pry--pry/README.markdown

Pry
=============

(C) John Mair (banisterfiend) 2010

_attach an irb-like session to any object at runtime_

Pry is a simple Ruby REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop) that specializes in the interactive
manipulation of objects during the running of a program. 

It is not based on the IRB codebase, and implements some unique REPL
commands such as `show_method` and `show_doc`

* Install the [gem](https://rubygems.org/gems/pry): `gem install pry`
* Read the [documentation](http://rdoc.info/github/banister/pry/master/file/README.markdown)
* See the [source code](http://github.com/banister/pry)

Example: Interacting with an object at runtime
---------------------------------------

With the `Object#pry` method we can pry (open an irb-like session) on
an object. In the example below we open a Pry session for the `Test` class and execute a method and add
an instance variable. The current thread is halted for the duration of the session.

    require 'pry'

    class Test
      def self.hello() "hello world" end
    end

    Test.pry

    # Pry session begins on stdin
    Beginning Pry session for Test
    pry(Test)> self
    => Test
    pry(Test)> hello
    => "hello world"
    pry(Test)> @y = 20
    => 20
    pry(Test)> exit
    Ending Pry session for Test

    # program resumes here

If we now inspect the `Test` object we can see our changes have had
effect:

    Test.instance_variable_get(:@y) #=> 20

### Alternative Syntax

You can also use the `Pry.start(obj)` or `pry(obj)` syntax to start a pry session on
`obj`. e.g

    Pry.start(5)
    Beginning Pry session for 5
    pry(5)>

OR

    pry(6)
    beginning Pry session for 6
    pry(6)>

Example: Pry sessions can nest
-----------------------------------------------

Here we will begin Pry at top-level, then pry on a class and then on
an instance variable inside that class:

    # Pry.start() without parameters begins a Pry session on top-level (main)
    Pry.start
    Beginning Pry session for main
    pry(main)> class Hello
    pry(main)*   @x = 20
    pry(main)* end
    => 20
    pry(main)> Hello.pry
    Beginning Pry session for Hello
    pry(Hello):1> instance_variables
    => [:@x]
    pry(Hello):1> @x.pry
    Beginning Pry session for 20
    pry(20:2)> self + 10
    => 30
    pry(20:2)> exit
    Ending Pry session for 20
    pry(Hello):1> exit
    Ending Pry session for Hello
    pry(main)> exit
    Ending Pry session for main

The number after the `:` in the pry prompt indicates the nesting
level. To display more information about nesting, use the `nesting`
command. E.g

    pry("friend":3)> nesting
    Nesting status:
    0. main (Pry top level)
    1. Hello
    2. 100
    3. "friend"
    => nil

We can then jump back to any of the previous nesting levels by using
the `jump_to` command:

    pry("friend":3)> jump_to 1
    Ending Pry session for "friend"
    Ending Pry session for 100
    => 100
    pry(Hello):1>

If we just want to go back one level of nesting we can of course
use the `quit` or `exit` or `back` commands.

To break out of all levels of Pry nesting and return immediately to the
calling process use `exit_all`:

    pry("friend":3)> exit_all
    Ending Pry session for "friend"
    Ending Pry session for 100
    Ending Pry session for Hello
    Ending Pry session for main
    => main

    # program resumes here

Features and limitations
------------------------

Pry is an irb-like clone with an emphasis on interactively examining
and manipulating objects during the running of a program.

Its primary utility is probably in debugging, though it may have other
uses (such as implementing a quake-like console for games, for example). Here is a
list of Pry's features along with some of its limitations given at the
end.

###Features:

* Pry can be invoked at any time and on any object in the running program.
* Pry sessions can nest arbitrarily deeply -- to go back one level of nesting type 'exit' or 'quit' or 'back'
* Use `_` to recover last result.
* Use `_pry_` to reference the Pry instance managing the current session.
* Pry supports tab completion.
* Pry has multi-line support built in.
* Pry has special commands not found in many other Ruby REPLs: `show_method`, `show_doc`
`jump_to`, `ls`, `cd`, `cat`
* Pry gives good control over nested sessions (important when exploring complicated runtime state)
* Pry is not based on the IRB codebase.
* Pry allows significant customizability.
* Pry uses [RubyParser](https://github.com/seattlerb/ruby_parser) to
validate expressions in 1.8, and [Ripper](http://rdoc.info/docs/ruby-core/1.9.2/Ripper) for 1.9.
* Pry implements all the methods in the REPL chain separately: `Pry#r`
for reading; `Pry#re` for eval; `Pry#rep` for printing; and `Pry#repl`
for the loop (`Pry.start` simply wraps `Pry.new.repl`). You can
invoke any of these methods directly depending on exactly what aspect of the functionality you need.

###Limitations:

* Pry does not pretend to be a replacement for `irb`,
  and so does not have an executable. It is designed to be used by
  other programs, not on its own. For a full-featured `irb` replacement
  see [ripl](https://github.com/cldwalker/ripl)
* Pry's `show_method` and `show_doc` commands do not work
  in Ruby 1.8.

Commands
-----------

### The Pry API:

* `Pry.start()` Starts a Read-Eval-Print-Loop on the object it
receives as a parameter. In the case of no parameter it operates on
top-level (main). It can receive any object or a `Binding`
object as parameter. `Pry.start()` is implemented as `Pry.new.repl()`
* `obj.pry` and `pry(obj)` may also be used as alternative syntax to
`Pry.start(obj)`.

  However there are some differences. `obj.pry` opens
a Pry session on the receiver whereas `Pry.start` (with no parameter)
will start a Pry session on top-level. The other form of the `pry`
method: `pry(obj)` will also start a Pry session on its parameter.

  The `pry` method invoked by itself, with no explict receiver and no
parameter will start a Pry session on the implied receiver. It is
perhaps more useful to invoke it in this form `pry(binding)` or
`binding.pry` so as to get access to locals in the current context.

  Another difference is that `Pry.start()` accepts a second parameter
that is a hash of configuration options (discussed further, below).

* If, for some reason you do not want to 'loop' then use `Pry.new.rep()`; it
only performs the Read-Eval-Print section of the REPL - it ends the
session after just one line of input. It takes the same parameters as
`Pry#repl()`
* Likewise `Pry#re()` only performs the Read-Eval section of the REPL,
it returns the result of the evaluation or an Exception object in
case of error. It also takes the same parameters as `Pry#repl()`
* Similarly `Pry#r()` only performs the Read section of the REPL, only
returning the Ruby expression (as a string). It takes the same parameters as all the others.

### Session commands

Pry supports a few commands inside the session itself. These commands are
not methods and must start at the beginning of a line, with no
whitespace in between.

If you want to access a method of the same name, prefix the invocation by whitespace.

* Typing `!` on a line by itself will refresh the REPL - useful for
  getting you out of a situation if the parsing process
  goes wrong.
* `status` shows status information about the current session.
* `help` shows the list of session commands with brief explanations.
* `exit` or `quit` or `back` will end the current Pry session and go
  back to the calling process or back one level of nesting (if there
  are nested sessions).
* `ls` returns a list of local variables and instance variables in the
  current scope
* `ls_methods` List all methods defined on immediate class of receiver.
* `ls_imethods` List all instance methods defined on receiver.
* `cat <var>` Calls `inspect` on `<var>`
* `cd <var>` Starts a `Pry` session on the variable <var>. E.g `cd @x`
* `show_method <methname>` Displays the sourcecode for the method
  <methname>. E.g `show_method hello`
* `show_imethod <methname>` Displays the sourcecode for the
  instance method <methname>. E.g `show_imethod goodbye`
* `show_doc <methname>` Displays comments for `<methname>`
* `show_idoc <methname>` Displays comments for instance
  method `<methname>`
* `exit_program` or `quit_program` will end the currently running
  program.
* `nesting` Shows Pry nesting information.
* `!pry` Starts a Pry session on the implied receiver; this can be
  used in the middle of an expression in multi-line input.
* `jump_to <nest_level>`  Unwinds the Pry stack (nesting level) until the appropriate nesting level is reached
  -- as per the output of `nesting`
* `exit_all` breaks out of all Pry nesting levels and returns to the
  calling process.
* You can type `Pry.start(obj)` or `obj.pry` to nest another Pry session within the
  current one with `obj` as the receiver of the new session. Very useful
  when exploring large or complicated runtime state.

Example Programs
----------------

Pry comes bundled with a few example programs to illustrate some
features, see the `examples/` directory.

* `example_input.rb`             - Demonstrates how to set the `input` object.
* `example_output.rb`            - Demonstrates how to set the `output` object.
* `example_hooks.rb`             - Demonstrates how to set the `hooks` hash.
* `example_print.rb`             - Demonstrates how to set the `print` object.
* `example_prompt.rb`            - Demonstrates how to set the `prompt`.
* `example_input2.rb`            - An advanced `input` example.
* `example_commands.rb`          - Implementing a mathematical command set.
* `example_commands_override.rb` - An advanced `commands` example.
* `example_image_edit.rb`        - A simple image editor using a Pry REPL (requires `Gosu` and `TexPlay` gems).

Customizing Pry
---------------

Pry supports customization of the input, the output, the commands,
the hooks, the prompt, and 'print' (the "P" in REPL).

Global customization, which applies to all Pry sessions, is done
through invoking class accessors on the `Pry` class, the accessors
are:

* `Pry.input=`
* `Pry.output=`
* `Pry.commands=`
* `Pry.hooks=`
* `Pry.prompt=`
* `Pry.print=`

Local customization (applied to a single Pry session) is done by
passing config hash options to `Pry.start()` or to `Pry.new()`; also the
same accessors as described above for the `Pry` class exist for a
Pry instance so that customization can occur during runtime.

### Input

For input Pry accepts any object that implements the `readline` method. This
includes `IO` objects, `StringIO`, `Readline` and custom objects. Pry
initially defaults to using `Readline` for input.

#### Example: Setting global input

Setting Pry's global input causes all subsequent Pry instances to use
this input by default:

    Pry.input = StringIO.new("@x = 10\nexit")
    Object.pry

    Object.instance_variable_get(:@x) #=> 10

The above will execute the code in the `StringIO`
non-interactively. It gets all the input it needs from the `StringIO`
and then exits the Pry session. Note it is important to end the
session with 'exit' if you are running non-interactively or the Pry
session will hang as it loops indefinitely awaiting new input.

#### Example: Setting input for a specific session

The settings for a specific session override the global settings
(discussed above). There are two ways to set input for a specific pry session: At the
point the session is started, or within the session itself (at runtime):

##### At session start

    Pry.start(Object, :input => StringIO.new("@x = 10\nexit"))
    Object.instance_variable_get(:@x) #=> 10

##### At runtime

If you want to set the input object within the session itself you use
the special `_pry_` local variable which represents the Pry instance
managing the current session; inside the session we type:

    _pry_.input = StringIO.new("@x = 10\nexit")

Note we can also set the input object for the parent Pry session (if
the current session is nested) like so:

    _pry_.parent.input = StringIO.new("@x = 10\nexit")

### Output

For output Pry accepts any object that implements the `puts` method. This
includes `IO` objects, `StringIO` and custom objects. Pry initially
defaults to using `$stdout` for output.

#### Example: Setting global output

Setting Pry's global output causes all subsequent Pry instances to use
this output by default:

    Pry.output = StringIO.new

#### Example: Setting output for a specific session

As per Input, given above, we set the local output as follows:

##### At session start

    Pry.start(Object, :output => StringIO.new("@x = 10\nexit"))

##### At runtime
    
    _pry_.output = StringIO.new

### Commands

Pry commands are not methods; they are commands that are intercepted
and executed before a Ruby eval takes place. Pry comes with a default
command set (`Pry::Commands`), but these commands can be augmented or overriden by
user-specified ones.

The Pry command API is quite sophisticated supporting features such as:
command set inheritance, importing of specific commands from another
command set, deletion of commands, calling of commands within other
commands, and so on.

A valid Pry command object must inherit from
`Pry::CommandBase` (or one of its subclasses) and use the special command API:

#### Example: Defining a command object and setting it globally

    class MyCommands < Pry::CommandBase
      command "greet", "Greet the user." do |name|
        output.puts "Hello #{name.capitalize}, how are you?"
      end
    end

    Pry.commands = MyCommands

Then inside a pry session:

    pry(main)> greet john
    hello John, how are you?
    => nil

#### Example: Using a command object in a specific session

As in the case of `input` and `output`:

##### At session start:

    Pry.start(self, :commands => MyCommands)

##### At runtime:

    _pry_.commands = MyCommands

#### The command API

The command API is defined by the `Pry::CommandBase` class (hence why
all commands must inherit from it or a subclass). The API works as follows:

##### `command` method

The `command` method defines a new command, its parameter is the
name of the command and an optional second parameter is a description of
the command.

The associated block defines the action to be performed. The number of
parameters in the block determine the number of parameters that will
be sent to the command (from the Pry prompt) when it is invoked. Note
that all parameters that are received will be strings; if a parameter
is not received it will be set to `nil`.

    command "hello" do |x, y, z|
      puts "hello there #{x}, #{y}, and #{z}!"
    end

Command aliases can also be defined - simply use an array of strings
for the command name - all these strings will be valid names for the
command.

    command ["ls", "dir"], "show a list of local vars" do
      output.puts target.eval("local_variables")
    end

##### `delete` method

The `delete` method deletes a command or a group of a commands; it
can be useful when inheriting from another command set when you decide
to keep only a portion of inherited commands.

    class MyCommands < Pry::Commands
      delete "show_method", "show_imethod"
    end

##### `import_from` method

The `import_from` method enables you to specifically select which
commands will be copied across from another command set, useful when
you only want a small number of commands and so inheriting and then
deleting would be inefficient. The first parameter to `import_from`
is the class to import from and the other paramters are the names of
the commands to import:

    class MyCommands < Pry::CommandBase
      import_from Pry::Commands, "ls", "status", "!"
    end

##### `run` method

The `run` command invokes one command from within another.
The first parameter is the name of the command to invoke
and the remainder of the parameters will be passed on to the command
being invoked:

    class MyCommands < Pry::Commands
      command "ls_with_hello" do
        output.puts "hello!"
        run "ls"
      end
    end

#### Utility methods for commands

All commands can access the special `output` and `target` methods. The
`output` method returns the `output` object for the active pry session.
Ensuring that your commands invoke `puts` on this rather than using
the top-level `puts` will ensure that all your session output goes to
the same place.

The `target` method returns the `Binding` object the Pry session is currently
active on - useful when your commands need to manipulate or examine
the state of the object. E.g, the "ls" command is implemented as follows

    command "ls" do
      output.puts target.eval("local_variables + instance_variables").inspect
    end

#### The opts hash

These are miscellaneous variables that may be useful to your commands:

* `opts[:val]` - The line of input that invoked the command.
* `opts[:eval_string]` - The cumulative lines of input for multi-line input.
* `opts[:nesting]` - Lowlevel session nesting information.
* `opts[:commands]` - Lowlevel data of all Pry commands.

(see commands.rb for examples of how some of these options are used)

#### The `help` command

The `Pry::CommandBase` class automatically defines a `help` command
for you. Typing `help` in a Pry session will show a list of commands
to the user followed by their descriptions. Passing a parameter to
`help` with the command name will just return the description of that
specific command. If a description is left out it will automatically
be given the description "No description.".

If the description is explicitly set to `""` then this command will
not be displayed in `help`.

### Hooks

Currently Pry supports just two hooks: `before_session` and
`after_session`. These hooks are invoked before a Pry session starts
and after a session ends respectively. The default hooks used are
stored in the `Pry::DEFAULT_HOOKS` and just output the text `"Beginning
Pry session for <obj>"` and `"Ending Pry session for <obj>"`.

#### Example: Setting global hooks

All subsequent Pry instances will use these hooks as default:

    Pry.hooks = {
      :before_session => proc { |out, obj| out.puts "Opened #{obj}" },
      :after_session => proc { |out, obj| out.puts "Closed #{obj}" }
    }

    5.pry

Inside the session:

    Opened 5
    pry(5)> exit
    Closed 5

Note that the `before_session` and `after_session` procs receive the
current session's output object and session receiver as parameters.

#### Example: Setting hooks for a specific session

Like all the other customization options, the global default (as
explained above) can be overriden for a specific session, either at
session start or during runtime.

##### At session start

    Pry.start(self, :hooks => { :before_session => proc { puts "hello world!" },
                                :after_session => proc { puts "goodbye world!" }
                              })

##### At runtime

    _pry_.hooks = { :before_session => proc { puts "puts "hello world!" } }

### Prompts

The Pry prompt is used by `Readline` and other input objects that
accept a prompt. Pry can accept two prompt-types for every prompt; the
'main prompt' and the 'wait prompt'. The main prompt is always used
for the first line of input; the wait prompt is used in multi-line
input to indicate that the current expression is incomplete and more lines of
input are required. The default Prompt used by Pry is stored in the
`Pry::DEFAULT_PROMPT` constant.

A valid Pry prompt is either a single `Proc` object or a two element
array of `Proc` objects. When an array is used the first element is
the 'main prompt' and the last element is the 'wait prompt'. When a
single `Proc` object is used it will be used for both the main prompt
and the wait prompt.

#### Example: Setting global prompt

The prompt `Proc` objects are passed the receiver of the Pry session
and the nesting level of that session as parameters (they can simply
ignore these if they do not need them).

    # Using one proc for both main and wait prompts
    Pry.prompt = proc { |obj, nest_level| "#{obj}:#{nest_level}> " }

    # Alternatively, provide two procs; one for main and one for wait
    Pry.prompt = [ proc { "ENTER INPUT> " }, proc { "MORE INPUT REQUIRED!* " }]

#### Example: Setting the prompt for a specific session

##### At session start

    Pry.start(self, :prompt => [proc { "ENTER INPUT> " },
                                proc { "MORE INPUT REQUIRED!* " }])

##### At runtime

    _pry_.prompt = [proc { "ENTER INPUT> " },
                    proc { "MORE INPUT REQUIRED!* " }]

### Print

The Print phase of Pry's READ-EVAL-PRINT-LOOP can be customized. The
default action is stored in the `Pry::DEFAULT_PRINT` constant and it
simply outputs the value of the current expression preceded by a `=>` (or the first
line of the backtrace if the value is an `Exception` object.)

The print object should be a `Proc` and the parameters passed to the
`Proc` are the output object for the current session and the 'value'
returned by the current expression.

#### Example: Setting global print object

Let's define a print object that displays the full backtrace of any
exception and precedes the output of a value by the text `"Output is: "`:

    Pry.print = proc do |output, value|
                  case value
                  when Exception
                    output.puts value.backtrace
                  else
                    output.puts "Output is: #{value}"
                  end
                end

#### Example: Setting the print object for a specific session

##### At session start

    Pry.start(self, :print => proc do |output, value|
                                case value
                                when Exception
                                  output.puts value.backtrace
                                else
                                  output.puts "Output is: #{value.inspect}"
                                end
                              end)

##### At runtime

    _pry_.print =  proc do |output, value|
                     case value
                     when Exception
                       output.puts value.backtrace
                     else
                       output.puts "Output is: #{value.inspect}"
                     end
                   end
    
Contact
-------

Problems or questions contact me at [github](http://github.com/banister)