**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.** Active Record and PostgreSQL ============================ This guide covers PostgreSQL specific usage of Active Record. After reading this guide, you will know: * How to use PostgreSQL's datatypes. * How to use UUID primary keys. * How to implement full text search with PostgreSQL. * How to back your Active Record models with database views. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In order to use the PostgreSQL adapter you need to have at least version 9.3 installed. Older versions are not supported. To get started with PostgreSQL have a look at the [configuring Rails guide](configuring.html#configuring-a-postgresql-database). It describes how to properly set up Active Record for PostgreSQL. Datatypes --------- PostgreSQL offers a number of specific datatypes. Following is a list of types, that are supported by the PostgreSQL adapter. ### Bytea * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-binary.html) * [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-binarystring.html) ```ruby # db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb create_table :documents do |t| t.binary 'payload' end ``` ```ruby # app/models/document.rb class Document < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```ruby # Usage data = File.read(Rails.root + "tmp/output.pdf") Document.create payload: data ``` ### Array * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/arrays.html) * [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-array.html) ```ruby # db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb create_table :books do |t| t.string 'title' t.string 'tags', array: true t.integer 'ratings', array: true end add_index :books, :tags, using: 'gin' add_index :books, :ratings, using: 'gin' ``` ```ruby # app/models/book.rb class Book < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```ruby # Usage Book.create title: "Brave New World", tags: ["fantasy", "fiction"], ratings: [4, 5] ## Books for a single tag Book.where("'fantasy' = ANY (tags)") ## Books for multiple tags Book.where("tags @> ARRAY[?]::varchar[]", ["fantasy", "fiction"]) ## Books with 3 or more ratings Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3") ``` ### Hstore * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/hstore.html) * [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/hstore.html#id-1.11.7.26.5) NOTE: You need to enable the `hstore` extension to use hstore. ```ruby # db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb ActiveRecord::Schema.define do enable_extension 'hstore' unless extension_enabled?('hstore') create_table :profiles do |t| t.hstore 'settings' end end ``` ```ruby # app/models/profile.rb class Profile < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> Profile.create(settings: { "color" => "blue", "resolution" => "800x600" }) irb> profile = Profile.first irb> profile.settings => {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"} irb> profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"} irb> profile.save! irb> Profile.where("settings->'color' = ?", "yellow") => #"yellow", "resolution"=>"1280x1024"}>]> ``` ### JSON and JSONB * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-json.html) * [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-json.html) ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb # ... for json datatype: create_table :events do |t| t.json 'payload' end # ... or for jsonb datatype: create_table :events do |t| t.jsonb 'payload' end ``` ```ruby # app/models/event.rb class Event < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> Event.create(payload: { kind: "user_renamed", change: ["jack", "john"]}) irb> event = Event.first irb> event.payload => {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]} ## Query based on JSON document # The -> operator returns the original JSON type (which might be an object), whereas ->> returns text irb> Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed") ``` ### Range Types * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/rangetypes.html) * [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-range.html) This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.7.0/Range.html) objects. ```ruby # db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb create_table :events do |t| t.daterange 'duration' end ``` ```ruby # app/models/event.rb class Event < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> Event.create(duration: Date.new(2014, 2, 11)..Date.new(2014, 2, 12)) irb> event = Event.first irb> event.duration => Tue, 11 Feb 2014...Thu, 13 Feb 2014 ## All Events on a given date irb> Event.where("duration @> ?::date", Date.new(2014, 2, 12)) ## Working with range bounds irb> event = Event.select("lower(duration) AS starts_at").select("upper(duration) AS ends_at").first irb> event.starts_at => Tue, 11 Feb 2014 irb> event.ends_at => Thu, 13 Feb 2014 ``` ### Composite Types * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/rowtypes.html) Currently there is no special support for composite types. They are mapped to normal text columns: ```sql CREATE TYPE full_address AS ( city VARCHAR(90), street VARCHAR(90) ); ``` ```ruby # db/migrate/20140207133952_create_contacts.rb execute <<-SQL CREATE TYPE full_address AS ( city VARCHAR(90), street VARCHAR(90) ); SQL create_table :contacts do |t| t.column :address, :full_address end ``` ```ruby # app/models/contact.rb class Contact < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> Contact.create address: "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)" irb> contact = Contact.first irb> contact.address => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)" irb> contact.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)" irb> contact.save! ``` ### Enumerated Types * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-enum.html) Currently there is no special support for enumerated types. They are mapped as normal text columns: ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles.rb def up execute <<-SQL CREATE TYPE article_status AS ENUM ('draft', 'published'); SQL create_table :articles do |t| t.column :status, :article_status end end # NOTE: It's important to drop table before dropping enum. def down drop_table :articles execute <<-SQL DROP TYPE article_status; SQL end ``` ```ruby # app/models/article.rb class Article < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> Article.create status: "draft" irb> article = Article.first irb> article.status => "draft" irb> article.status = "published" irb> article.save! ``` To add a new value before/after existing one you should use [ALTER TYPE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-altertype.html): ```ruby # db/migrate/20150720144913_add_new_state_to_articles.rb # NOTE: ALTER TYPE ... ADD VALUE cannot be executed inside of a transaction block so here we are using disable_ddl_transaction! disable_ddl_transaction! def up execute <<-SQL ALTER TYPE article_status ADD VALUE IF NOT EXISTS 'archived' AFTER 'published'; SQL end ``` NOTE: ENUM values can't be dropped currently. You can read why [here](https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/29F36C7C98AB09499B1A209D48EAA615B7653DBC8A@mail2a.alliedtesting.com). Hint: to show all the values of the all enums you have, you should call this query in `bin/rails db` or `psql` console: ```sql SELECT n.nspname AS enum_schema, t.typname AS enum_name, e.enumlabel AS enum_value FROM pg_type t JOIN pg_enum e ON t.oid = e.enumtypid JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.typnamespace ``` ### UUID * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-uuid.html) * [pgcrypto generator function](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/pgcrypto.html) * [uuid-ossp generator functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/uuid-ossp.html) NOTE: You need to enable the `pgcrypto` (only PostgreSQL >= 9.4) or `uuid-ossp` extension to use uuid. ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb create_table :revisions do |t| t.uuid :identifier end ``` ```ruby # app/models/revision.rb class Revision < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> Revision.create identifier: "A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11" irb> revision = Revision.first irb> revision.identifier => "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11" ``` You can use `uuid` type to define references in migrations: ```ruby # db/migrate/20150418012400_create_blog.rb enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto') create_table :posts, id: :uuid create_table :comments, id: :uuid do |t| # t.belongs_to :post, type: :uuid t.references :post, type: :uuid end ``` ```ruby # app/models/post.rb class Post < ApplicationRecord has_many :comments end ``` ```ruby # app/models/comment.rb class Comment < ApplicationRecord belongs_to :post end ``` See [this section](#uuid-primary-keys) for more details on using UUIDs as primary key. ### Bit String Types * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-bit.html) * [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-bitstring.html) ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb create_table :users, force: true do |t| t.column :settings, "bit(8)" end ``` ```ruby # app/models/user.rb class User < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> User.create settings: "01010011" irb> user = User.first irb> user.settings => "01010011" irb> user.settings = "0xAF" irb> user.settings => 10101111 irb> user.save! ``` ### Network Address Types * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-net-types.html) The types `inet` and `cidr` are mapped to Ruby [`IPAddr`](https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.7.0/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html) objects. The `macaddr` type is mapped to normal text. ```ruby # db/migrate/20140508144913_create_devices.rb create_table(:devices, force: true) do |t| t.inet 'ip' t.cidr 'network' t.macaddr 'address' end ``` ```ruby # app/models/device.rb class Device < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> macbook = Device.create(ip: "192.168.1.12", network: "192.168.2.0/24", address: "32:01:16:6d:05:ef") irb> macbook.ip => # irb> macbook.network => # irb> macbook.address => "32:01:16:6d:05:ef" ``` ### Geometric Types * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-geometric.html) All geometric types, with the exception of `points` are mapped to normal text. A point is casted to an array containing `x` and `y` coordinates. ### Interval * [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-INTERVAL-INPUT) * [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html) This type is mapped to [`ActiveSupport::Duration`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Duration.html) objects. ```ruby # db/migrate/20200120000000_create_events.rb create_table :events do |t| t.interval 'duration' end ``` ```ruby # app/models/event.rb class Event < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```irb irb> Event.create(duration: 2.days) irb> event = Event.first irb> event.duration => 2 days ``` UUID Primary Keys ----------------- NOTE: You need to enable the `pgcrypto` (only PostgreSQL >= 9.4) or `uuid-ossp` extension to generate random UUIDs. ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto') create_table :devices, id: :uuid do |t| t.string :kind end ``` ```ruby # app/models/device.rb class Device < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```ruby irb> device = Device.create irb> device.id => "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e" ``` NOTE: `gen_random_uuid()` (from `pgcrypto`) is assumed if no `:default` option was passed to `create_table`. Full Text Search ---------------- ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb create_table :documents do |t| t.string 'title' t.string 'body' end add_index :documents, "to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body)", using: :gin, name: 'documents_idx' ``` ```ruby # app/models/document.rb class Document < ApplicationRecord end ``` ```ruby # Usage Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!") ## all documents matching 'cat & dog' Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)", "cat & dog") ``` Database Views -------------- * [view creation](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createview.html) Imagine you need to work with a legacy database containing the following table: ``` rails_pg_guide=# \d "TBL_ART" Table "public.TBL_ART" Column | Type | Modifiers ------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------ INT_ID | integer | not null default nextval('"TBL_ART_INT_ID_seq"'::regclass) STR_TITLE | character varying | STR_STAT | character varying | default 'draft'::character varying DT_PUBL_AT | timestamp without time zone | BL_ARCH | boolean | default false Indexes: "TBL_ART_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("INT_ID") ``` This table does not follow the Rails conventions at all. Because simple PostgreSQL views are updateable by default, we can wrap it as follows: ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles_view.rb execute <<-SQL CREATE VIEW articles AS SELECT "INT_ID" AS id, "STR_TITLE" AS title, "STR_STAT" AS status, "DT_PUBL_AT" AS published_at, "BL_ARCH" AS archived FROM "TBL_ART" WHERE "BL_ARCH" = 'f' SQL ``` ```ruby # app/models/article.rb class Article < ApplicationRecord self.primary_key = "id" def archive! update_attribute :archived, true end end ``` ```irb irb> first = Article.create! title: "Winter is coming", status: "published", published_at: 1.year.ago irb> second = Article.create! title: "Brace yourself", status: "draft", published_at: 1.month.ago irb> Article.count => 2 irb> first.archive! irb> Article.count => 1 ``` NOTE: This application only cares about non-archived `Articles`. A view also allows for conditions so we can exclude the archived `Articles` directly.