Rails generators are an essential tool if you plan to improve your workflow. With this guide you will learn how to create generators and customize existing ones.
When you create an application using the +rails+ command, you are in fact using a Rails generator. After that, you can get a list of all available generators by just invoking +rails generate+:
You will get a list of all generators that comes with Rails. If you need a detailed description of the helper generator, for example, you can simply do:
Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of "Thor":http://github.com/wycats/thor. Thor provides powerful options parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named +initializer.rb+ inside +config/initializers+.
NOTE: +create_file+ is a method provided by +Thor::Actions+ and the documentation for it and its brethren can be found at "rdoc.info":http://rdoc.info/github/wycats/thor/master/Thor/Actions.
Our new generator is quite simple: it inherits from +Rails::Generators::Base+ and has one method definition. Each public method in the generator is executed when a generator is invoked. Finally, we invoke the +create_file+ method that will create a file at the given destination with the given content. If you are familiar with the Rails Application Templates API, you'll feel right at home with the new generators API.
Rails is usually able to generate good descriptions if a generator is namespaced, as +ActiveRecord::Generators::ModelGenerator+, but not in this particular case. We can solve this problem in two ways. The first one is calling +desc+ inside our generator:
Now we can see the new description by invoking +--help+ on the new generator. The second way to add a description is by creating a file named +USAGE+ in the same directory as our generator. We are going to do that in the next step.
First, notice that we are inheriting from +Rails::Generators::NamedBase+ instead of +Rails::Generators::Base+. This means that our generator expects at least one argument, which will be the name of the initializer, and will be available in our code in the variable +name+.
We can also see that our new generator has a class method called +source_root+. This method points to where our generator templates will be placed, if any, and by default it points to the created directory +lib/generators/initializer/templates+.
In order to understand what a generator template means, let's create the file +lib/generators/initializer/templates/initializer.rb+ with the following content:
We can see that now a initializer named core_extensions was created at +config/initializers/core_extensions.rb+ with the contents of our template. That means that +copy_file+ copied a file in our source root to the destination path we gave. The method +file_name+ is automatically created when we inherit from +Rails::Generators::NamedBase+.
Looking at this output, it's easy to understand how generators work in Rails 3.0 and above. The scaffold generator doesn't actually generate anything, it just invokes others to do the work. This allows us to add/replace/remove any of those invocations. For instance, the scaffold generator invokes the scaffold_controller generator, which invokes erb, test_unit and helper generators. Since each generator has a single responsibility, they are easy to reuse, avoiding code duplication.
Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheets and test fixtures for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:
If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that neither stylesheets nor fixtures are created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.
After that, we can delete both the +templates+ directory and the +source_root+ class method from our new generators, because we are not going to need them. So our new generator looks like the following:
We can notice on the output that our new helper was invoked instead of the Rails default. However one thing is missing, which is tests for our new generator and to do that, we are going to reuse old helpers test generators.
Since Rails 3.0, this is easy to do due to the hooks concept. Our new helper does not need to be focused in one specific test framework, it can simply provide a hook and a test framework just needs to implement this hook in order to be compatible.
Now, when the helper generator is invoked and TestUnit is configured as the test framework, it will try to invoke both +MyHelper::Generators::TestUnitGenerator+ and +TestUnit::Generators::MyHelperGenerator+. Since none of those are defined, we can tell our generator to invoke +TestUnit::Generators::HelperGenerator+ instead, which is defined since it's a Rails generator. To do that, we just need to add:
In the step above we simply wanted to add a line to the generated helper, without adding any extra functionality. There is a simpler way to do that, and it's by replacing the templates of already existing generators, in that case +Rails::Generators::HelperGenerator+.
In Rails 3.0 and above, generators don't just look in the source root for templates, they also search for templates in other paths. And one of them is +lib/templates+. Since we want to customize +Rails::Generators::HelperGenerator+, we can do that by simply making a template copy inside +lib/templates/rails/helper+ with the name +helper.rb+. So let's create that file with the following content:
If you generate another resource, you can see that we get exactly the same result! This is useful if you want to customize your scaffold templates and/or layout by just creating +edit.html.erb+, +index.html.erb+ and so on inside +lib/templates/erb/scaffold+.
One last feature about generators which is quite useful for plugin generators is fallbacks. For example, imagine that you want to add a feature on top of TestUnit like "shoulda":http://github.com/thoughtbot/shoulda does. Since TestUnit already implements all generators required by Rails and shoulda just wants to overwrite part of it, there is no need for shoulda to reimplement some generators again, it can simply tell Rails to use a +TestUnit+ generator if none was found under the +Shoulda+ namespace.
Now, if you create a Comment scaffold, you will see that the shoulda generators are being invoked, and at the end, they are just falling back to TestUnit generators:
Now that you've seen how generators can be used _inside_ an application, did you know they can also be used to _generate_ applications too? This kind of generator is referred as a "template".
<ruby>
gem("rspec-rails", :group => "test")
gem("cucumber-rails", :group => "test")
if yes?("Would you like to install Devise?")
gem("devise")
generate("devise:install")
model_name = ask("What would you like the user model to be called? [user]")
model_name = "user" if model_name.blank?
generate("devise", model_name)
end
</ruby>
In the above template we specify that the application relies on the +rspec-rails+ and +cucumber-rails+ gem so these two will be added to the +test+ group in the +Gemfile+. Then we pose a question to the user about whether or not they would like to install Devise. If the user replies "y" or "yes" to this question, then the template will add Devise to the +Gemfile+ outside of any group and then runs the +devise:install+ generator. This template then takes the users input and runs the +devise+ generator, with the user's answer from the last question being passed to this generator.
Imagine that this template was in a file called +template.rb+. We can use it to modify the outcome of the +rails new+ command by using the +-m+ option and passing in the filename:
<shell>
rails new thud -m template.rb
</shell>
This command will generate the +Thud+ application, and then apply the template to the generated output.
Templates don't have to be stored on the local system, the +-m+ option also supports online templates:
<shell>
rails new thud -m https://gist.github.com/722911
</shell>
Whilst the remainder of this guide doesn't cover how to generate the most awesome template known to man, it will take you through the methods available at your disposal so that you can develop it yourself.
