Fix incorrect result when eager loading with duplicated through association with join scope

I had found the issue while working on fixing #33525.

That is if duplicated association has a scope which has `where` with
explicit table name condition (e.g. `where("categories.name": "General")`),
that condition in all duplicated associations will filter the first one
only, other all duplicated associations are not filtered, since
duplicated joins will be aliased except the first one (e.g.
`INNER JOIN "categories" "categories_categorizations"`).

```ruby
class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :general_categorizations, -> { joins(:category).where("categories.name": "General") }, class_name: "Categorization"
  has_many :general_posts, through: :general_categorizations, source: :post
end

authors = Author.eager_load(:general_categorizations, :general_posts).to_a
```

Generated eager loading query:

```sql
SELECT "authors"."id" AS t0_r0, ... FROM "authors"

-- `has_many :general_categorizations, -> { joins(:category).where("categories.name": "General") }`
LEFT OUTER JOIN "categorizations" ON "categorizations"."author_id" = "authors"."id"
INNER JOIN "categories" ON "categories"."id" = "categorizations"."category_id" AND "categories"."name" = ?

-- `has_many :general_posts, through: :general_categorizations, source: :post`
---- duplicated `through: :general_categorizations` part
LEFT OUTER JOIN "categorizations" "general_categorizations_authors_join" ON "general_categorizations_authors_join"."author_id" = "authors"."id"
INNER JOIN "categories" "categories_categorizations" ON "categories_categorizations"."id" = "general_categorizations_authors_join"."category_id" AND "categories"."name" = ? -- <-- filtering `"categories"."name" = ?` won't work
---- `source: :post` part
LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."id" = "general_categorizations_authors_join"."post_id"
```

Originally eager loading with join scope didn't work before Rails 5.2
(#29413), and duplicated through association with join scope raised a
duplicated alias error before alias tracking is improved in 590b045.

But now it will potentially be got incorrect result instead of an error,
it is worse than an error.

To fix the issue, it makes eager loading to deduplicate / re-use
duplicated through association if possible, like as `preload`.

```sql
SELECT "authors"."id" AS t0_r0, ... FROM "authors"

-- `has_many :general_categorizations, -> { joins(:category).where("categories.name": "General") }`
LEFT OUTER JOIN "categorizations" ON "categorizations"."author_id" = "authors"."id"
INNER JOIN "categories" ON "categories"."id" = "categorizations"."category_id" AND "categories"."name" = ?

-- `has_many :general_posts, through: :general_categorizations, source: :post`
---- `through: :general_categorizations` part is deduplicated / re-used
LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."id" = "categorizations"."post_id"
```

Fixes #32819.

activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def join_constraints(joins_to_add, alias_tracker)
         @alias_tracker = alias_tracker
+        @joined_tables = {}
 
         joins = make_join_constraints(join_root, join_type)
 
@@ -173,9 +174,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           foreign_table = parent.table
           foreign_klass = parent.base_klass
           child.join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, join_type, alias_tracker) do |reflection|
-            alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(reflection.klass.arel_table) do
+            table = @joined_tables[reflection]
+
+            next table, true if table && reflection != child.reflection
+
+            table = alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(reflection.klass.arel_table) do
               table_alias_for(reflection, parent, reflection != child.reflection)
             end
+
+            @joined_tables[reflection] ||= table if join_type == Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+            table
           end.concat child.children.flat_map { |c| make_constraints(child, c, join_type) }
         end
 

activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb

@@ -23,13 +23,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, join_type, alias_tracker, &block)
           joins = []
-          tables = reflection.chain.map(&block)
-          @table = tables.first
+          chain = []
+
+          reflection.chain.each do |reflection|
+            table, terminated = yield reflection
+
+            if terminated
+              foreign_table, foreign_klass = table, reflection.klass
+              break
+            end
+
+            @table ||= table
+            chain << [reflection, table]
+          end
 
           # The chain starts with the target table, but we want to end with it here (makes
           # more sense in this context), so we reverse
-          reflection.chain.reverse_each.with_index(1) do |reflection, i|
-            table = tables[-i]
+          chain.reverse_each do |reflection, table|
             klass = reflection.klass
 
             join_scope = reflection.join_scope(table, foreign_table, foreign_klass)

activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb

@@ -1069,6 +1069,14 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, Author.eager_load(:lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not_2).last.lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not_2
   end
 
+  def test_duplicated_has_many_through_with_join_scope
+    Categorization.create!(author: authors(:david), post: posts(:thinking), category: categories(:technology))
+
+    expected = [posts(:welcome)]
+    assert_equal expected, Author.preload(:general_categorizations, :general_posts).first.general_posts
+    assert_equal expected, Author.eager_load(:general_categorizations, :general_posts).first.general_posts
+  end
+
   def test_has_many_through_polymorphic_with_rewhere
     post = TaggedPost.create!(title: "Tagged", body: "Post")
     tag = post.tags.create!(name: "Tag")

activerecord/test/models/author.rb

@@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :special_categories, through: :special_categorizations, source: :category
   has_one  :special_category,   through: :special_categorizations, source: :category
 
+  has_many :general_categorizations, -> { joins(:category).where("categories.name": "General") }, class_name: "Categorization"
+  has_many :general_posts, through: :general_categorizations, source: :post
+
   has_many :special_categories_with_conditions, -> { where(categorizations: { special: true }) }, through: :categorizations, source: :category
   has_many :nonspecial_categories_with_conditions, -> { where(categorizations: { special: false }) }, through: :categorizations, source: :category