diff --git a/activejob/CHANGELOG.md b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
index 1a754a070b..c3b813d123 100644
--- a/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+*   `ActiveJob::TestCase#perform_enqueued_jobs` will no longer perform retries:
+
+    When calling `perform_enqueued_jobs` without a block, the adapter will
+    now perform jobs that are **already** in the queue. Jobs that will end up in
+    the queue afterwards won't be performed.
+
+    This change only affects `perform_enqueued_jobs` when no block is given.
+
+    *Edouard Chin*
+
 *   Add queue name support to Que adapter
 
     *Brad Nauta*, *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
index 2d1e0dd103..b21993283e 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ module ActiveJob
       def jobs_with(jobs, only: nil, except: nil, queue: nil, at: nil)
         validate_option(only: only, except: except)
 
-        jobs.count do |job|
+        jobs.dup.count do |job|
           job_class = job.fetch(:job)
 
           if only
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
index 9cf829b2aa..0b70708b45 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -919,6 +919,17 @@ class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     assert_equal(1, performed_jobs.size)
   end
 
+  def test_perform_enqueued_jobs_dont_perform_retries
+    RaisingJob.perform_later
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      perform_enqueued_jobs(only: RaisingJob)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(1, performed_jobs.size)
+    assert_equal(2, enqueued_jobs.size)
+  end
+
   def test_assert_performed_jobs
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_performed_jobs 1 do
@@ -1877,13 +1888,13 @@ class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
   end
 
   test "TestAdapter respect max attempts" do
-    RaisingJob.perform_later
-
-    assert_raises(RaisingJob::MyError) do
-      perform_enqueued_jobs
+    perform_enqueued_jobs(only: RaisingJob) do
+      assert_raises(RaisingJob::MyError) do
+        RaisingJob.perform_later
+      end
     end
 
-    assert_equal 2, queue_adapter.enqueued_jobs.count
+    assert_equal 2, queue_adapter.performed_jobs.count
   end
 end