch of execution in the function
|
|
below.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('expressions', 'eldest') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Even though functions will always return their final value, it's both possible
|
|
and encouraged to return early from a function body writing out the explicit
|
|
return (<tt>return value</tt>), when you know that you're done.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Because variable declarations occur at the top of scope, assignment can
|
|
be used within expressions, even for variables that haven't been seen before:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('expressions_assignment', 'six') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Things that would otherwise be statements in JavaScript, when used
|
|
as part of an expression in CoffeeScript, are converted into expressions
|
|
by wrapping them in a closure. This lets you do useful things, like assign
|
|
the result of a comprehension to a variable:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('expressions_comprehension', 'globals') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
As well as silly things, like passing a <b>try/catch</b> statement directly
|
|
into a function call:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('expressions_try', true) %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
There are a handful of statements in JavaScript that can't be meaningfully
|
|
converted into expressions, namely <tt>break</tt>, <tt>continue</tt>,
|
|
and <tt>return</tt>. If you make use of them within a block of code,
|
|
CoffeeScript won't try to perform the conversion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="operators" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Operators and Aliases</b>
|
|
Because the <tt>==</tt> operator frequently causes undesirable coercion,
|
|
is intransitive, and has a different meaning than in other languages,
|
|
CoffeeScript compiles <tt>==</tt> into <tt>===</tt>, and <tt>!=</tt> into
|
|
<tt>!==</tt>.
|
|
In addition, <tt>is</tt> compiles into <tt>===</tt>,
|
|
and <tt>isnt</tt> into <tt>!==</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
You can use <tt>not</tt> as an alias for <tt>!</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
For logic, <tt>and</tt> compiles to <tt>&&</tt>, and <tt>or</tt>
|
|
into <tt>||</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Instead of a newline or semicolon, <tt>then</tt> can be used to separate
|
|
conditions from expressions, in <b>while</b>,
|
|
<b>if</b>/<b>else</b>, and <b>switch</b>/<b>when</b> statements.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
As in <a href="http://yaml.org/">YAML</a>, <tt>on</tt> and <tt>yes</tt>
|
|
are the same as boolean <tt>true</tt>, while <tt>off</tt> and <tt>no</tt> are boolean <tt>false</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<tt>unless</tt> can be used as the inverse of <tt>if</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
As a shortcut for <tt>this.property</tt>, you can use <tt>@property</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
You can use <tt>in</tt> to test for array presence, and <tt>of</tt> to
|
|
test for JavaScript object-key presence.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
All together now:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="definitions">
|
|
<tr><th>CoffeeScript</th><th>JavaScript</th></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>is</tt></td><td><tt>===</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>isnt</tt></td><td><tt>!==</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>not</tt></td><td><tt>!</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>and</tt></td><td><tt>&&</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>or</tt></td><td><tt>||</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>true, yes, on</tt></td><td><tt>true</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>false, no, off</tt></td><td><tt>false</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>@, this</tt></td><td><tt>this</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>of</tt></td><td><tt>in</tt></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td><tt>in</tt></td><td><i><small>no JS equivalent</small></i></td></tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<%= code_for('aliases') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header">The Existential Operator</b>
|
|
It's a little difficult to check for the existence of a variable in
|
|
JavaScript. <tt>if (variable) ...</tt> comes close, but fails for zero,
|
|
the empty string, and false. CoffeeScript's existential operator <tt>?</tt> returns true unless
|
|
a variable is <b>null</b> or <b>undefined</b>, which makes it analogous
|
|
to Ruby's <tt>nil?</tt>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
It can also be used for safer conditional assignment than <tt>||=</tt>
|
|
provides, for cases where you may be handling numbers or strings.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('existence', 'footprints') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The accessor variant of the existential operator <tt>?.</tt> can be used to soak
|
|
up null references in a chain of properties. Use it instead
|
|
of the dot accessor <tt>.</tt> in cases where the base value may be <b>null</b>
|
|
or <b>undefined</b>. If all of the properties exist then you'll get the expected
|
|
result, if the chain is broken, <b>undefined</b> is returned instead of
|
|
the <b>TypeError</b> that would be raised otherwise.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('soaks') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Soaking up nulls is similar to Ruby's
|
|
<a href="http://andand.rubyforge.org/">andand gem</a>, and to the
|
|
<a href="http://groovy.codehaus.org/Operators#Operators-SafeNavigationOperator%28%3F.%29">safe navigation operator</a>
|
|
in Groovy.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="classes" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Classes, Inheritance, and Super</b>
|
|
JavaScript's prototypal inheritance has always been a bit of a
|
|
brain-bender, with a whole family tree of libraries that provide a cleaner
|
|
syntax for classical inheritance on top of JavaScript's prototypes:
|
|
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/base2/">Base2</a>,
|
|
<a href="http://prototypejs.org/">Prototype.js</a>,
|
|
<a href="http://jsclass.jcoglan.com/">JS.Class</a>, etc.
|
|
The libraries provide syntactic sugar, but the built-in inheritance would
|
|
be completely usable if it weren't for a couple of small exceptions:
|
|
it's awkward to call <b>super</b> (the prototype object's
|
|
implementation of the current function), and it's awkward to correctly
|
|
set the prototype chain.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Instead of repetitively attaching functions to a prototype, CoffeeScript
|
|
provides a basic <tt>class</tt> structure that allows you to name your class,
|
|
set the superclass, assign prototypal properties, and define the constructor,
|
|
in a single assignable expression.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Constructor functions are named, to better support helpful stack traces.
|
|
In the first class in the example below, <tt>this.constructor.name is "Animal"</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('classes', true) %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If structuring your prototypes classically isn't your cup of tea, CoffeeScript
|
|
provides a couple of lower-level conveniences. The <tt>extends</tt> operator
|
|
helps with proper prototype setup, and can be used to create an inheritance
|
|
chain between any pair of constructor functions; <tt>::</tt> gives you
|
|
quick access to an object's prototype; and <tt>super()</tt>
|
|
is converted into a call against the immediate ancestor's method of the same name.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('prototypes', '"one_two".dasherize()') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Finally, class definitions are blocks of executable code, which make for interesting
|
|
metaprogramming possibilities. Because in the context of a class definition,
|
|
<tt>this</tt> is the class object itself (the constructor function), you
|
|
can assign static properties by using <br /><tt>@property: value</tt>, and call
|
|
functions defined in parent classes: <tt>@attr 'title', type: 'text'</tt>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="destructuring" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Destructuring Assignment</b>
|
|
To make extracting values from complex arrays and objects more convenient,
|
|
CoffeeScript implements ECMAScript Harmony's proposed
|
|
<a href="http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:destructuring">destructuring assignment</a>
|
|
syntax. When you assign an array or object literal to a value, CoffeeScript
|
|
breaks up and matches both sides against each other, assigning the values
|
|
on the right to the variables on the left. In the simplest case, it can be
|
|
used for parallel assignment:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('parallel_assignment', 'theBait') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
But it's also helpful for dealing with functions that return multiple
|
|
values.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('multiple_return_values', 'forecast') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Destructuring assignment can be used with any depth of array and object nesting,
|
|
to help pull out deeply nested properties.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('object_extraction', 'name + " — " + street') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Destructuring assignment can even be combined with splats.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('patterns_and_splats', 'contents.join("")') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="fat_arrow" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Function binding</b>
|
|
In JavaScript, the <tt>this</tt> keyword is dynamically scoped to mean the
|
|
object that the current function is attached to. If you pass a function as
|
|
a callback or attach it to a different object, the original value of <tt>this</tt>
|
|
will be lost. If you're not familiar with this behavior,
|
|
<a href="http://www.digital-web.com/articles/scope_in_javascript/">this Digital Web article</a>
|
|
gives a good overview of the quirks.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The fat arrow <tt>=></tt> can be used to both define a function, and to bind
|
|
it to the current value of <tt>this</tt>, right on the spot. This is helpful
|
|
when using callback-based libraries like Prototype or jQuery, for creating
|
|
iterator functions to pass to <tt>each</tt>, or event-handler functions
|
|
to use with <tt>bind</tt>. Functions created with the fat arrow are able to access
|
|
properties of the <tt>this</tt> where they're defined.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('fat_arrow') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If we had used <tt>-></tt> in the callback above, <tt>@customer</tt> would
|
|
have referred to the undefined "customer" property of the DOM element,
|
|
and trying to call <tt>purchase()</tt> on it would have raised an exception.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When used in a class definition, methods declared with the fat arrow will
|
|
be automatically bound to each instance of the class when the instance is
|
|
constructed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="embedded" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Embedded JavaScript</b>
|
|
Hopefully, you'll never need to use it, but if you ever need to intersperse
|
|
snippets of JavaScript within your CoffeeScript, you can
|
|
use backticks to pass it straight through.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('embedded', 'hi()') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="switch" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Switch/When/Else</b>
|
|
<b>Switch</b> statements in JavaScript are a bit awkward. You need to
|
|
remember to <b>break</b> at the end of every <b>case</b> statement to
|
|
avoid accidentally falling through to the default case.
|
|
CoffeeScript prevents accidental fall-through, and can convert the <tt>switch</tt>
|
|
into a returnable, assignable expression. The format is: <tt>switch</tt> condition,
|
|
<tt>when</tt> clauses, <tt>else</tt> the default case.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
As in Ruby, <b>switch</b> statements in CoffeeScript can take multiple
|
|
values for each <b>when</b> clause. If any of the values match, the clause
|
|
runs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('switch') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="try" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Try/Catch/Finally</b>
|
|
Try/catch statements are just about the same as JavaScript (although
|
|
they work as expressions).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('try') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="comparisons" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Chained Comparisons</b>
|
|
CoffeeScript borrows
|
|
<a href="http://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#notin">chained comparisons</a>
|
|
from Python — making it easy to test if a value falls within a
|
|
certain range.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('comparisons', 'healthy') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="strings" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">String Interpolation, Block Strings, and Block Comments</b>
|
|
Ruby-style string interpolation is included in CoffeeScript. Double-quoted
|
|
strings allow for interpolated values, using <tt>#{ ... }</tt>,
|
|
and single-quoted strings are literal.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('interpolation', 'sentence') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Multiline strings are allowed in CoffeeScript.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('strings', 'mobyDick') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Block strings can be used to hold formatted or indentation-sensitive text
|
|
(or, if you just don't feel like escaping quotes and apostrophes). The
|
|
indentation level that begins the block is maintained throughout, so
|
|
you can keep it all aligned with the body of your code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('heredocs', 'html') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Double-quoted block strings, like other double-quoted strings, allow interpolation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Sometimes you'd like to pass a block comment through to the generated
|
|
JavaScript. For example, when you need to embed a licensing header at
|
|
the top of a file. Block comments, which mirror the syntax for block strings,
|
|
are preserved in the generated code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('block_comment') %>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span id="regexes" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
<b class="header">Block Regular Expressions</b>
|
|
Similar to block strings and comments, CoffeeScript supports block regexes —
|
|
extended regular expressions that ignore internal whitespace and can contain
|
|
comments and interpolation. Modeled after Perl's <tt>/x</tt> modifier, CoffeeSctipt's
|
|
block regexes are delimited by <tt>///</tt> and go a long way towards making complex
|
|
regular expressions readable. To quote from the CoffeeScript source:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('heregexes') %>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="cake" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
Cake, and Cakefiles
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
CoffeeScript includes a (very) simple build system similar to
|
|
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/make/">Make</a> and
|
|
<a href="http://rake.rubyforge.org/">Rake</a>. Naturally,
|
|
it's called Cake, and is used for the tasks that build and test the CoffeeScript
|
|
language itself. Tasks are defined in a file named <tt>Cakefile</tt>, and
|
|
can be invoked by running <tt>cake [task]</tt> from within the directory.
|
|
To print a list of all the tasks and options, just type <tt>cake</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Task definitions are written in CoffeeScript, so you can put arbitrary code
|
|
in your Cakefile. Define a task with a name, a long description, and the
|
|
function to invoke when the task is run. If your task takes a command-line
|
|
option, you can define the option with short and long flags, and it will
|
|
be made available in the <tt>options</tt> object. Here's a task that uses
|
|
the Node.js API to rebuild CoffeeScript's parser:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<%= code_for('cake_tasks') %>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you need to invoke one task before another — for example, running
|
|
<tt>build</tt> before <tt>test</tt>, you can use the <tt>invoke</tt> function:
|
|
<tt>invoke 'build'</tt>. Cake tasks are a minimal way to expose your
|
|
CoffeeScript functions to the command line, so
|
|
<a href="documentation/docs/cake.html">don't expect any fanciness built-in</a>.
|
|
If you need dependencies, or async callbacks, it's best to put them in your
|
|
code itself — not the cake task.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="scripts" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
"text/coffeescript" Script Tags
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
While it's not recommended for serious use, CoffeeScripts may be included
|
|
directly within the browser using <tt><script type="text/coffeescript"></tt>
|
|
tags. The source includes a compressed and minified version of the compiler
|
|
(<a href="extras/coffee-script.js">Download current version here, 39k when gzipped</a>)
|
|
as <tt>extras/coffee-script.js</tt>. Include this file on a page with
|
|
inline CoffeeScript tags, and it will compile and evaluate them in order.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In fact, the little bit of glue script that runs "Try CoffeeScript" above,
|
|
as well as the jQuery for the menu, is implemented in just this way.
|
|
View source and look at the bottom of the page to see the example.
|
|
Including the script also gives you access to <tt>CoffeeScript.compile()</tt>
|
|
so you can pop open Firebug and try compiling some strings.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The usual caveats about CoffeeScript apply — your inline scripts will
|
|
run within a closure wrapper, so if you want to expose global variables or
|
|
functions, attach them to the <tt>window</tt> object.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="resources" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
Books
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
There are a number of excellent resources to help you get
|
|
started with CoffeeScript, some of which are freely available online.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://arcturo.github.com/library/coffeescript/">The Little Book on CoffeeScript</a>
|
|
is a brief 5-chapter introduction to CoffeeScript, written with great
|
|
clarity and precision by
|
|
<a href="http://alexmaccaw.co.uk/">Alex MacCaw</a>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://autotelicum.github.com/Smooth-CoffeeScript/">Smooth CoffeeScript</a>
|
|
is a reimagination of the excellent book
|
|
<a href="http://eloquentjavascript.net/">Eloquent JavaScript</a>, as if
|
|
it had been written in CoffeeScript instead. Covers language features
|
|
as well a the functional and object oriented programming styles. By
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/autotelicum">E. Hoigaard</a>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://pragprog.com/book/tbcoffee/coffeescript">CoffeeScript: Accelerated JavaScript Development</a>
|
|
is <a href="http://trevorburnham.com/">Trevor Burnham</a>'s thorough
|
|
introduction to the language. By the end of the book, you'll have built
|
|
a fast-paced multiplayer word game, writing both the client-side and Node.js
|
|
portions in CoffeeScript.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
Screencasts
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://coffeescript.codeschool.com">A Sip of CoffeeScript</a> is a <a href="http://www.codeschool.com">Code School Course</a>
|
|
which combines 6 screencasts with in-browser coding to make learning fun. The first level is free to try out.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://peepcode.com/products/coffeescript">Meet CoffeeScript</a>
|
|
is a 75-minute long screencast by <a href="http://peepcode.com/">PeepCode</a>.
|
|
Highly memorable for its animations which demonstrate transforming CoffeeScript
|
|
into the equivalent JS.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
If you're looking for less of a time commitment, RailsCasts'
|
|
<a href="http://railscasts.com/episodes/267-coffeescript-basics">CoffeeScript Basics</a>
|
|
should have you covered, hitting all of the important notes about CoffeeScript
|
|
in 11 minutes.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
Examples
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="https://github.com/languages/coffeescript">best list of
|
|
open-source CoffeeScript examples</a> can be found on GitHub. But just
|
|
to throw out few more:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<b>github</b>'s <a href="http://hubot.github.com/">Hubot</a>,
|
|
a friendly IRC robot that can perform any number of useful and useless tasks.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<b>sstephenson</b>'s <a href="http://pow.cx/">Pow</a>,
|
|
a zero-configuration Rack server, with comprehensive annotated source.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<b>frank06</b>'s <a href="http://riakjs.org/">riak-js</a>, a Node.js client for
|
|
<a href="http://www.basho.com/Riak.html">Riak</a>, with support for HTTP
|
|
and Protocol Buffers.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<b>technoweenie</b>'s <a href="https://github.com/technoweenie/coffee-resque">Coffee-Resque</a>,
|
|
a port of <a href="https://github.com/defunkt/resque">Resque</a> for Node.js.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<b>assaf</b>'s <a href="http://zombie.labnotes.org/">Zombie.js</a>,
|
|
a headless, full-stack, faux-browser testing library for Node.js.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<b>jashkenas</b>' <a href="documentation/docs/underscore.html">Underscore.coffee</a>, a port
|
|
of the <a href="http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore/">Underscore.js</a>
|
|
library of helper functions.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<b>stephank</b>'s <a href="https://github.com/stephank/orona">Orona</a>, a remake of
|
|
the Bolo tank game for modern browsers.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<b>josh</b>'s <a href="http://josh.github.com/nack/">nack</a>, a Node.js-powered
|
|
<a href="http://rack.rubyforge.org/">Rack</a> server.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
Resources
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/">Source Code</a><br />
|
|
Use <tt>bin/coffee</tt> to test your changes,<br />
|
|
<tt>bin/cake test</tt> to run the test suite,<br />
|
|
<tt>bin/cake build</tt> to rebuild the CoffeeScript compiler, and <br />
|
|
<tt>bin/cake build:parser</tt> to regenerate the Jison parser if you're
|
|
working on the grammar. <br /><br />
|
|
<tt>git checkout lib && bin/cake build:full</tt> is a good command to run when you're working
|
|
on the core language. It'll refresh the lib directory
|
|
(in case you broke something), build your altered compiler, use that to
|
|
rebuild itself (a good sanity test) and then run all of the tests. If
|
|
they pass, there's a good chance you've made a successful change.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/issues">CoffeeScript Issues</a><br />
|
|
Bug reports, feature proposals, and ideas for changes to the language belong here.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/coffeescript">CoffeeScript Google Group</a><br />
|
|
If you'd like to ask a question, the mailing list is a good place to get help.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/wiki">The CoffeeScript Wiki</a><br />
|
|
If you've ever learned a neat CoffeeScript tip or trick, or ran into a gotcha — share it on the wiki.
|
|
The wiki also serves as a directory of handy
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/wiki/Text-editor-plugins">text editor extensions</a>,
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/wiki/Web-framework-plugins">web framework plugins</a>,
|
|
and general <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/wiki/Build-tools">CoffeeScript build tools</a>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/wiki/FAQ">The FAQ</a><br />
|
|
Perhaps your CoffeeScript-related question has been asked before. Check the FAQ first.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/downloads">High-Rez Logo</a><br />
|
|
The CoffeeScript logo is available in Illustrator, EPS and PSD formats, for use
|
|
in presentations.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="webchat" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
Web Chat (IRC)
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Quick help and advice can usually be found in the CoffeeScript IRC room.
|
|
Join <tt>#coffeescript</tt> on <tt>irc.freenode.net</tt>, or click the
|
|
button below to open a webchat session on this page.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<button id="open_webchat">click to open #coffeescript</button>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<span id="changelog" class="bookmark"></span>
|
|
Change Log
|
|
</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/compare/1.3.3...1.4.0">1.4.0</a>
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Oct 23, 2012</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The CoffeeScript compiler now strips Microsoft's UTF-8 BOM if it
|
|
exists, allowing you to compile BOM-borked source files.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Fix Node/compiler deprecation warnings by removing <tt>registerExtension</tt>,
|
|
and moving from <tt>path.exists</tt> to <tt>fs.exists</tt>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Small tweaks to splat compilation, backticks, slicing, and the
|
|
error for duplicate keys in object literals.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/compare/1.3.1...1.3.3">1.3.3</a>
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>May 15, 2012</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Due to the new semantics of JavaScript's strict mode, CoffeeScript no
|
|
longer guarantees that constructor functions have names in all runtimes.
|
|
See <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/issues/2052">#2052</a>
|
|
for discussion.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Inside of a nested function inside of an instance method, it's now possible
|
|
to call <tt>super</tt> more reliably (walks recursively up).
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Named loop variables no longer have different scoping heuristics than
|
|
other local variables. (Reverts #643)
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Fix for splats nested within the LHS of destructuring assignment.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Corrections to our compile time strict mode forbidding of octal literals.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/compare/1.2.0...1.3.1">1.3.1</a>
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>April 10, 2012</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
CoffeeScript now enforces all of JavaScript's <b>Strict Mode</b> early syntax
|
|
errors at compile time. This includes old-style octal literals,
|
|
duplicate property names in object literals, duplicate parameters in
|
|
a function definition, deleting naked variables, setting the value of
|
|
<tt>eval</tt> or <tt>arguments</tt>, and more.
|
|
See a full discussion at
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/issues/1547">#1547</a>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The REPL now has a handy new multi-line mode for entering large
|
|
blocks of code. It's useful when copy-and-pasting examples into the
|
|
REPL. Enter multi-line mode with <tt>Ctrl-V</tt>. You may also now
|
|
pipe input directly into the REPL.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
CoffeeScript now prints a <tt>Generated by CoffeeScript VERSION</tt>
|
|
header at the top of each compiled file.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Conditional assignment of previously undefined variables
|
|
<tt>a or= b</tt> is now considered a syntax error.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
A tweak to the semantics of <tt>do</tt>, which can now be used to
|
|
more easily simulate a namespace: <tt>do (x = 1, y = 2) -> ...</tt>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Loop indices are now mutable within a loop iteration, and immutable
|
|
between them.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Both endpoints of a slice are now allowed to be omitted for consistency,
|
|
effectively creating a shallow copy of the list.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Additional tweaks and improvments to <tt>coffee --watch</tt> under
|
|
Node's "new" file watching API. Watch will now beep by default
|
|
if you introduce a syntax error into a watched script. We also now
|
|
ignore hidden directories by default when watching recursively.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/compare/1.1.3...1.2.0">1.2.0</a>
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec. 18, 2011</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Multiple improvements to <tt>coffee --watch</tt> and <tt>--join</tt>.
|
|
You may now use both together, as well as add and remove
|
|
files and directories within a <tt>--watch</tt>'d folder.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <tt>throw</tt> statement can now be used as part of an expression.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Block comments at the top of the file will now appear outside of the
|
|
safety closure wrapper.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Fixed a number of minor 1.1.3 regressions having to do with trailing
|
|
operators and unfinished lines, and a more major 1.1.3 regression that
|
|
caused bound functions <i>within</i> bound class functions to have the incorrect
|
|
<tt>this</tt>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/compare/1.1.2...1.1.3">1.1.3</a>
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Nov. 8, 2011</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Ahh, whitespace. CoffeeScript's compiled JS now tries to space things
|
|
out and keep it readable, as you can see in the examples on this page.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
You can now call <tt>super</tt> in class level methods in class bodies,
|
|
and bound class methods now preserve their correct context.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
JavaScript has always supported octal numbers <tt>010 is 8</tt>,
|
|
and hexadecimal numbers <tt>0xf is 15</tt>, but CoffeeScript now
|
|
also supports binary numbers: <tt>0b10 is 2</tt>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The CoffeeScript module has been nested under a subdirectory to make
|
|
it easier to <tt>require</tt> individual components separately, without
|
|
having to use <b>npm</b>. For example, after adding the CoffeeScript
|
|
folder to your path: <tt>require('coffee-script/lexer')</tt>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
There's a new "link" feature in Try CoffeeScript on this webpage. Use
|
|
it to get a shareable permalink for your example script.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <tt>coffee --watch</tt> feature now only works on Node.js 0.6.0
|
|
and higher, but now also works properly on Windows.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Lots of small bug fixes from
|
|
<b><a href="https://github.com/michaelficarra">@michaelficarra</a></b>,
|
|
<b><a href="https://github.com/geraldalewis">@geraldalewis</a></b>,
|
|
<b><a href="https://github.com/satyr">@satyr</a></b>, and
|
|
<b><a href="https://github.com/trevorburnham">@trevorburnham</a></b>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/compare/1.1.1...1.1.2">1.1.2</a>
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>August 4, 2011</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Fixes for block comment formatting, <tt>?=</tt> compilation, implicit calls
|
|
against control structures, implicit invocation of a try/catch block,
|
|
variadic arguments leaking from local scope, line numbers in syntax errors
|
|
following heregexes, property access on parenthesized number literals,
|
|
bound class methods and super with reserved names, a REPL overhaul,
|
|
consecutive compiled semicolons, block comments in implicitly called objects,
|
|
and a Chrome bug.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">1.1.1
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>May 10, 2011</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Bugfix release for classes with external constructor functions, see
|
|
issue #1182.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">1.1.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>May 1, 2011</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
When running via the <tt>coffee</tt> executable, <tt>process.argv</tt> and
|
|
friends now report <tt>coffee</tt> instead of <tt>node</tt>.
|
|
Better compatibility with <b>Node.js 0.4.x</b> module lookup changes.
|
|
The output in the REPL is now colorized, like Node's is.
|
|
Giving your concatenated CoffeeScripts a name when using <tt>--join</tt> is now mandatory.
|
|
Fix for lexing compound division <tt>/=</tt> as a regex accidentally.
|
|
All <tt>text/coffeescript</tt> tags should now execute in the order they're included.
|
|
Fixed an issue with extended subclasses using external constructor functions.
|
|
Fixed an edge-case infinite loop in <tt>addImplicitParentheses</tt>.
|
|
Fixed exponential slowdown with long chains of function calls.
|
|
Globals no longer leak into the CoffeeScript REPL.
|
|
Splatted parameters are declared local to the function.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">1.0.1
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 31, 2011</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Fixed a lexer bug with Unicode identifiers. Updated REPL for compatibility
|
|
with Node.js 0.3.7. Fixed requiring relative paths in the REPL. Trailing
|
|
<tt>return</tt> and <tt>return undefined</tt> are now optimized away.
|
|
Stopped requiring the core Node.js <tt>"util"</tt> module for
|
|
back-compatibility with Node.js 0.2.5. Fixed a case where a
|
|
conditional <tt>return</tt> would cause fallthrough in a <tt>switch</tt>
|
|
statement. Optimized empty objects in destructuring assignment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">1.0.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 24, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
CoffeeScript loops no longer try to preserve block scope when functions
|
|
are being generated within the loop body. Instead, you can use the
|
|
<tt>do</tt> keyword to create a convenient closure wrapper.
|
|
Added a <tt>--nodejs</tt> flag for passing through options directly
|
|
to the <tt>node</tt> executable.
|
|
Better behavior around the use of pure statements within expressions.
|
|
Fixed inclusive slicing through <tt>-1</tt>, for all browsers, and splicing
|
|
with arbitrary expressions as endpoints.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.6
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 6, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
The REPL now properly formats stacktraces, and stays alive through
|
|
asynchronous exceptions. Using <tt>--watch</tt> now prints timestamps as
|
|
files are compiled. Fixed some accidentally-leaking variables within
|
|
plucked closure-loops. Constructors now maintain their declaration
|
|
location within a class body. Dynamic object keys were removed.
|
|
Nested classes are now supported. Fixes execution context for naked
|
|
splatted functions. Bugfix for inversion of chained comparisons.
|
|
Chained class instantiation now works properly with splats.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.5
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Nov 21, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
0.9.5 should be considered the first release candidate for CoffeeScript 1.0.
|
|
There have been a large number of internal changes since the previous release,
|
|
many contributed from <b>satyr</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/satyr/coco">Coco</a>
|
|
dialect of CoffeeScript. Heregexes (extended regexes) were added. Functions
|
|
can now have default arguments. Class bodies are now executable code.
|
|
Improved syntax errors for invalid CoffeeScript. <tt>undefined</tt> now
|
|
works like <tt>null</tt>, and cannot be assigned a new value.
|
|
There was a precedence change with respect to single-line comprehensions:
|
|
<tt>result = i for i in list</tt><br /> used to parse as <tt>result = (i for i in list)</tt>
|
|
by default ... it now parses as <br /><tt>(result = i) for i in list</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.4
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Sep 21, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
CoffeeScript now uses appropriately-named temporary variables, and recycles
|
|
their references after use. Added <tt>require.extensions</tt> support for
|
|
<b>Node.js 0.3</b>. Loading CoffeeScript in the browser now adds just a
|
|
single <tt>CoffeeScript</tt> object to global scope.
|
|
Fixes for implicit object and block comment edge cases.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.3
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Sep 16, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
CoffeeScript <tt>switch</tt> statements now compile into JS <tt>switch</tt>
|
|
statements — they previously compiled into <tt>if/else</tt> chains
|
|
for JavaScript 1.3 compatibility.
|
|
Soaking a function invocation is now supported. Users of the RubyMine
|
|
editor should now be able to use <tt>--watch</tt> mode.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.2
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Aug 23, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Specifying the start and end of a range literal is now optional, eg. <tt>array[3..]</tt>.
|
|
You can now say <tt>a not instanceof b</tt>.
|
|
Fixed important bugs with nested significant and non-significant indentation (Issue #637).
|
|
Added a <tt>--require</tt> flag that allows you to hook into the <tt>coffee</tt> command.
|
|
Added a custom <tt>jsl.conf</tt> file for our preferred JavaScriptLint setup.
|
|
Sped up Jison grammar compilation time by flattening rules for operations.
|
|
Block comments can now be used with JavaScript-minifier-friendly syntax.
|
|
Added JavaScript's compound assignment bitwise operators. Bugfixes to
|
|
implicit object literals with leading number and string keys, as the subject
|
|
of implicit calls, and as part of compound assignment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.1
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Aug 11, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Bugfix release for <b>0.9.1</b>. Greatly improves the handling of mixed
|
|
implicit objects, implicit function calls, and implicit indentation.
|
|
String and regex interpolation is now strictly <tt>#{ ... }</tt> (Ruby style).
|
|
The compiler now takes a <tt>--require</tt> flag, which specifies scripts
|
|
to run before compilation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Aug 4, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
The CoffeeScript <b>0.9</b> series is considered to be a release candidate
|
|
for <b>1.0</b>; let's give her a shakedown cruise. <b>0.9.0</b> introduces a massive
|
|
backwards-incompatible change: Assignment now uses <tt>=</tt>, and object
|
|
literals use <tt>:</tt>, as in JavaScript. This allows us to have implicit
|
|
object literals, and YAML-style object definitions. Half assignments are
|
|
removed, in favor of <tt>+=</tt>, <tt>or=</tt>, and friends.
|
|
Interpolation now uses a hash mark <tt>#</tt> instead of the dollar sign
|
|
<tt>$</tt> — because dollar signs may be part of a valid JS identifier.
|
|
Downwards range comprehensions are now safe again, and are optimized to
|
|
straight for loops when created with integer endpoints.
|
|
A fast, unguarded form of object comprehension was added:
|
|
<tt>for all key, value of object</tt>. Mentioning the <tt>super</tt> keyword
|
|
with no arguments now forwards all arguments passed to the function,
|
|
as in Ruby. If you extend class <tt>B</tt> from parent class <tt>A</tt>, if
|
|
<tt>A</tt> has an <tt>extended</tt> method defined, it will be called, passing in <tt>B</tt> —
|
|
this enables static inheritance, among other things. Cleaner output for
|
|
functions bound with the fat arrow. <tt>@variables</tt> can now be used
|
|
in parameter lists, with the parameter being automatically set as a property
|
|
on the object — useful in constructors and setter functions.
|
|
Constructor functions can now take splats.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.7.2
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jul 12, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Quick bugfix (right after 0.7.1) for a problem that prevented <tt>coffee</tt>
|
|
command-line options from being parsed in some circumstances.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.7.1
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jul 11, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Block-style comments are now passed through and printed as JavaScript block
|
|
comments -- making them useful for licenses and copyright headers. Better
|
|
support for running coffee scripts standalone via hashbangs.
|
|
Improved syntax errors for tokens that are not in the grammar.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.7.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jun 28, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Official CoffeeScript variable style is now camelCase, as in JavaScript.
|
|
Reserved words are now allowed as object keys, and will be quoted for you.
|
|
Range comprehensions now generate cleaner code, but you have to specify <tt>by -1</tt>
|
|
if you'd like to iterate downward. Reporting of syntax errors is greatly
|
|
improved from the previous release. Running <tt>coffee</tt> with no arguments
|
|
now launches the REPL, with Readline support. The <tt><-</tt> bind operator
|
|
has been removed from CoffeeScript. The <tt>loop</tt> keyword was added,
|
|
which is equivalent to a <tt>while true</tt> loop. Comprehensions that contain
|
|
closures will now close over their variables, like the semantics of a <tt>forEach</tt>.
|
|
You can now use bound function in class definitions (bound to the instance).
|
|
For consistency, <tt>a in b</tt> is now an array presence check, and <tt>a of b</tt>
|
|
is an object-key check. Comments are no longer passed through to the generated
|
|
JavaScript.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.6.2
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>May 15, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
The <tt>coffee</tt> command will now preserve directory structure when
|
|
compiling a directory full of scripts. Fixed two omissions that were preventing
|
|
the CoffeeScript compiler from running live within Internet Explorer.
|
|
There's now a syntax for block comments, similar in spirit to CoffeeScript's heredocs.
|
|
ECMA Harmony DRY-style pattern matching is now supported, where the name
|
|
of the property is the same as the name of the value: <tt>{name, length}: func</tt>.
|
|
Pattern matching is now allowed within comprehension variables. <tt>unless</tt>
|
|
is now allowed in block form. <tt>until</tt> loops were added, as the inverse
|
|
of <tt>while</tt> loops. <tt>switch</tt> statements are now allowed without
|
|
switch object clauses. Compatible
|
|
with Node.js <b>v0.1.95</b>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.6.1
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Apr 12, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Upgraded CoffeeScript for compatibility with the new Node.js <b>v0.1.90</b>
|
|
series.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.6.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Apr 3, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Trailing commas are now allowed, a-la Python. Static
|
|
properties may be assigned directly within class definitions,
|
|
using <tt>@property</tt> notation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.6
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Mar 23, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Interpolation can now be used within regular expressions and heredocs, as well as
|
|
strings. Added the <tt><-</tt> bind operator.
|
|
Allowing assignment to half-expressions instead of special <tt>||=</tt>-style
|
|
operators. The arguments object is no longer automatically converted into
|
|
an array. After requiring <tt>coffee-script</tt>, Node.js can now directly
|
|
load <tt>.coffee</tt> files, thanks to <b>registerExtension</b>. Multiple
|
|
splats can now be used in function calls, arrays, and pattern matching.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.5
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Mar 8, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
String interpolation, contributed by
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/StanAngeloff">Stan Angeloff</a>.
|
|
Since <tt>--run</tt> has been the default since <b>0.5.3</b>, updating
|
|
<tt>--stdio</tt> and <tt>--eval</tt> to run by default, pass <tt>--compile</tt>
|
|
as well if you'd like to print the result.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.4
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Mar 3, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Bugfix that corrects the Node.js global constants <tt>__filename</tt> and
|
|
<tt>__dirname</tt>. Tweaks for more flexible parsing of nested function
|
|
literals and improperly-indented comments. Updates for the latest Node.js API.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.3
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Feb 27, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
CoffeeScript now has a syntax for defining classes. Many of the core
|
|
components (Nodes, Lexer, Rewriter, Scope, Optparse) are using them.
|
|
Cakefiles can use <tt>optparse.coffee</tt> to define options for tasks.
|
|
<tt>--run</tt> is now the default flag for the <tt>coffee</tt> command,
|
|
use <tt>--compile</tt> to save JavaScripts. Bugfix for an ambiguity between
|
|
RegExp literals and chained divisions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.2
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Feb 25, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Added a compressed version of the compiler for inclusion in web pages as
|
|
<br /><tt>extras/coffee-script.js</tt>. It'll automatically run any script tags
|
|
with type <tt>text/coffeescript</tt> for you. Added a <tt>--stdio</tt> option
|
|
to the <tt>coffee</tt> command, for piped-in compiles.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.1
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Feb 24, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Improvements to null soaking with the existential operator, including
|
|
soaks on indexed properties. Added conditions to <tt>while</tt> loops,
|
|
so you can use them as filters with <tt>when</tt>, in the same manner as
|
|
comprehensions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Feb 21, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
CoffeeScript 0.5.0 is a major release, While there are no language changes,
|
|
the Ruby compiler has been removed in favor of a self-hosting
|
|
compiler written in pure CoffeeScript.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.3.2
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Feb 8, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
<tt>@property</tt> is now a shorthand for <tt>this.property</tt>.<br />
|
|
Switched the default JavaScript engine from Narwhal to Node.js. Pass
|
|
the <tt>--narwhal</tt> flag if you'd like to continue using it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.3.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 26, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
CoffeeScript 0.3 includes major syntax changes:
|
|
<br />
|
|
The function symbol was changed to
|
|
<tt>-></tt>, and the bound function symbol is now <tt>=></tt>.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Parameter lists in function definitions must now be wrapped in parentheses.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Added property soaking, with the <tt>?.</tt> operator.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Made parentheses optional, when invoking functions with arguments.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Removed the obsolete block literal syntax.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.6
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 17, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Added Python-style chained comparisons, the conditional existence
|
|
operator <tt>?=</tt>, and some examples from <i>Beautiful Code</i>.
|
|
Bugfixes relating to statement-to-expression conversion, arguments-to-array
|
|
conversion, and the TextMate syntax highlighter.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.5
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 13, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
The conditions in switch statements can now take multiple values at once —
|
|
If any of them are true, the case will run. Added the long arrow <tt>==></tt>,
|
|
which defines and immediately binds a function to <tt>this</tt>. While loops can
|
|
now be used as expressions, in the same way that comprehensions can. Splats
|
|
can be used within pattern matches to soak up the rest of an array.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.4
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 12, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Added ECMAScript Harmony style destructuring assignment, for dealing with
|
|
extracting values from nested arrays and objects. Added indentation-sensitive
|
|
heredocs for nicely formatted strings or chunks of code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.3
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 11, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Axed the unsatisfactory <tt>ino</tt> keyword, replacing it with <tt>of</tt> for
|
|
object comprehensions. They now look like: <tt>for prop, value of object</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.2
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 10, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
When performing a comprehension over an object, use <tt>ino</tt>, instead
|
|
of <tt>in</tt>, which helps us generate smaller, more efficient code at
|
|
compile time.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Added <tt>::</tt> as a shorthand for saying <tt>.prototype.</tt>
|
|
<br />
|
|
The "splat" symbol has been changed from a prefix asterisk <tt>*</tt>, to
|
|
a postfix ellipsis <tt>...</tt>
|
|
<br />
|
|
Added JavaScript's <tt>in</tt> operator,
|
|
empty <tt>return</tt> statements, and empty <tt>while</tt> loops.
|
|
<br />
|
|
Constructor functions that start with capital letters now include a
|
|
safety check to make sure that the new instance of the object is returned.
|
|
<br />
|
|
The <tt>extends</tt> keyword now functions identically to <tt>goog.inherits</tt>
|
|
in Google's Closure Library.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.1
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 5, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Arguments objects are now converted into real arrays when referenced.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Jan 5, 2010</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Major release. Significant whitespace. Better statement-to-expression
|
|
conversion. Splats. Splice literals. Object comprehensions. Blocks.
|
|
The existential operator. Many thanks to all the folks who posted issues,
|
|
with special thanks to
|
|
<a href="http://github.com/liamoc">Liam O'Connor-Davis</a> for whitespace
|
|
and expression help.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.6
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 27, 2009</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Bugfix for running <tt>coffee --interactive</tt> and <tt>--run</tt>
|
|
from outside of the CoffeeScript directory. Bugfix for nested
|
|
function/if-statements.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.5
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 26, 2009</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Array slice literals and array comprehensions can now both take Ruby-style
|
|
ranges to specify the start and end. JavaScript variable declaration is
|
|
now pushed up to the top of the scope, making all assignment statements into
|
|
expressions. You can use <tt>\</tt> to escape newlines.
|
|
The <tt>coffee-script</tt> command is now called <tt>coffee</tt>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.4
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 25, 2009</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
The official CoffeeScript extension is now <tt>.coffee</tt> instead of
|
|
<tt>.cs</tt>, which properly belongs to
|
|
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)">C#</a>.
|
|
Due to popular demand, you can now also use <tt>=</tt> to assign. Unlike
|
|
JavaScript, <tt>=</tt> can also be used within object literals, interchangeably
|
|
with <tt>:</tt>. Made a grammatical fix for chained function calls
|
|
like <tt>func(1)(2)(3)(4)</tt>. Inheritance and super no longer use
|
|
<tt>__proto__</tt>, so they should be IE-compatible now.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.3
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 25, 2009</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
The <tt>coffee</tt> command now includes <tt>--interactive</tt>,
|
|
which launches an interactive CoffeeScript session, and <tt>--run</tt>,
|
|
which directly compiles and executes a script. Both options depend on a
|
|
working installation of Narwhal.
|
|
The <tt>aint</tt> keyword has been replaced by <tt>isnt</tt>, which goes
|
|
together a little smoother with <tt>is</tt>.
|
|
Quoted strings are now allowed as identifiers within object literals: eg.
|
|
<tt>{"5+5": 10}</tt>.
|
|
All assignment operators now use a colon: <tt>+:</tt>, <tt>-:</tt>,
|
|
<tt>*:</tt>, etc.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.2
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 24, 2009</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Fixed a bug with calling <tt>super()</tt> through more than one level of
|
|
inheritance, with the re-addition of the <tt>extends</tt> keyword.
|
|
Added experimental <a href="http://narwhaljs.org/">Narwhal</a>
|
|
support (as a Tusk package), contributed by
|
|
<a href="http://tlrobinson.net/">Tom Robinson</a>, including
|
|
<b>bin/cs</b> as a CoffeeScript REPL and interpreter.
|
|
New <tt>--no-wrap</tt> option to suppress the safety function
|
|
wrapper.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.1
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 24, 2009</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Added <tt>instanceof</tt> and <tt>typeof</tt> as operators.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.0
|
|
<span class="timestamp"> – <small>Dec 24, 2009</small></span>
|
|
</b>
|
|
Initial CoffeeScript release.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/coffeescript">
|
|
sourceFragment = "try:"
|
|
|
|
# Set up the compilation function, to run when you stop typing.
|
|
compileSource = ->
|
|
source = $('#repl_source').val()
|
|
window.compiledJS = ''
|
|
try
|
|
window.compiledJS = CoffeeScript.compile source, bare: on
|
|
el = $('#repl_results')[0]
|
|
if el.innerText
|
|
el.innerText = window.compiledJS
|
|
else
|
|
$(el).text window.compiledJS
|
|
$('#error').hide()
|
|
catch error
|
|
$('#error').text(error.message).show()
|
|
|
|
# Update permalink
|
|
$('#repl_permalink').attr 'href', "##{sourceFragment}#{encodeURIComponent source}"
|
|
|
|
# Listen for keypresses and recompile.
|
|
$('#repl_source').keyup -> compileSource()
|
|
|
|
# Eval the compiled js.
|
|
evalJS = ->
|
|
try
|
|
eval window.compiledJS
|
|
catch error then alert error
|
|
|
|
# Load the console with a string of CoffeeScript.
|
|
window.loadConsole = (coffee) ->
|
|
$('#repl_source').val coffee
|
|
compileSource()
|
|
$('.navigation.try').addClass('active')
|
|
false
|
|
|
|
# Helper to hide the menus.
|
|
closeMenus = ->
|
|
$('.navigation.active').removeClass 'active'
|
|
|
|
$('.minibutton.run').click -> evalJS()
|
|
|
|
# Bind navigation buttons to open the menus.
|
|
$('.navigation').click (e) ->
|
|
return if e.target.tagName.toLowerCase() is 'a'
|
|
return false if $(e.target).closest('.repl_wrapper').length
|
|
if $(this).hasClass('active')
|
|
closeMenus()
|
|
else
|
|
closeMenus()
|
|
$(this).addClass 'active'
|
|
false
|
|
|
|
# Dismiss console if Escape pressed or click falls outside console
|
|
# Trigger Run button on Ctrl-Enter
|
|
$(document.body)
|
|
.keydown (e) ->
|
|
closeMenus() if e.which == 27
|
|
evalJS() if e.which == 13 and (e.metaKey or e.ctrlKey) and $('.minibutton.run:visible').length
|
|
.click (e) ->
|
|
return false if $(e.target).hasClass('minibutton')
|
|
closeMenus()
|
|
|
|
$('#open_webchat').click ->
|
|
$(this).replaceWith $('<iframe src="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=coffeescript" width="625" height="400"></iframe>')
|
|
|
|
$("#repl_permalink").click (e) ->
|
|
window.location = $(this).attr("href")
|
|
false
|
|
|
|
# If source code is included in location.hash, display it.
|
|
hash = decodeURIComponent location.hash.replace(/^#/, '')
|
|
if hash.indexOf(sourceFragment) == 0
|
|
src = hash.substr sourceFragment.length
|
|
loadConsole src
|
|
|
|
compileSource()
|
|
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<script src="documentation/vendor/jquery-1.6.4.js"></script>
|
|
<script src="extras/coffee-script.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|