# frozen_string_literal: true
# A blob is a record that contains the metadata about a file and a key for where that file resides on the service.
# Blobs can be created in two ways:
#
# 1. Ahead of the file being uploaded server-side to the service, via create_and_upload!. A rewindable
# io with the file contents must be available at the server for this operation.
# 2. Ahead of the file being directly uploaded client-side to the service, via create_before_direct_upload!.
#
# The first option doesn't require any client-side JavaScript integration, and can be used by any other back-end
# service that deals with files. The second option is faster, since you're not using your own server as a staging
# point for uploads, and can work with deployments like Heroku that do not provide large amounts of disk space.
#
# Blobs are intended to be immutable in as-so-far as their reference to a specific file goes. You're allowed to
# update a blob's metadata on a subsequent pass, but you should not update the key or change the uploaded file.
# If you need to create a derivative or otherwise change the blob, simply create a new blob and purge the old one.
class ActiveStorage::Blob < ActiveRecord::Base
# We use constant paths in the following include calls to avoid a gotcha of
# classic mode: If the parent application defines a top-level Analyzable, for
# example, and ActiveStorage::Blob::Analyzable is not yet loaded, a bare
#
# include Analyzable
#
# would resolve to the top-level one, const_missing would not be triggered,
# and therefore ActiveStorage::Blob::Analyzable would not be autoloaded.
#
# By using qualified names, we ensure const_missing is invoked if needed.
# Please, note that Ruby 2.5 or newer is required, so Object is not checked
# when looking up the ancestors of ActiveStorage::Blob.
#
# Zeitwerk mode does not have this gotcha. If we ever drop classic mode, this
# can be simplified, bare constant names would just work.
include ActiveStorage::Blob::Analyzable
include ActiveStorage::Blob::Identifiable
include ActiveStorage::Blob::Representable
self.table_name = "active_storage_blobs"
MINIMUM_TOKEN_LENGTH = 28
has_secure_token :key, length: MINIMUM_TOKEN_LENGTH
store :metadata, accessors: [ :analyzed, :identified ], coder: ActiveRecord::Coders::JSON
class_attribute :services, default: {}
class_attribute :service, instance_accessor: false
has_many :attachments
scope :unattached, -> { where.missing(:attachments) }
after_initialize do
self.service_name ||= self.class.service.name
end
after_update_commit :update_service_metadata, if: :content_type_previously_changed?
before_destroy(prepend: true) do
raise ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey if attachments.exists?
end
validates :service_name, presence: true
validate do
if service_name_changed? && service_name.present?
services.fetch(service_name) do
errors.add(:service_name, :invalid)
end
end
end
class << self
# You can use the signed ID of a blob to refer to it on the client side without fear of tampering.
# This is particularly helpful for direct uploads where the client-side needs to refer to the blob
# that was created ahead of the upload itself on form submission.
#
# The signed ID is also used to create stable URLs for the blob through the BlobsController.
def find_signed!(id, record: nil)
super(id, purpose: :blob_id)
end
def build_after_upload(io:, filename:, content_type: nil, metadata: nil, service_name: nil, identify: true, record: nil) #:nodoc:
new(filename: filename, content_type: content_type, metadata: metadata, service_name: service_name).tap do |blob|
blob.upload(io, identify: identify)
end
end
deprecate :build_after_upload
def build_after_unfurling(key: nil, io:, filename:, content_type: nil, metadata: nil, service_name: nil, identify: true, record: nil) #:nodoc:
new(key: key, filename: filename, content_type: content_type, metadata: metadata, service_name: service_name).tap do |blob|
blob.unfurl(io, identify: identify)
end
end
def create_after_unfurling!(key: nil, io:, filename:, content_type: nil, metadata: nil, service_name: nil, identify: true, record: nil) #:nodoc:
build_after_unfurling(key: key, io: io, filename: filename, content_type: content_type, metadata: metadata, service_name: service_name, identify: identify).tap(&:save!)
end
# Creates a new blob instance and then uploads the contents of
# the given io to the service. The blob instance is going to
# be saved before the upload begins to prevent the upload clobbering another due to key collisions.
# When providing a content type, pass identify: false to bypass
# automatic content type inference.
def create_and_upload!(key: nil, io:, filename:, content_type: nil, metadata: nil, service_name: nil, identify: true, record: nil)
create_after_unfurling!(key: key, io: io, filename: filename, content_type: content_type, metadata: metadata, service_name: service_name, identify: identify).tap do |blob|
blob.upload_without_unfurling(io)
end
end
alias_method :create_after_upload!, :create_and_upload!
deprecate create_after_upload!: :create_and_upload!
# Returns a saved blob _without_ uploading a file to the service. This blob will point to a key where there is
# no file yet. It's intended to be used together with a client-side upload, which will first create the blob
# in order to produce the signed URL for uploading. This signed URL points to the key generated by the blob.
# Once the form using the direct upload is submitted, the blob can be associated with the right record using
# the signed ID.
def create_before_direct_upload!(key: nil, filename:, byte_size:, checksum:, content_type: nil, metadata: nil, service_name: nil, record: nil)
create! key: key, filename: filename, byte_size: byte_size, checksum: checksum, content_type: content_type, metadata: metadata, service_name: service_name
end
# To prevent problems with case-insensitive filesystems, especially in combination
# with databases which treat indices as case-sensitive, all blob keys generated are going
# to only contain the base-36 character alphabet and will therefore be lowercase. To maintain
# the same or higher amount of entropy as in the base-58 encoding used by `has_secure_token`
# the number of bytes used is increased to 28 from the standard 24
def generate_unique_secure_token(length: MINIMUM_TOKEN_LENGTH)
SecureRandom.base36(length)
end
# Customize signed ID purposes for backwards compatibility.
def combine_signed_id_purposes(purpose) #:nodoc:
purpose.to_s
end
# Customize the default signed ID verifier for backwards compatibility.
#
# We override the reader (.signed_id_verifier) instead of just calling the writer (.signed_id_verifier=)
# to guard against the case where ActiveStorage.verifier isn't yet initialized at load time.
def signed_id_verifier #:nodoc:
@signed_id_verifier ||= ActiveStorage.verifier
end
end
# Returns a signed ID for this blob that's suitable for reference on the client-side without fear of tampering.
def signed_id
super(purpose: :blob_id)
end
# Returns the key pointing to the file on the service that's associated with this blob. The key is the
# secure-token format from Rails in lower case. So it'll look like: xtapjjcjiudrlk3tmwyjgpuobabd.
# This key is not intended to be revealed directly to the user.
# Always refer to blobs using the signed_id or a verified form of the key.
def key
# We can't wait until the record is first saved to have a key for it
self[:key] ||= self.class.generate_unique_secure_token(length: MINIMUM_TOKEN_LENGTH)
end
# Returns an ActiveStorage::Filename instance of the filename that can be
# queried for basename, extension, and a sanitized version of the filename
# that's safe to use in URLs.
def filename
ActiveStorage::Filename.new(self[:filename])
end
# Returns true if the content_type of this blob is in the image range, like image/png.
def image?
content_type.start_with?("image")
end
# Returns true if the content_type of this blob is in the audio range, like audio/mpeg.
def audio?
content_type.start_with?("audio")
end
# Returns true if the content_type of this blob is in the video range, like video/mp4.
def video?
content_type.start_with?("video")
end
# Returns true if the content_type of this blob is in the text range, like text/plain.
def text?
content_type.start_with?("text")
end
# Returns the URL of the blob on the service. This returns a permanent URL for public files, and returns a
# short-lived URL for private files. Private files are signed, and not for public use. Instead,
# the URL should only be exposed as a redirect from a stable, possibly authenticated URL. Hiding the
# URL behind a redirect also allows you to change services without updating all URLs.
def url(expires_in: ActiveStorage.service_urls_expire_in, disposition: :inline, filename: nil, **options)
service.url key, expires_in: expires_in, filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.wrap(filename || self.filename),
content_type: content_type_for_serving, disposition: forced_disposition_for_serving || disposition, **options
end
alias_method :service_url, :url
deprecate service_url: :url
# Returns a URL that can be used to directly upload a file for this blob on the service. This URL is intended to be
# short-lived for security and only generated on-demand by the client-side JavaScript responsible for doing the uploading.
def service_url_for_direct_upload(expires_in: ActiveStorage.service_urls_expire_in)
service.url_for_direct_upload key, expires_in: expires_in, content_type: content_type, content_length: byte_size, checksum: checksum
end
# Returns a Hash of headers for +service_url_for_direct_upload+ requests.
def service_headers_for_direct_upload
service.headers_for_direct_upload key, filename: filename, content_type: content_type, content_length: byte_size, checksum: checksum
end
def content_type_for_serving #:nodoc:
forcibly_serve_as_binary? ? ActiveStorage.binary_content_type : content_type
end
def forced_disposition_for_serving #:nodoc:
if forcibly_serve_as_binary? || !allowed_inline?
:attachment
end
end
# Uploads the +io+ to the service on the +key+ for this blob. Blobs are intended to be immutable, so you shouldn't be
# using this method after a file has already been uploaded to fit with a blob. If you want to create a derivative blob,
# you should instead simply create a new blob based on the old one.
#
# Prior to uploading, we compute the checksum, which is sent to the service for transit integrity validation. If the
# checksum does not match what the service receives, an exception will be raised. We also measure the size of the +io+
# and store that in +byte_size+ on the blob record. The content type is automatically extracted from the +io+ unless
# you specify a +content_type+ and pass +identify+ as false.
#
# Normally, you do not have to call this method directly at all. Use the +create_and_upload!+ class method instead.
# If you do use this method directly, make sure you are using it on a persisted Blob as otherwise another blob's
# data might get overwritten on the service.
def upload(io, identify: true)
unfurl io, identify: identify
upload_without_unfurling io
end
def unfurl(io, identify: true) #:nodoc:
self.checksum = compute_checksum_in_chunks(io)
self.content_type = extract_content_type(io) if content_type.nil? || identify
self.byte_size = io.size
self.identified = true
end
def upload_without_unfurling(io) #:nodoc:
service.upload key, io, checksum: checksum, **service_metadata
end
# Downloads the file associated with this blob. If no block is given, the entire file is read into memory and returned.
# That'll use a lot of RAM for very large files. If a block is given, then the download is streamed and yielded in chunks.
def download(&block)
service.download key, &block
end
# Downloads the blob to a tempfile on disk. Yields the tempfile.
#
# The tempfile's name is prefixed with +ActiveStorage-+ and the blob's ID. Its extension matches that of the blob.
#
# By default, the tempfile is created in Dir.tmpdir. Pass +tmpdir:+ to create it in a different directory:
#
# blob.open(tmpdir: "/path/to/tmp") do |file|
# # ...
# end
#
# The tempfile is automatically closed and unlinked after the given block is executed.
#
# Raises ActiveStorage::IntegrityError if the downloaded data does not match the blob's checksum.
def open(tmpdir: nil, &block)
service.open key, checksum: checksum,
name: [ "ActiveStorage-#{id}-", filename.extension_with_delimiter ], tmpdir: tmpdir, &block
end
def mirror_later #:nodoc:
ActiveStorage::MirrorJob.perform_later(key, checksum: checksum) if service.respond_to?(:mirror)
end
# Deletes the files on the service associated with the blob. This should only be done if the blob is going to be
# deleted as well or you will essentially have a dead reference. It's recommended to use #purge and #purge_later
# methods in most circumstances.
def delete
service.delete(key)
service.delete_prefixed("variants/#{key}/") if image?
end
# Destroys the blob record and then deletes the file on the service. This is the recommended way to dispose of unwanted
# blobs. Note, though, that deleting the file off the service will initiate an HTTP connection to the service, which may
# be slow or prevented, so you should not use this method inside a transaction or in callbacks. Use #purge_later instead.
def purge
destroy
delete
rescue ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey
end
# Enqueues an ActiveStorage::PurgeJob to call #purge. This is the recommended way to purge blobs from a transaction,
# an Active Record callback, or in any other real-time scenario.
def purge_later
ActiveStorage::PurgeJob.perform_later(self)
end
# Returns an instance of service, which can be configured globally or per attachment
def service
services.fetch(service_name)
end
private
def compute_checksum_in_chunks(io)
Digest::MD5.new.tap do |checksum|
while chunk = io.read(5.megabytes)
checksum << chunk
end
io.rewind
end.base64digest
end
def extract_content_type(io)
Marcel::MimeType.for io, name: filename.to_s, declared_type: content_type
end
def forcibly_serve_as_binary?
ActiveStorage.content_types_to_serve_as_binary.include?(content_type)
end
def allowed_inline?
ActiveStorage.content_types_allowed_inline.include?(content_type)
end
def service_metadata
if forcibly_serve_as_binary?
{ content_type: ActiveStorage.binary_content_type, disposition: :attachment, filename: filename }
elsif !allowed_inline?
{ content_type: content_type, disposition: :attachment, filename: filename }
else
{ content_type: content_type }
end
end
def update_service_metadata
service.update_metadata key, **service_metadata if service_metadata.any?
end
end
ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :active_storage_blob, ActiveStorage::Blob