Fix problem with accessing constant proxy subclass

This commit fixes #36313.

After #32065 moved `SourceAnnotationExtractor` into `Rails` module, it
broke the ability to access `SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotate`
directly as user would get this error:

    TypeError: Rails::SourceAnnotationExtractor is not a class/module

This commit fixes the issue by making `DeprecatedConstantProxy` to
inherit from `Module` and then defines `method_missing` and
`const_missing` to retain the previous functionality.

Thank you Matthew Draper for the idea of how to fix the issue!

[Prem Sichanugrist & Matthew Draper]

activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb

@@ -120,7 +120,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   # => DEPRECATION WARNING: PLANETS is deprecated! Use PLANETS_POST_2006 instead.
     #        (Backtrace information…)
     #        ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
-    class DeprecatedConstantProxy < DeprecationProxy
+    class DeprecatedConstantProxy < Module
+      def self.new(*args, &block)
+        object = args.first
+
+        return object unless object
+        super
+      end
+
       def initialize(old_const, new_const, deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.instance, message: "#{old_const} is deprecated! Use #{new_const} instead.")
         require "active_support/inflector/methods"
 
@@ -130,6 +137,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @message = message
       end
 
+      instance_methods.each { |m| undef_method m unless /^__|^object_id$/.match?(m) }
+
+      # Don't give a deprecation warning on inspect since test/unit and error
+      # logs rely on it for diagnostics.
+      def inspect
+        target.inspect
+      end
+
       # Returns the class of the new constant.
       #
       #   PLANETS_POST_2006 = %w(mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune)
@@ -144,8 +159,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
           ActiveSupport::Inflector.constantize(@new_const.to_s)
         end
 
-        def warn(callstack, called, args)
-          @deprecator.warn(@message, callstack)
+        def const_missing(name)
+          @deprecator.warn(@message, caller_locations)
+          target.const_get(name)
+        end
+
+        def method_missing(called, *args, &block)
+          @deprecator.warn(@message, caller_locations)
+          target.__send__(called, *args, &block)
         end
     end
   end

activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb

@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ class Deprecatee
     C = 1
   end
   A = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new("Deprecatee::A", "Deprecatee::B::C")
+
+  module New
+    class Descendant; end
+  end
+  Old = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new("Deprecatee::Old", "Deprecatee::New")
 end
 
 class DeprecateeWithAccessor
@@ -210,6 +215,18 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not_deprecated { assert_equal Deprecatee::B::C.class, Deprecatee::A.class }
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_constant_descendant
+    assert_not_deprecated { Deprecatee::New::Descendant }
+
+    assert_deprecated("Deprecatee::Old") do
+      assert_equal Deprecatee::Old::Descendant, Deprecatee::New::Descendant
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      assert_deprecated("Deprecatee::Old") { Deprecatee::Old::NON_EXISTENCE }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_deprecated_constant_accessor
     assert_not_deprecated { DeprecateeWithAccessor::B::C }
     assert_deprecated("DeprecateeWithAccessor::A") { assert_equal DeprecateeWithAccessor::B::C, DeprecateeWithAccessor::A }