diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb index c8f675db86..f2e1269f27 100644 --- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb +++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ module ActiveStorage # Returns a signed, temporary URL that a direct upload file can be PUT to on the +key+. # The URL will be valid for the amount of seconds specified in +expires_in+. - # You most also provide the +content_type+, +content_length+, and +checksum+ of the file + # You must also provide the +content_type+, +content_length+, and +checksum+ of the file # that will be uploaded. All these attributes will be validated by the service upon upload. def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:) raise NotImplementedError diff --git a/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md b/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ab14ad3de --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,549 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + +Active Storage +============== + +This guide covers how to attach files to your Active Record models. + +After reading this guide, you will know: + +* How to attach one or many files to a record. +* How to delete an attached file. +* How to link to an attached file. +* How to use variants to transform images. +* How to generate an image representation of a non-image file, such as a PDF or a video. +* How to send file uploads directly from browsers to a storage service, + bypassing your application servers. +* How to clean up files stored during testing. +* How to implement support for additional storage services. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +What is Active Storage? +----------------------- + +Active Storage facilitates uploading files to a cloud storage service like +Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, or Microsoft Azure Storage and attaching those +files to Active Record objects. It comes with a local disk-based service for +development and testing and supports mirroring files to subordinate services for +backups and migrations. + +Using Active Storage, an application can transform image uploads with +[ImageMagick](https://www.imagemagick.org), generate image representations of +non-image uploads like PDFs and videos, and extract metadata from arbitrary +files. + +## Setup + +Active Storage uses two tables in your application’s database named +`active_storage_blobs` and `active_storage_attachments`. After upgrading your +application to Rails 5.2, run `rails active_storage:install` to generate a +migration that creates these tables. Use `rails db:migrate` to run the +migration. + +You need not run `rails active_storage:install` in a new Rails 5.2 application: +the migration is generated automatically. + +Declare Active Storage services in `config/storage.yml`. For each service your +application uses, provide a name and the requisite configuration. The example +below declares three services named `local`, `test`, and `s3`: + +```yaml +local: + service: Disk + root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %> + +test: + service: Disk + root: <%= Rails.root.join("tmp/storage") %> + +s3: + service: S3 + access_key_id: "" + secret_access_key: "" +``` + +Tell Active Storage which service to use by setting +`Rails.application.config.active_storage.service`. Because each environment will +likely use a different service, it is recommended to do this on a +per-environment basis. To use the disk service from the previous example in the +development environment, you would add the following to +config/environments/development.rb: + +```ruby +# Store files locally. +config.active_storage.service = :local +``` + +To use the s3 service in production, you add the following to +`config/environments/production.rb`: + +```ruby +# Store files in S3. +config.active_storage.service = :s3 +``` + +Continue reading for more information on the built-in service adapters (e.g. +`Disk` and `S3`) and the configuration they require. + +### Disk Service + +Declare a Disk service in `config/storage.yml`: + +``` yaml +local: + service: Disk + root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %> +``` + +### Amazon S3 Service + +Declare an S3 service in `config/storage.yml`: + +``` yaml +s3: + service: S3 + access_key_id: "" + secret_access_key: "" + region: "" + bucket: "" +``` +Also, add the S3 client gem to your Gemfile: + +``` ruby +gem "aws-sdk-s3", require: false +``` + +### Microsoft Azure Storage Service + +Declare an Azure Storage service in `config/storage.yml`: + +``` yaml +azure: + service: AzureStorage + path: "" + storage_account_name: "" + storage_access_key: "" + container: "" +``` + +Also, add the Microsoft Azure Storage client gem to your Gemfile: + +``` ruby +gem "azure-storage", require: false +``` + +### Google Cloud Storage Service + +Declare a Google Cloud Storage service in `config/storage.yml`: + +``` yaml +google: + service: GCS + keyfile: { + type: "service_account", + project_id: "", + private_key_id: "", + private_key: "", + client_email: "", + client_id: "", + auth_uri: "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth", + token_uri: "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token", + auth_provider_x509_cert_url: "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/certs", + client_x509_cert_url: "" + } + project: "" + bucket: "" +``` + +Also, add the Google Cloud Storage client gem to your Gemfile: + +``` ruby +gem "google-cloud-storage", "~> 1.3", require: false +``` + +### Mirror Service + +You can keep multiple services in sync by defining a mirror service. When a file +is uploaded or deleted, it's done across all the mirrored services. Mirrored +services can be used to facilitate a migration between services in production. +You can start mirroring to the new service, copy existing files from the old +service to the new, then go all-in on the new service. Define each of the +services you'd like to use as described above and reference them from a mirrored +service. + +``` yaml +s3_west_coast: + service: S3 + access_key_id: "" + secret_access_key: "" + region: "" + bucket: "" + +s3_east_coast: + service: S3 + access_key_id: "" + secret_access_key: "" + region: "" + bucket: "" + +production: + service: Mirror + primary: s3_east_coast + mirrors: + - s3_west_coast +``` + +NOTE: Files are served from the primary service. + +Attach Files to a Model +----------------------- + +### `has_one_attached` + +The `has_one_attached` macro sets up a one-to-one mapping between records and +files. Each record can have one file attached to it. + +For example, suppose your application has a User model. If you want each user to +have an avatar, define the `User` model like this: + +``` ruby +class User < ApplicationRecord + has_one_attached :avatar +end +``` + +You can create a user with an avatar: + +``` ruby +class SignupController < ApplicationController + def create + user = Users.create!(user_params) + session[:user_id] = user.id + redirect_to root_path + end + + private + def user_params + params.require(:user).permit(:email_address, :password, :avatar) + end +end +``` + +Call `avatar.attach` to attach an avatar to an existing user: + +```ruby +Current.user.avatar.attach(params[:avatar]) +``` + +Call `avatar.attached?` to determine whether a particular user has an avatar: + +```ruby +Current.user.avatar.attached? +``` + +### `has_many_attached` + +The `has_many_attached` macro sets up a one-to-many relationship between records +and files. Each record can have many files attached to it. + +For example, suppose your application has a `Message` model. If you want each +message to have many images, define the Message model like this: + +```ruby +class Message < ApplicationRecord + has_many_attached :images +end +``` + +You can create a message with images: + +```ruby +class MessagesController < ApplicationController + def create + message = Message.create!(message_params) + redirect_to message + end + + private + def message_params + params.require(:message).permit(:title, :content, images: []) + end +end +``` + +Call `images.attach` to add new images to an existing message: + +```ruby +@message.images.attach(params[:images]) +``` + +Call `images.attached?` to determine whether a particular message has any images: + +```ruby +@message.images.attached? +``` + +Remove File Attached to Model +----------------------------- + +To remove an attachment from a model, call `purge` on the attachment. Removal +can be done in the background if your application is setup to use Active Job. +Purging deletes the blob and the file from the storage service. + +```ruby +# Synchronously destroy the avatar and actual resource files. +user.avatar.purge + +# Destroy the associated models and actual resource files async, via Active Job. +user.avatar.purge_later +``` + +Link to Attachments +------------------- + +Generate a permanent URL for the blob that points to the application. Upon +access, a redirect to the actual service endpoint is returned. This indirection +decouples the public URL from the actual one, and allows, for example, mirroring +attachments in different services for high-availability. The redirection has an +HTTP expiration of 5 min. + +```ruby +url_for(user.avatar) +``` + +To create a download link, use the `rails_blob_{path|url}` helper. Using this +helper allows you to set the disposition. + +```ruby +rails_blob_path(user.avatar, disposition: "attachment") +``` + +Transform Images +---------------- + +To create variation of the image, call `variant` on the Blob. +You can pass any [MiniMagick](https://github.com/minimagick/minimagick) +supported transformation to the method. + +To enable variants, add `mini_magick` to your Gemfile: + +``` ruby +gem 'mini_magick' +``` + +When the browser hits the variant URL, ActiveStorage will lazy transform the +original blob into the format you specified and redirect to its new service +location. + +```erb +<%= image_tag user.avatar.variant(resize: "100x100") %> +``` + +Preview Non-image Files +----------------------- + +Some non-image files can be previewed: that is, they can be presented as images. +For example, a video file can be previewed by extracting its first frame. Out of +the box, Active Storage supports previewing videos and PDF documents. + +```erb +