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# Action Cable – Integrated WebSockets for Rails
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Action Cable seamlessly integrates WebSockets with the rest of your Rails application.
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It allows for real-time features to be written in Ruby in the same style
and form as the rest of your Rails application, while still being performant
and scalable. It's a full-stack offering that provides both a client-side
JavaScript framework and a server-side Ruby framework. You have access to your full
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domain model written with Active Record or your ORM of choice.
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## Terminology
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A single Action Cable server can handle multiple connection instances. It has one
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connection instance per WebSocket connection. A single user may have multiple
WebSockets open to your application if they use multiple browser tabs or devices.
The client of a WebSocket connection is called the consumer.
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Each consumer can in turn subscribe to multiple cable channels. Each channel encapsulates
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a logical unit of work, similar to what a controller does in a regular MVC setup. For example,
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you could have a `ChatChannel` and a `AppearancesChannel` , and a consumer could be subscribed to either
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or to both of these channels. At the very least, a consumer should be subscribed to one channel.
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When the consumer is subscribed to a channel, they act as a subscriber. The connection between
the subscriber and the channel is, surprise-surprise, called a subscription. A consumer
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can act as a subscriber to a given channel any number of times. For example, a consumer
could subscribe to multiple chat rooms at the same time. (And remember that a physical user may
have multiple consumers, one per tab/device open to your connection).
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Each channel can then again be streaming zero or more broadcastings. A broadcasting is a
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pubsub link where anything transmitted by the broadcaster is sent directly to the channel
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subscribers who are streaming that named broadcasting.
As you can see, this is a fairly deep architectural stack. There's a lot of new terminology
to identify the new pieces, and on top of that, you're dealing with both client and server side
reflections of each unit.
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## Examples
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### A full-stack example
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The first thing you must do is define your `ApplicationCable::Connection` class in Ruby. This
is the place where you authorize the incoming connection, and proceed to establish it
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if all is well. Here's the simplest example starting with the server-side connection class:
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```ruby
# app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
module ApplicationCable
class Connection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
identified_by :current_user
def connect
self.current_user = find_verified_user
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end
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protected
def find_verified_user
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if current_user = User.find_by(id: cookies.signed[:user_id])
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current_user
else
reject_unauthorized_connection
end
end
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end
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end
```
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Here `identified_by` is a connection identifier that can be used to find the specific connection again or later.
Note that anything marked as an identifier will automatically create a delegate by the same name on any channel instances created off the connection.
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This relies on the fact that you will already have handled authentication of the user, and
that a successful authentication sets a signed cookie with the `user_id` . This cookie is then
automatically sent to the connection instance when a new connection is attempted, and you
use that to set the `current_user` . By identifying the connection by this same current_user,
you're also ensuring that you can later retrieve all open connections by a given user (and
potentially disconnect them all if the user is deleted or deauthorized).
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Then you should define your `ApplicationCable::Channel` class in Ruby. This is the place where you put
shared logic between your channels.
```ruby
# app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
module ApplicationCable
class Channel < ActionCable::Channel::Base
end
end
```
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The client-side needs to setup a consumer instance of this connection. That's done like so:
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```coffeescript
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# app/assets/javascripts/cable.coffee
#= require action_cable
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@App = {}
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App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer("ws://cable.example.com")
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```
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The ws://cable.example.com address must point to your set of Action Cable servers, and it
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must share a cookie namespace with the rest of the application (which may live under http://example.com).
This ensures that the signed cookie will be correctly sent.
That's all you need to establish the connection! But of course, this isn't very useful in
itself. This just gives you the plumbing. To make stuff happen, you need content. That content
is defined by declaring channels on the server and allowing the consumer to subscribe to them.
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### Channel example 1: User appearances
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Here's a simple example of a channel that tracks whether a user is online or not and what page they're on.
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(This is useful for creating presence features like showing a green dot next to a user name if they're online).
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First you declare the server-side channel:
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```ruby
# app/channels/appearance_channel.rb
class AppearanceChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
def subscribed
current_user.appear
end
def unsubscribed
current_user.disappear
end
def appear(data)
current_user.appear on: data['appearing_on']
end
def away
current_user.away
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end
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end
```
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The `#subscribed` callback is invoked when, as we'll show below, a client-side subscription is initiated. In this case,
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we take that opportunity to say "the current user has indeed appeared". That appear/disappear API could be backed by
Redis or a database or whatever else. Here's what the client-side of that looks like:
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```coffeescript
# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/appearance.coffee
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App.cable.subscriptions.create "AppearanceChannel",
# Called when the subscription is ready for use on the server
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connected: ->
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@install ()
@appear ()
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# Called when the WebSocket connection is closed
disconnected: ->
@uninstall ()
# Called when the subscription is rejected by the server
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rejected: ->
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@uninstall ()
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appear: ->
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# Calls `AppearanceChannel#appear(data)` on the server
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@perform ("appear", appearing_on: $("main").data("appearing-on"))
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away: ->
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# Calls `AppearanceChannel#away` on the server
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@perform ("away")
buttonSelector = "[data-behavior~=appear_away]"
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install: ->
$(document).on "page:change.appearance", =>
@appear ()
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$(document).on "click.appearance", buttonSelector, =>
@away ()
false
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$(buttonSelector).show()
uninstall: ->
$(document).off(".appearance")
$(buttonSelector).hide()
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```
Simply calling `App.cable.subscriptions.create` will setup the subscription, which will call `AppearanceChannel#subscribed` ,
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which in turn is linked to original `App.cable` -> `ApplicationCable::Connection` instances.
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We then link the client-side `appear` method to `AppearanceChannel#appear(data)` . This is possible because the server-side
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channel instance will automatically expose the public methods declared on the class (minus the callbacks), so that these
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can be reached as remote procedure calls via a subscription's `perform` method.
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### Channel example 2: Receiving new web notifications
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The appearance example was all about exposing server functionality to client-side invocation over the WebSocket connection.
But the great thing about WebSockets is that it's a two-way street. So now let's show an example where the server invokes
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action on the client.
This is a web notification channel that allows you to trigger client-side web notifications when you broadcast to the right
streams:
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```ruby
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# app/channels/web_notifications_channel.rb
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class WebNotificationsChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
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def subscribed
stream_from "web_notifications_#{current_user.id}"
end
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end
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```
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```coffeescript
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# Client-side, which assumes you've already requested the right to send web notifications
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App.cable.subscriptions.create "WebNotificationsChannel",
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received: (data) ->
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new Notification data["title"], body: data["body"]
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```
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```ruby
# Somewhere in your app this is called, perhaps from a NewCommentJob
ActionCable.server.broadcast \
"web_notifications_#{current_user.id}", { title: 'New things!', body: 'All the news that is fit to print' }
```
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The `ActionCable.server.broadcast` call places a message in the Redis' pubsub queue under a separate broadcasting name for each user. For a user with an ID of 1, the broadcasting name would be `web_notifications_1` .
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The channel has been instructed to stream everything that arrives at `web_notifications_1` directly to the client by invoking the
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`#received(data)` callback. The data is the hash sent as the second parameter to the server-side broadcast call, JSON encoded for the trip
across the wire, and unpacked for the data argument arriving to `#received` .
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### Passing Parameters to Channel
You can pass parameters from the client side to the server side when creating a subscription. For example:
```ruby
# app/channels/chat_channel.rb
class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
def subscribed
stream_from "chat_#{params[:room]}"
end
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end
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```
Pass an object as the first argument to `subscriptions.create` , and that object will become your params hash in your cable channel. The keyword `channel` is required.
```coffeescript
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# Client-side, which assumes you've already requested the right to send web notifications
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App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" },
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received: (data) ->
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@appendLine (data)
appendLine: (data) ->
html = @createLine (data)
$("[data-chat-room='Best Room']").append(html)
createLine: (data) ->
"""
< article class = "chat-line" >
< span class = "speaker" > #{data["sent_by"]}< / span >
< span class = "body" > #{data["body"]}< / span >
< / article >
"""
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```
```ruby
# Somewhere in your app this is called, perhaps from a NewCommentJob
ActionCable.server.broadcast \
"chat_#{room}", { sent_by: 'Paul', body: 'This is a cool chat app.' }
```
### Rebroadcasting message
A common use case is to rebroadcast a message sent by one client to any other connected clients.
```ruby
# app/channels/chat_channel.rb
class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
def subscribed
stream_from "chat_#{params[:room]}"
end
def receive(data)
ActionCable.server.broadcast "chat_#{params[:room]}", data
end
end
```
```coffeescript
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# Client-side, which assumes you've already requested the right to send web notifications
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App.chatChannel = App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" },
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received: (data) ->
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# data => { sent_by: "Paul", body: "This is a cool chat app." }
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App.chatChannel.send({ sent_by: "Paul", body: "This is a cool chat app." })
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```
The rebroadcast will be received by all connected clients, _including_ the client that sent the message. Note that params are the same as they were when you subscribed to the channel.
### More complete examples
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See the [rails/actioncable-examples ](http://github.com/rails/actioncable-examples ) repository for a full example of how to setup Action Cable in a Rails app and adding channels.
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## Configuration
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Action Cable has three required configurations: the Redis connection, allowed request origins, and the cable server url (which can optionally be set on the client side).
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### Redis
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By default, `ActionCable::Server::Base` will look for a configuration file in `Rails.root.join('config/cable.yml')` .
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This file must specify a Redis url for each Rails environment. It may use the following format:
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```yaml
production: & production
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url: redis://10.10.3.153:6381
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development: & development
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url: redis://localhost:6379
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test: *development
```
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You can also change the location of the Redis config file in a Rails initializer with something like:
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```ruby
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Rails.application.paths.add "config/cable", with: "somewhere/else/cable.yml"
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```
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### Allowed Request Origins
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Action Cable will only accept requests from specified origins, which are passed to the server config as an array. The origins can be instances of strings or regular expressions, against which a check for match will be performed.
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```ruby
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ActionCable.server.config.allowed_request_origins = ['http://rubyonrails.com', /http:\/\/ruby.*/]
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```
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When running in the development environment, this defaults to "http://localhost:3000".
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To disable and allow requests from any origin:
```ruby
ActionCable.server.config.disable_request_forgery_protection = true
```
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### Consumer Configuration
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Once you have decided how to run your cable server (see below), you must provide the server url (or path) to your client-side setup.
There are two ways you can do this.
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The first is to simply pass it in when creating your consumer. For a standalone server,
this would be something like: `App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer("ws://example.com:28080")` , and for an in-app server,
something like: `App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer("/cable")` .
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The second option is to pass the server url through the `action_cable_meta_tag` in your layout.
This uses a url or path typically set via `config.action_cable.url` in the environment configuration files, or defaults to "/cable".
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This method is especially useful if your websocket url might change between environments. If you host your production server via https, you will need to use the wss scheme
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for your ActionCable server, but development might remain http and use the ws scheme. You might use localhost in development and your
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domain in production.
In any case, to vary the websocket url between environments, add the following configuration to each environment:
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```ruby
config.action_cable.url = "ws://example.com:28080"
```
Then add the following line to your layout before your JavaScript tag:
```erb
< %= action_cable_meta_tag %>
```
And finally, create your consumer like so:
```coffeescript
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App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer()
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```
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### Other Configurations
The other common option to configure is the log tags applied to the per-connection logger. Here's close to what we're using in Basecamp:
```ruby
ActionCable.server.config.log_tags = [
-> request { request.env['bc.account_id'] || "no-account" },
:action_cable,
-> request { request.uuid }
]
```
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For a full list of all configuration options, see the `ActionCable::Server::Configuration` class.
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Also note that your server must provide at least the same number of database connections as you have workers. The default worker pool is set to 100, so that means you have to make at least that available. You can change that in `config/database.yml` through the `pool` attribute.
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## Running the cable server
### Standalone
The cable server(s) is separated from your normal application server. It's still a rack application, but it is its own rack
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application. The recommended basic setup is as follows:
```ruby
# cable/config.ru
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require ::File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__ )
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Rails.application.eager_load!
run ActionCable.server
```
Then you start the server using a binstub in bin/cable ala:
```
#!/bin/bash
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bundle exec puma -p 28080 cable/config.ru
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```
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The above will start a cable server on port 28080.
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### In app
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If you are using a threaded server like Puma or Thin, the current implementation of ActionCable can run side-along with your Rails application. For example, to listen for WebSocket requests on `/cable` , mount the server at that path:
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```ruby
# config/routes.rb
Example::Application.routes.draw do
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mount ActionCable.server => '/cable'
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end
```
For every instance of your server you create and for every worker your server spawns, you will also have a new instance of ActionCable, but the use of Redis keeps messages synced across connections.
### Notes
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Beware that currently the cable server will _not_ auto-reload any changes in the framework. As we've discussed, long-running cable connections mean long-running objects. We don't yet have a way of reloading the classes of those objects in a safe manner. So when you change your channels, or the model your channels use, you must restart the cable server.
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We'll get all this abstracted properly when the framework is integrated into Rails.
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The WebSocket server doesn't have access to the session, but it has access to the cookies. This can be used when you need to handle authentication. You can see one way of doing that with Devise in this [article ](http://www.rubytutorial.io/actioncable-devise-authentication ).
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## Dependencies
Action Cable is currently tied to Redis through its use of the pubsub feature to route
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messages back and forth over the WebSocket cable connection. This dependency may well
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be alleviated in the future, but for the moment that's what it is. So be sure to have
Redis installed and running.
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The Ruby side of things is built on top of [faye-websocket ](https://github.com/faye/faye-websocket-ruby ) and [concurrent-ruby ](https://github.com/ruby-concurrency/concurrent-ruby ).
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## Deployment
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Action Cable is powered by a combination of websockets and threads. All of the
connection management is handled internally by utilizing Ruby’ s native thread
support, which means you can use all your regular Rails models with no problems
as long as you haven’ t committed any thread-safety sins.
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But this also means that Action Cable needs to run in its own server process.
So you'll have one set of server processes for your normal web work, and another
set of server processes for the Action Cable. The former can be single-threaded,
like Unicorn, but the latter must be multi-threaded, like Puma.
## License
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Action Cable is released under the MIT license:
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* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT
## Support
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API documentation is at:
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* http://api.rubyonrails.org
Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
* https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core