diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index 38dd425191..717a2a4789 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.2
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
 
 ARG CROSS="false"
 ARG SYSTEMD="false"
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 ARG VPNKIT_VERSION=0.5.0
 ARG DOCKER_BUILDTAGS="apparmor seccomp"
 
-ARG BASE_DEBIAN_DISTRO="buster"
+ARG BASE_DEBIAN_DISTRO="bullseye"
 ARG GOLANG_IMAGE="golang:${GO_VERSION}-${BASE_DEBIAN_DISTRO}"
 
 FROM ${GOLANG_IMAGE} AS base
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-criu-aptlib,target=/var/lib/apt \
             libprotobuf-dev \
             protobuf-c-compiler \
             protobuf-compiler \
-            python-protobuf
+            python3-protobuf
 
 # Install CRIU for checkpoint/restore support
 ARG CRIU_VERSION=3.14
@@ -93,10 +93,9 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-frozen-images-aptlib,target=/var/l
 COPY contrib/download-frozen-image-v2.sh /
 ARG TARGETARCH
 RUN /download-frozen-image-v2.sh /build \
-        buildpack-deps:buster@sha256:d0abb4b1e5c664828b93e8b6ac84d10bce45ee469999bef88304be04a2709491 \
         busybox:latest@sha256:95cf004f559831017cdf4628aaf1bb30133677be8702a8c5f2994629f637a209 \
         busybox:glibc@sha256:1f81263701cddf6402afe9f33fca0266d9fff379e59b1748f33d3072da71ee85 \
-        debian:bullseye@sha256:7190e972ab16aefea4d758ebe42a293f4e5c5be63595f4d03a5b9bf6839a4344 \
+        debian:bullseye-slim@sha256:dacf278785a4daa9de07596ec739dbc07131e189942772210709c5c0777e8437 \
         hello-world:latest@sha256:d58e752213a51785838f9eed2b7a498ffa1cb3aa7f946dda11af39286c3db9a9 \
         arm32v7/hello-world:latest@sha256:50b8560ad574c779908da71f7ce370c0a2471c098d44d1c8f6b513c5a55eeeb1
 # See also frozenImages in "testutil/environment/protect.go" (which needs to be updated when adding images to this list)
@@ -108,18 +107,21 @@ ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND
 RUN dpkg --add-architecture arm64
 RUN dpkg --add-architecture armel
 RUN dpkg --add-architecture armhf
+RUN dpkg --add-architecture ppc64el
+RUN dpkg --add-architecture s390x
 RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-cross-true-aptlib,target=/var/lib/apt \
     --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-cross-true-aptcache,target=/var/cache/apt \
         apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
             crossbuild-essential-arm64 \
             crossbuild-essential-armel \
-            crossbuild-essential-armhf
+            crossbuild-essential-armhf \
+            crossbuild-essential-ppc64el \
+            crossbuild-essential-s390x
 
 FROM cross-${CROSS} as dev-base
 
 FROM dev-base AS runtime-dev-cross-false
 ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND
-RUN echo 'deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/backports.list
 RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-cross-false-aptlib,target=/var/lib/apt \
     --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-cross-false-aptcache,target=/var/cache/apt \
         apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
@@ -128,26 +130,27 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-cross-false-aptlib,target=/var/lib
             libapparmor-dev \
             libbtrfs-dev \
             libdevmapper-dev \
-            libseccomp-dev/buster-backports \
+            libseccomp-dev \
             libsystemd-dev \
             libudev-dev
 
 FROM --platform=linux/amd64 runtime-dev-cross-false AS runtime-dev-cross-true
 ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND
 # These crossbuild packages rely on gcc-<arch>, but this doesn't want to install
-# on non-amd64 systems.
-# Additionally, the crossbuild-amd64 is currently only on debian:buster, so
-# other architectures cannnot crossbuild amd64.
-RUN echo 'deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/backports.list
+# on non-amd64 systems, so other architectures cannot crossbuild amd64.
 RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-cross-true-aptlib,target=/var/lib/apt \
     --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-cross-true-aptcache,target=/var/cache/apt \
         apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
             libapparmor-dev:arm64 \
             libapparmor-dev:armel \
             libapparmor-dev:armhf \
-            libseccomp-dev:arm64/buster-backports \
-            libseccomp-dev:armel/buster-backports \
-            libseccomp-dev:armhf/buster-backports
+            libapparmor-dev:ppc64el \
+            libapparmor-dev:s390x \
+            libseccomp-dev:arm64 \
+            libseccomp-dev:armel \
+            libseccomp-dev:armhf \
+            libseccomp-dev:ppc64el \
+            libseccomp-dev:s390x
 
 FROM runtime-dev-cross-${CROSS} AS runtime-dev
 
@@ -270,9 +273,10 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-dev-aptlib,target=/var/lib/apt \
     --mount=type=cache,sharing=locked,id=moby-dev-aptcache,target=/var/cache/apt \
         apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
             apparmor \
-            aufs-tools \
             bash-completion \
             bzip2 \
+            inetutils-ping \
+            iproute2 \
             iptables \
             jq \
             libcap2-bin \
diff --git a/Dockerfile.e2e b/Dockerfile.e2e
index a724a2b745..b7ad9786f9 100644
--- a/Dockerfile.e2e
+++ b/Dockerfile.e2e
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ FROM base AS frozen-images
 # Get useful and necessary Hub images so we can "docker load" locally instead of pulling
 COPY contrib/download-frozen-image-v2.sh /
 RUN /download-frozen-image-v2.sh /build \
-	buildpack-deps:buster@sha256:d0abb4b1e5c664828b93e8b6ac84d10bce45ee469999bef88304be04a2709491 \
+    busybox:latest@sha256:95cf004f559831017cdf4628aaf1bb30133677be8702a8c5f2994629f637a209 \
 	busybox:latest@sha256:95cf004f559831017cdf4628aaf1bb30133677be8702a8c5f2994629f637a209 \
 	busybox:glibc@sha256:1f81263701cddf6402afe9f33fca0266d9fff379e59b1748f33d3072da71ee85 \
-	debian:bullseye@sha256:7190e972ab16aefea4d758ebe42a293f4e5c5be63595f4d03a5b9bf6839a4344 \
+	debian:bullseye-slim@sha256:dacf278785a4daa9de07596ec739dbc07131e189942772210709c5c0777e8437 \
 	hello-world:latest@sha256:d58e752213a51785838f9eed2b7a498ffa1cb3aa7f946dda11af39286c3db9a9
 # See also frozenImages in "testutil/environment/protect.go" (which needs to be updated when adding images to this list)
 
diff --git a/contrib/nnp-test/Dockerfile b/contrib/nnp-test/Dockerfile
index da15522b2b..833c5c76c2 100644
--- a/contrib/nnp-test/Dockerfile
+++ b/contrib/nnp-test/Dockerfile
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-FROM buildpack-deps:buster
+FROM debian:bullseye-slim
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y gcc libc6-dev --no-install-recommends
 
 COPY . /usr/src/
 
diff --git a/contrib/syscall-test/Dockerfile b/contrib/syscall-test/Dockerfile
index cec2031603..8281a06776 100644
--- a/contrib/syscall-test/Dockerfile
+++ b/contrib/syscall-test/Dockerfile
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-FROM buildpack-deps:buster
+FROM debian:bullseye-slim
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y gcc libc6-dev --no-install-recommends
 
 COPY . /usr/src/
 
diff --git a/integration-cli/docker_cli_daemon_test.go b/integration-cli/docker_cli_daemon_test.go
index bec24050da..4b750027dd 100644
--- a/integration-cli/docker_cli_daemon_test.go
+++ b/integration-cli/docker_cli_daemon_test.go
@@ -1788,7 +1788,7 @@ func (s *DockerDaemonSuite) TestDaemonNoSpaceLeftOnDeviceError(c *testing.T) {
 	defer s.d.Stop(c)
 
 	// pull a repository large enough to overfill the mounted filesystem
-	pullOut, err := s.d.Cmd("pull", "debian:bullseye")
+	pullOut, err := s.d.Cmd("pull", "debian:bullseye-slim")
 	assert.Assert(c, err != nil, pullOut)
 	assert.Assert(c, strings.Contains(pullOut, "no space left on device"))
 }
diff --git a/integration-cli/docker_cli_network_unix_test.go b/integration-cli/docker_cli_network_unix_test.go
index 2bf38036ac..f3906f9dc8 100644
--- a/integration-cli/docker_cli_network_unix_test.go
+++ b/integration-cli/docker_cli_network_unix_test.go
@@ -1575,7 +1575,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestEmbeddedDNSInvalidInput(c *testing.T) {
 	dockerCmd(c, "network", "create", "-d", "bridge", "nw1")
 
 	// Sending garbage to embedded DNS shouldn't crash the daemon
-	dockerCmd(c, "run", "-i", "--net=nw1", "--name=c1", "debian:bullseye", "bash", "-c", "echo InvalidQuery > /dev/udp/127.0.0.11/53")
+	dockerCmd(c, "run", "-i", "--net=nw1", "--name=c1", "debian:bullseye-slim", "bash", "-c", "echo InvalidQuery > /dev/udp/127.0.0.11/53")
 }
 
 func (s *DockerSuite) TestDockerNetworkConnectFailsNoInspectChange(c *testing.T) {
diff --git a/integration-cli/docker_cli_run_test.go b/integration-cli/docker_cli_run_test.go
index 3d5f92c8cc..6a8e29a365 100644
--- a/integration-cli/docker_cli_run_test.go
+++ b/integration-cli/docker_cli_run_test.go
@@ -2925,7 +2925,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunUnshareProc(c *testing.T) {
 
 	go func() {
 		name := "acidburn"
-		out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("run", "--name", name, "--security-opt", "seccomp=unconfined", "debian:bullseye", "unshare", "-p", "-m", "-f", "-r", "--mount-proc=/proc", "mount")
+		out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("run", "--name", name, "--security-opt", "seccomp=unconfined", "debian:bullseye-slim", "unshare", "-p", "-m", "-f", "-r", "--mount-proc=/proc", "mount")
 		if err == nil ||
 			!(strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(out), "permission denied") ||
 				strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(out), "operation not permitted")) {
@@ -2937,7 +2937,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunUnshareProc(c *testing.T) {
 
 	go func() {
 		name := "cereal"
-		out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("run", "--name", name, "--security-opt", "seccomp=unconfined", "debian:bullseye", "unshare", "-p", "-m", "-f", "-r", "mount", "-t", "proc", "none", "/proc")
+		out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("run", "--name", name, "--security-opt", "seccomp=unconfined", "debian:bullseye-slim", "unshare", "-p", "-m", "-f", "-r", "mount", "-t", "proc", "none", "/proc")
 		if err == nil ||
 			!(strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(out), "mount: cannot mount none") ||
 				strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(out), "permission denied") ||
@@ -2951,7 +2951,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunUnshareProc(c *testing.T) {
 	/* Ensure still fails if running privileged with the default policy */
 	go func() {
 		name := "crashoverride"
-		out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("run", "--privileged", "--security-opt", "seccomp=unconfined", "--security-opt", "apparmor=docker-default", "--name", name, "debian:bullseye", "unshare", "-p", "-m", "-f", "-r", "mount", "-t", "proc", "none", "/proc")
+		out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("run", "--privileged", "--security-opt", "seccomp=unconfined", "--security-opt", "apparmor=docker-default", "--name", name, "debian:bullseye-slim", "unshare", "-p", "-m", "-f", "-r", "mount", "-t", "proc", "none", "/proc")
 		if err == nil ||
 			!(strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(out), "mount: cannot mount none") ||
 				strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(out), "permission denied") ||
diff --git a/integration-cli/docker_cli_run_unix_test.go b/integration-cli/docker_cli_run_unix_test.go
index 6f14c502aa..b67d15da5d 100644
--- a/integration-cli/docker_cli_run_unix_test.go
+++ b/integration-cli/docker_cli_run_unix_test.go
@@ -847,12 +847,12 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunTmpfsMountsWithOptions(c *testing.T) {
 		assert.Assert(c, strings.Contains(out, option))
 	}
 
-	// We use debian:bullseye as there is no findmnt in busybox. Also the output will be in the format of
+	// We use debian:bullseye-slim as there is no findmnt in busybox. Also the output will be in the format of
 	// TARGET PROPAGATION
 	// /tmp   shared
 	// so we only capture `shared` here.
 	expectedOptions = []string{"shared"}
-	out, _ = dockerCmd(c, "run", "--tmpfs", "/tmp:shared", "debian:bullseye", "findmnt", "-o", "TARGET,PROPAGATION", "/tmp")
+	out, _ = dockerCmd(c, "run", "--tmpfs", "/tmp:shared", "debian:bullseye-slim", "findmnt", "-o", "TARGET,PROPAGATION", "/tmp")
 	for _, option := range expectedOptions {
 		assert.Assert(c, strings.Contains(out, option))
 	}
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSysctls(c *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-// TestRunSeccompProfileDenyUnshare checks that 'docker run --security-opt seccomp=/tmp/profile.json debian:bullseye unshare' exits with operation not permitted.
+// TestRunSeccompProfileDenyUnshare checks that 'docker run --security-opt seccomp=/tmp/profile.json debian:bullseye-slim unshare' exits with operation not permitted.
 func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompProfileDenyUnshare(c *testing.T) {
 	testRequires(c, testEnv.IsLocalDaemon, seccompEnabled, NotArm, Apparmor)
 	jsonData := `{
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompProfileDenyUnshare(c *testing.T) {
 	}
 	icmd.RunCommand(dockerBinary, "run", "--security-opt", "apparmor=unconfined",
 		"--security-opt", "seccomp="+tmpFile.Name(),
-		"debian:bullseye", "unshare", "-p", "-m", "-f", "-r", "mount", "-t", "proc", "none", "/proc").Assert(c, icmd.Expected{
+		"debian:bullseye-slim", "unshare", "-p", "-m", "-f", "-r", "mount", "-t", "proc", "none", "/proc").Assert(c, icmd.Expected{
 		ExitCode: 1,
 		Err:      "Operation not permitted",
 	})
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompProfileDenyChmod(c *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-// TestRunSeccompProfileDenyUnshareUserns checks that 'docker run debian:bullseye unshare --map-root-user --user sh -c whoami' with a specific profile to
+// TestRunSeccompProfileDenyUnshareUserns checks that 'docker run debian:bullseye-slim unshare --map-root-user --user sh -c whoami' with a specific profile to
 // deny unshare of a userns exits with operation not permitted.
 func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompProfileDenyUnshareUserns(c *testing.T) {
 	testRequires(c, testEnv.IsLocalDaemon, seccompEnabled, NotArm, Apparmor)
@@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompProfileDenyUnshareUserns(c *testing.T) {
 	}
 	icmd.RunCommand(dockerBinary, "run",
 		"--security-opt", "apparmor=unconfined", "--security-opt", "seccomp="+tmpFile.Name(),
-		"debian:bullseye", "unshare", "--map-root-user", "--user", "sh", "-c", "whoami").Assert(c, icmd.Expected{
+		"debian:bullseye-slim", "unshare", "--map-root-user", "--user", "sh", "-c", "whoami").Assert(c, icmd.Expected{
 		ExitCode: 1,
 		Err:      "Operation not permitted",
 	})
@@ -1035,12 +1035,12 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompProfileAllow32Bit(c *testing.T) {
 	icmd.RunCommand(dockerBinary, "run", "syscall-test", "exit32-test").Assert(c, icmd.Success)
 }
 
-// TestRunSeccompAllowSetrlimit checks that 'docker run debian:bullseye ulimit -v 1048510' succeeds.
+// TestRunSeccompAllowSetrlimit checks that 'docker run debian:bullseye-slim ulimit -v 1048510' succeeds.
 func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompAllowSetrlimit(c *testing.T) {
 	testRequires(c, testEnv.IsLocalDaemon, seccompEnabled)
 
 	// ulimit uses setrlimit, so we want to make sure we don't break it
-	icmd.RunCommand(dockerBinary, "run", "debian:bullseye", "bash", "-c", "ulimit -v 1048510").Assert(c, icmd.Success)
+	icmd.RunCommand(dockerBinary, "run", "debian:bullseye-slim", "bash", "-c", "ulimit -v 1048510").Assert(c, icmd.Success)
 }
 
 func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompDefaultProfileAcct(c *testing.T) {
@@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@ func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunApparmorProcDirectory(c *testing.T) {
 func (s *DockerSuite) TestRunSeccompWithDefaultProfile(c *testing.T) {
 	testRequires(c, testEnv.IsLocalDaemon, seccompEnabled)
 
-	out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("run", "--security-opt", "seccomp=../profiles/seccomp/default.json", "debian:bullseye", "unshare", "--map-root-user", "--user", "sh", "-c", "whoami")
+	out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("run", "--security-opt", "seccomp=../profiles/seccomp/default.json", "debian:bullseye-slim", "unshare", "--map-root-user", "--user", "sh", "-c", "whoami")
 	assert.ErrorContains(c, err, "", out)
 	assert.Equal(c, strings.TrimSpace(out), "unshare: unshare failed: Operation not permitted")
 }
diff --git a/integration-cli/fixtures_linux_daemon_test.go b/integration-cli/fixtures_linux_daemon_test.go
index acd593d300..aa301cb001 100644
--- a/integration-cli/fixtures_linux_daemon_test.go
+++ b/integration-cli/fixtures_linux_daemon_test.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func ensureSyscallTest(c *testing.T) {
 
 	dockerFile := filepath.Join(tmp, "Dockerfile")
 	content := []byte(`
-	FROM debian:bullseye
+	FROM debian:bullseye-slim
 	COPY . /usr/bin/
 	`)
 	err = ioutil.WriteFile(dockerFile, content, 0600)
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func ensureSyscallTest(c *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func ensureSyscallTestBuild(c *testing.T) {
-	err := load.FrozenImagesLinux(testEnv.APIClient(), "buildpack-deps:buster")
+	err := load.FrozenImagesLinux(testEnv.APIClient(), "debian:bullseye-slim")
 	assert.NilError(c, err)
 
 	var buildArgs []string
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func ensureNNPTest(c *testing.T) {
 
 	dockerfile := filepath.Join(tmp, "Dockerfile")
 	content := `
-	FROM debian:bullseye
+	FROM debian:bullseye-slim
 	COPY . /usr/bin
 	RUN chmod +s /usr/bin/nnp-test
 	`
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func ensureNNPTest(c *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func ensureNNPTestBuild(c *testing.T) {
-	err := load.FrozenImagesLinux(testEnv.APIClient(), "buildpack-deps:buster")
+	err := load.FrozenImagesLinux(testEnv.APIClient(), "debian:bullseye-slim")
 	assert.NilError(c, err)
 
 	var buildArgs []string
diff --git a/integration/build/build_userns_linux_test.go b/integration/build/build_userns_linux_test.go
index b8269438c6..fc563c0348 100644
--- a/integration/build/build_userns_linux_test.go
+++ b/integration/build/build_userns_linux_test.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func TestBuildUserNamespaceValidateCapabilitiesAreV2(t *testing.T) {
 	clientUserRemap := dUserRemap.NewClientT(t)
 	defer clientUserRemap.Close()
 
-	err = load.FrozenImagesLinux(clientUserRemap, "debian:bullseye")
+	err = load.FrozenImagesLinux(clientUserRemap, "debian:bullseye-slim")
 	assert.NilError(t, err)
 
 	dUserRemapRunning := true
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ func TestBuildUserNamespaceValidateCapabilitiesAreV2(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	dockerfile := `
-		FROM debian:bullseye
+		FROM debian:bullseye-slim
+		RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y libcap2-bin --no-install-recommends
 		RUN setcap CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE=+eip /bin/sleep
 	`
 
diff --git a/pkg/archive/archive_unix_test.go b/pkg/archive/archive_unix_test.go
index 4c04b59cb0..194768387c 100644
--- a/pkg/archive/archive_unix_test.go
+++ b/pkg/archive/archive_unix_test.go
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ func TestTarUntarWithXattr(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		out, err := exec.Command("getcap", filepath.Join(origin, "2")).CombinedOutput()
 		assert.NilError(t, err, string(out))
-		assert.Check(t, is.Contains(string(out), "= cap_block_suspend+ep"), "untar should have kept the 'security.capability' xattr")
+		assert.Check(t, is.Contains(string(out), "cap_block_suspend=ep"), "untar should have kept the 'security.capability' xattr")
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/testutil/environment/protect.go b/testutil/environment/protect.go
index 1ea0e43b66..d790106128 100644
--- a/testutil/environment/protect.go
+++ b/testutil/environment/protect.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"gotest.tools/v3/assert"
 )
 
-var frozenImages = []string{"busybox:latest", "busybox:glibc", "hello-world:frozen", "debian:bullseye"}
+var frozenImages = []string{"busybox:latest", "busybox:glibc", "hello-world:frozen", "debian:bullseye-slim"}
 
 type protectedElements struct {
 	containers map[string]struct{}