SQLite3 valid integer value should be 8 bytes (64-bit signed integer) (#28379)

This is a regression since Rails 4.2.

SQLite3 integer is stored in 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 bytes depending on the
magnitude of the value. Assuming default valid value as 4 bytes caused
that actual valid value in INTEGER storage class cannot be stored and
existing value cannot be found.

https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html

We should allow valid value in INTEGER storage class in SQLite3 to fix
the regression.

Fixes #22594.

activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb

@@ -374,6 +374,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+        def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
+          super
+          register_class_with_limit m, %r(int)i, SQLite3Integer
+        end
 
         def table_structure(table_name)
           structure = exec_query("PRAGMA table_info(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", "SCHEMA")
@@ -529,6 +533,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def configure_connection
           execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON", "SCHEMA")
         end
+
+        class SQLite3Integer < Type::Integer # :nodoc:
+          private
+            def _limit
+              # INTEGER storage class can be stored 8 bytes value.
+              # See https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html#storage_classes_and_datatypes
+              limit || 8
+            end
+        end
+
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:integer, SQLite3Integer, adapter: :sqlite3)
     end
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record_sqlite3adapter, SQLite3Adapter)
   end

activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb

@@ -891,11 +891,9 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2147483648, company.rating
   end
 
-  unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-    def test_bignum_pk
-      company = Company.create!(id: 2147483648, name: "foo")
-      assert_equal company, Company.find(company.id)
-    end
+  def test_bignum_pk
+    company = Company.create!(id: 2147483648, name: "foo")
+    assert_equal company, Company.find(company.id)
   end
 
   # TODO: extend defaults tests to other databases!