Puma: A Ruby Web Server Built For Concurrency

Description

Puma is a simple, fast, threaded, and highly concurrent HTTP 1.1 server for Ruby/Rack applications. Puma is intended for use in both development and production environments. In order to get the best throughput, it is highly recommended that you use a Ruby implementation with real threads like Rubinius or JRuby.

Built For Speed & Concurrency

Puma is a simple, fast, and highly concurrent HTTP 1.1 server for Ruby web applications. It can be used with any application that supports Rack, and is considered the replacement for Webrick and Mongrel. It was designed to be the go-to server for Rubinius, but also works well with JRuby and MRI. Puma is intended for use in both development and production environments.

Under the hood, Puma processes requests using a C-optimized Ragel extension (inherited from Mongrel) that provides fast, accurate HTTP 1.1 protocol parsing in a portable way. Puma then serves the request in a thread from an internal thread pool (which you can control). This allows Puma to provide real concurrency for your web application!

With Rubinius 2.0, Puma will utilize all cores on your CPU with real threads, meaning you won't have to spawn multiple processes to increase throughput. You can expect to see a similar benefit from JRuby.

On MRI, there is a Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) that ensures only one thread can be run at a time. But if you're doing a lot of blocking IO (such as HTTP calls to external APIs like Twitter), Puma still improves MRI's throughput by allowing blocking IO to be run concurrently (EventMachine-based servers such as Thin turn off this ability, requiring you to use special libraries). Your mileage may vary. In order to get the best throughput, it is highly recommended that you use a Ruby implementation with real threads like Rubinius or JRuby.

Quick Start

The easiest way to get started with Puma is to install it via RubyGems. You can do this easily:

$ gem install puma

Now you should have the puma command available in your PATH, so just do the following in the root folder of your Rack application:

$ puma app.ru

Plugins

Puma 3.0 added support for plugins that can augment configuration and service operations.

2 canonical plugins to look to aid in development of further plugins:

• tmp_restart: Restarts the server if the file tmp/restart.txt is touched
• heroku: Packages up the default configuration used by puma on Heroku

Plugins are activated in a puma configuration file (such as config/puma.rb') by adding plugin "name", such as plugin "heroku".

Plugins are activated based simply on path requirements so, activating the heroku plugin will simply be doing require "puma/plugin/heroku". This allows gems to provide multiple plugins (as well as unrelated gems to provide puma plugins).

The tmp_restart plugin is bundled with puma, so it can always be used.

To use the heroku plugin, add puma-heroku to your Gemfile or install it.

API

At present, there are 2 hooks that plugins can use: start and config.

start runs when the server has started and allows the plugin to start other functionality to augment puma.

config runs when the server is being configured and is passed a Puma::DSL object that can be used to add additional configuration.

Any public methods in Puma::Plugin are the public API that any plugin may use.

In the future, more hooks and APIs will be added.

Advanced Setup

Sinatra

You can run your Sinatra application with Puma from the command line like this:

$ ruby app.rb -s Puma

Or you can configure your application to always use Puma:

require 'sinatra'
configure { set :server, :puma }

If you use Bundler, make sure you add Puma to your Gemfile (see below).

Rails

First, make sure Puma is in your Gemfile:

gem 'puma'

Then start your server with the rails command:

$ rails s Puma

Rackup

You can pass it as an option to rackup:

$ rackup -s Puma

Alternatively, you can modify your config.ru to choose Puma by default, by adding the following as the first line:

#\ -s puma

Configuration

Puma provides numerous options for controlling the operation of the server. Consult puma -h (or puma --help) for a full list.

Thread Pool

Puma utilizes a dynamic thread pool which you can modify. You can set the minimum and maximum number of threads that are available in the pool with the -t (or --threads) flag:

$ puma -t 8:32

Puma will automatically scale the number of threads, from the minimum until it caps out at the maximum, based on how much traffic is present. The current default is 0:16. Feel free to experiment, but be careful not to set the number of maximum threads to a very large number, as you may exhaust resources on the system (or hit resource limits).

Clustered mode

Puma 2 offers clustered mode, allowing you to use forked processes to handle multiple incoming requests concurrently, in addition to threads already provided. You can tune the number of workers with the -w (or --workers) flag:

$ puma -t 8:32 -w 3

On a ruby implementation that offers native threads, you should tune this number to match the number of cores available. Note that threads are still used in clustered mode, and the -t thread flag setting is per worker, so -w 2 -t 16:16 will be 32 threads.

If you're running in Clustered Mode you can optionally choose to preload your application before starting up the workers. This is necessary in order to take advantage of the Copy on Write feature introduced in MRI Ruby 2.0. To do this simply specify the --preload flag in invocation:

# CLI invocation
$ puma -t 8:32 -w 3 --preload

If you're using a configuration file, use the preload_app! method, and be sure to specify your config file's location with the -C flag:

$ puma -C config/puma.rb

# config/puma.rb
threads 8,32
workers 3
preload_app!

Additionally, you can specify a block in your configuration file that will be run on boot of each worker:

# config/puma.rb
on_worker_boot do
  # configuration here
end

This code can be used to setup the process before booting the application, allowing you to do some Puma-specific things that you don't want to embed in your application. For instance, you could fire a log notification that a worker booted or send something to statsd. This can be called multiple times to add hooks.

If you're preloading your application and using ActiveRecord, it's recommended that you setup your connection pool here:

# config/puma.rb
on_worker_boot do
  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
  end
end

On top of that, you can specify a block in your configuration file that will be run before workers are forked

# config/puma.rb
before_fork do
  # configuration here
end

This code can be used to clean up before forking to clients, allowing you to do some Puma-specific things that you don't want to embed in your application.

If you're preloading your application and using ActiveRecord, it's recommended that you close any connections to the database here to prevent connection leakage:

# config/puma.rb
before_fork do
  ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.disconnect!
end

This rule applies to any connections to external services (Redis, databases, memcache, ...) that might be started automatically by the framework.

When you use preload_app, all of your new code goes into the master process, and is then copied into the workers (meaning it’s only compatible with cluster mode). General rule is to use preload_app when your workers die often and need fast starts. If you don’t have many workers, you probably should not use preload_app.

Note that preload_app can’t be used with phased restart, since phased restart kills and restarts workers one-by-one, and preload_app is all about copying the code of master into the workers.

Error handler for low-level errors

If puma encounters an error outside of the context of your application, it will respond with a 500 and a simple textual error message (see lowlevel_error in this file). You can specify custom behavior for this scenario. For example, you can report the error to your third-party error-tracking service (in this example, rollbar):

lowlevel_error_handler do |e|
  Rollbar.critical(e)
  [500, {}, ["An error has occurred, and engineers have been informed. Please reload the page. If you continue to have problems, contact support@example.com\n"]]
end

Binding TCP / Sockets

In contrast to many other server configs which require multiple flags, Puma simply uses one URI parameter with the -b (or --bind) flag:

$ puma -b tcp://127.0.0.1:9292

Want to use UNIX Sockets instead of TCP (which can provide a 5-10% performance boost)? No problem!

$ puma -b unix:///var/run/puma.sock

If you need to change the permissions of the UNIX socket, just add a umask parameter:

$ puma -b 'unix:///var/run/puma.sock?umask=0111'

Need a bit of security? Use SSL sockets!

$ puma -b 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?key=path_to_key&cert=path_to_cert'

Control/Status Server

Puma comes with a builtin status/control app that can be used to query and control Puma itself. Here is an example of starting Puma with the control server:

$ puma --control tcp://127.0.0.1:9293 --control-token foo

This directs Puma to start the control server on localhost port 9293. Additionally, all requests to the control server will need to include token=foo as a query parameter. This allows for simple authentication. Check out status.rb to see what the app has available.

Keep in mind that the status/control server accepts pumactl commands. To demonstrate, you can run the following command with the foo --control-token as such to restart:

$ pumactl restart --control-token foo

To see a list of pumactl options, please see pumactl --help as stated in the pumactl section.

Configuration file

You can also provide a configuration file which Puma will use with the -C (or --config) flag:

$ puma -C /path/to/config

By default, if no configuration file is specified, Puma will look for a configuration file at config/puma.rb. If an environment is specified, either via the -e and --environment flags, or through the RACK_ENV environment variable, the default file location will be config/puma/environment_name.rb.

If you want to prevent Puma from looking for a configuration file in those locations, provide a dash as the argument to the -C (or --config) flag:

$ puma -C "-"

Take the following sample configuration as inspiration or check out configuration.rb to see all available options.

Restart

Puma includes the ability to restart itself allowing easy upgrades to new versions. When available (MRI, Rubinius, JRuby), Puma performs a "hot restart". This is the same functionality available in unicorn and nginx which keep the server sockets open between restarts. This makes sure that no pending requests are dropped while the restart is taking place.

To perform a restart, there are 2 builtin mechanisms:

• Send the puma process the SIGUSR2 signal
• Use the status server and issue /restart

No code is shared between the current and restarted process, so it should be safe to issue a restart any place where you would manually stop Puma and start it again.

If the new process is unable to load, it will simply exit. You should therefore run Puma under a process monitor (see below) when using it in production.

Normal vs Hot vs Phased Restart

A hot restart means that no requests will be lost while deploying your new code, since the server socket is kept open between restarts.

But beware, hot restart does not mean that the incoming requests won’t hang for multiple seconds while your new code has not fully deployed. If you need a zero downtime and zero hanging requests deploy, you must use phased restart.

When you run pumactl phased-restart, Puma kills workers one-by-one, meaning that at least another worker is still available to serve requests, which lead to zero hanging requests (yay!).

But again beware, upgrading an application sometimes involves upgrading the database schema. With phased restart, there may be a moment during the deployment where processes belonging to the previous version and processes belonging to the new version both exist at the same time. Any database schema upgrades you perform must therefore be backwards-compatible with the old application version.

If you perform a lot of database migrations, you probably should not use phased restart and use a normal/hot restart instead (pumactl restart). That way, no code is shared while deploying (in that case, preload_app might help for quicker deployment, see below).

Puma Signals

Puma cluster responds to these signals:

• TTIN increment the worker count by 1
• TTOU decrement the worker count by 1
• TERM send TERM to worker. Worker will attempt to finish then exit.
• USR2 restart workers
• USR1 restart workers in phases, a rolling restart.
• HUP reopen log files defined in stdout_redirect configuration parameter
• INT equivalent of sending Ctrl-C to cluster. Will attempt to finish then exit.
• CHLD

A detailed guide to using UNIX signals with Puma can be found in the signals documentation.

Release Directory

If your symlink releases into a common working directory (i.e., /current from Capistrano), Puma won't pick up your new changes when running phased restarts without additional configuration. You should set your working directory within Puma's config to specify the directory it should use. This is a change from earlier versions of Puma (< 2.15) that would infer the directory for you.

# config/puma.rb

directory '/var/www/current'

Cleanup Code

Puma isn't able to understand all the resources that your app may use, so it provides a hook in the configuration file you pass to -C called on_restart. The block passed to on_restart will be called, unsurprisingly, just before Puma restarts itself.

You should place code to close global log files, redis connections, etc in this block so that their file descriptors don't leak into the restarted process. Failure to do so will result in slowly running out of descriptors and eventually obscure crashes as the server is restarted many times.

Platform Constraints

Because of various platforms not being able to implement certain things, the following differences occur when Puma is used on different platforms:

• JRuby, Windows: server sockets are not seamless on restart, they must be closed and reopened. These platforms have no way to pass descriptors into a new process that is exposed to ruby
• JRuby, Windows: cluster mode is not supported due to a lack of fork(2)
• Windows: daemon mode is not supported due to a lack of fork(2)

pumactl

pumactl is a simple CLI frontend to the control/status app described above. Please refer to pumactl --help for available commands.

Process Monitors

Process monitors or supervisors will at minimum provide start of Puma on system boot. Modern process monitors like systemd or upstart further provide continuous monitoring and restarts for increased reliability in production environments:

• tools/jungle for sysvinit (init.d) and upstart
• docs/systemd

Known bugs

For MRI versions 2.2.7, 2.3.4 and 2.4.1 you may start erratically get the following exception in places where it should not happen:

stream closed in another thread (IOError)

If that's the case then it might be caused by ruby bug https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13632 and it could be temporary fixed with the gem https://rubygems.org/gems/stopgap_13632. Add to gemfile:

if %w(2.2.7 2.3.4 2.4.1).include? RUBY_VERSION
  gem "stopgap_13632", "~> 1.0", :platforms => ["mri", "mingw", "x64_mingw"]
end

Don't forget to require it:

require 'stopgap_13632'

And when an "IOError: stream closed" happens in a thread, accessing a busy IO, catch it and call the following method:

rescue IOError
  Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue
end

Capistrano deployment

Puma has support for Capistrano3 with an external gem, you just need require that in Gemfile:

gem 'capistrano3-puma'

And then execute:

bundle

Then add to Capfile

require 'capistrano/puma'

and then

$ bundle exec cap puma:start
$ bundle exec cap puma:restart
$ bundle exec cap puma:stop
$ bundle exec cap puma:phased-restart

See docs/systemd, including the last section, if using this in conjunction with systemd (all recent, major distributions of Linux).

Contributing

To run the test suite:

$ bundle install
$ bundle exec rake

License

Puma is copyright 2014 Evan Phoenix and contributors. It is licensed under the BSD 3-Clause license. See the included LICENSE file for details.