rails--rails/guides/source/testing.md

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Testing Rails Applications

This guide covers built-in mechanisms in Rails for testing your application.

After reading this guide, you will know:

• Rails testing terminology.
• How to write unit, functional, integration, and system tests for your application.
• Other popular testing approaches and plugins.

---

Why Write Tests for your Rails Applications?

Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code while you are creating your models and controllers.

By running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring.

Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser.

Introduction to Testing

Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany.

Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go

Rails creates a test directory for you as soon as you create a Rails project using rails new application_name. If you list the contents of this directory then you shall see:

$ ls -F test
controllers/           helpers/               mailers/               system/                test_helper.rb
fixtures/              integration/           models/                application_system_test_case.rb

The helpers, mailers, and models directories are meant to hold tests for view helpers, mailers, and models, respectively. The controllers directory is meant to hold tests for controllers, routes, and views. The integration directory is meant to hold tests for interactions between controllers.

The system test directory holds system tests, which are used for full browser testing of your application. System tests allow you to test your application the way your users experience it and help you test your JavaScript as well. System tests inherit from Capybara and perform in browser tests for your application.

Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the fixtures directory.

A jobs directory will also be created when an associated test is first generated.

The test_helper.rb file holds the default configuration for your tests.

The application_system_test_case.rb holds the default configuration for your system tests.

The Test Environment

By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production.

Each environment's configuration can be modified similarly. In this case, we can modify our test environment by changing the options found in config/environments/test.rb.

NOTE: Your tests are run under RAILS_ENV=test.

Rails meets Minitest

If you remember, we used the rails generate model command in the Getting Started with Rails guide. We created our first model, and among other things it created test stubs in the test directory:

$ bin/rails generate model article title:string body:text
...
create  app/models/article.rb
create  test/models/article_test.rb
create  test/fixtures/articles.yml
...

The default test stub in test/models/article_test.rb looks like this:

require 'test_helper'

class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  # test "the truth" do
  #   assert true
  # end
end

A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails testing code and terminology.

require 'test_helper'

By requiring this file, test_helper.rb the default configuration to run our tests is loaded. We will include this with all the tests we write, so any methods added to this file are available to all our tests.

class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase

The ArticleTest class defines a test case because it inherits from ActiveSupport::TestCase. ArticleTest thus has all the methods available from ActiveSupport::TestCase. Later in this guide, we'll see some of the methods it gives us.

Any method defined within a class inherited from Minitest::Test (which is the superclass of ActiveSupport::TestCase) that begins with test_ (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, methods defined as test_password and test_valid_password are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.

Rails also adds a test method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal Minitest::Unit test with method names prefixed with test_. So you don't have to worry about naming the methods, and you can write something like:

test "the truth" do
  assert true
end

Which is approximately the same as writing this:

def test_the_truth
  assert true
end

Although you can still use regular method definitions, using the test macro allows for a more readable test name.

NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. This may require use of define_method and send calls to function properly, but formally there's little restriction on the name.

Next, let's look at our first assertion:

assert true

An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:

• does this value = that value?
• is this object nil?
• does this line of code throw an exception?
• is the user's password greater than 5 characters?

Every test may contain one or more assertions, with no restriction as to how many assertions are allowed. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.

Your first failing test

To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the article_test.rb test case.

test "should not save article without title" do
  article = Article.new
  assert_not article.save
end

Let us run this newly added test (where 6 is the number of line where the test is defined).

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6
Run options: --seed 44656

# Running:

F

Failure:
ArticleTest#test_should_not_save_article_without_title [/path/to/blog/test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
Expected true to be nil or false


bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6



Finished in 0.023918s, 41.8090 runs/s, 41.8090 assertions/s.

1 runs, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

In the output, F denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under Failure along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message that mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:

test "should not save article without title" do
  article = Article.new
  assert_not article.save, "Saved the article without a title"
end

Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:

Failure:
ArticleTest#test_should_not_save_article_without_title [/path/to/blog/test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
Saved the article without a title

Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the title field.

class Article < ApplicationRecord
  validates :title, presence: true
end

Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6
Run options: --seed 31252

# Running:

.

Finished in 0.027476s, 36.3952 runs/s, 36.3952 assertions/s.

1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as Test-Driven Development (TDD).

What an error looks like

To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error:

test "should report error" do
  # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case
  some_undefined_variable
  assert true
end

Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb
Run options: --seed 1808

# Running:

.E

Error:
ArticleTest#test_should_report_error:
NameError: undefined local variable or method 'some_undefined_variable' for #<ArticleTest:0x007fee3aa71798>
    test/models/article_test.rb:11:in 'block in <class:ArticleTest>'


bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:9



Finished in 0.040609s, 49.2500 runs/s, 24.6250 assertions/s.

2 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips

Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error.

NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in random order. The config.active_support.test_order option can be used to configure test order.

When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By default Rails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to your application. This eliminates the framework noise and helps to focus on your code. However there are situations when you want to see the full backtrace. Set the -b (or --backtrace) argument to enable this behavior:

$ bin/rails test -b test/models/article_test.rb

If we want this test to pass we can modify it to use assert_raises like so:

test "should report error" do
  # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case
  assert_raises(NameError) do
    some_undefined_variable
  end
end

This test should now pass.

Available Assertions

By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.

Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with Minitest, the default testing library used by Rails. The [msg] parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer.

Assertion	Purpose
assert( test, [msg] )	Ensures that test is true.
assert_not( test, [msg] )	Ensures that test is false.
assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )	Ensures that expected == actual is true.
assert_not_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )	Ensures that expected != actual is true.
assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] )	Ensures that expected.equal?(actual) is true.
assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )	Ensures that expected.equal?(actual) is false.
assert_nil( obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj.nil? is true.
assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj.nil? is false.
assert_empty( obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is empty?.
assert_not_empty( obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is not empty?.
assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )	Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.
assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )	Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.
assert_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is in collection.
assert_not_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is not in collection.
assert_in_delta( expected, actual, [delta], [msg] )	Ensures that the numbers expected and actual are within delta of each other.
assert_not_in_delta( expected, actual, [delta], [msg] )	Ensures that the numbers expected and actual are not within delta of each other.
assert_in_epsilon ( expected, actual, [epsilon], [msg] )	Ensures that the numbers expected and actual have a relative error less than epsilon.
assert_not_in_epsilon ( expected, actual, [epsilon], [msg] )	Ensures that the numbers expected and actual don't have a relative error less than epsilon.
assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }	Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.
assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }	Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.
assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is an instance of class.
assert_not_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is not an instance of class.
assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is an instance of class or is descending from it.
assert_not_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is not an instance of class and is not descending from it.
assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )	Ensures that obj responds to symbol.
assert_not_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )	Ensures that obj does not respond to symbol.
assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )	Ensures that obj1.operator(obj2) is true.
assert_not_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )	Ensures that obj1.operator(obj2) is false.
assert_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )	Ensures that obj.predicate is true, e.g. assert_predicate str, :empty?
assert_not_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )	Ensures that obj.predicate is false, e.g. assert_not_predicate str, :empty?
flunk( [msg] )	Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.

The above are a subset of assertions that minitest supports. For an exhaustive & more up-to-date list, please check Minitest API documentation, specifically Minitest::Assertions.

Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.

NOTE: Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won't cover in this tutorial.

Rails Specific Assertions

Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the minitest framework:

Assertion	Purpose
assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...}	Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.
assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)	Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.
assert_changes(expressions, message = nil, from:, to:, &block)	Test that the result of evaluating an expression is changed after invoking the passed in block.
assert_no_changes(expressions, message = nil, &block)	Test the result of evaluating an expression is not changed after invoking the passed in block.
assert_nothing_raised { block }	Ensures that the given block doesn't raise any exceptions.
assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)	Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.
assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)	Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.
assert_response(type, message = nil)	Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify :success to indicate 200-299, :redirect to indicate 300-399, :missing to indicate 404, or :error to match the 500-599 range. You can also pass an explicit status number or its symbolic equivalent. For more information, see full list of status codes and how their mapping works.
assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)	Asserts that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog") will also match the redirection of redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show") and so on. You can also pass named routes such as assert_redirected_to root_path and Active Record objects such as assert_redirected_to @article.

You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.

A Brief Note About Test Cases

All the basic assertions such as assert_equal defined in Minitest::Assertions are also available in the classes we use in our own test cases. In fact, Rails provides the following classes for you to inherit from:

• ActiveSupport::TestCase
• ActionMailer::TestCase
• ActionView::TestCase
• ActiveJob::TestCase
• ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
• ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
• Rails::Generators::TestCase

Each of these classes include Minitest::Assertions, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.

NOTE: For more information on Minitest, refer to its documentation.

The Rails Test Runner

We can run all of our tests at once by using the bin/rails test command.

Or we can run a single test file by passing the bin/rails test command the filename containing the test cases.

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb
Run options: --seed 1559

# Running:

..

Finished in 0.027034s, 73.9810 runs/s, 110.9715 assertions/s.

2 runs, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

This will run all test methods from the test case.

You can also run a particular test method from the test case by providing the -n or --name flag and the test's method name.

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb -n test_the_truth
Run options: -n test_the_truth --seed 43583

# Running:

.

Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.

1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

You can also run a test at a specific line by providing the line number.

$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6 # run specific test and line

You can also run an entire directory of tests by providing the path to the directory.

$ bin/rails test test/controllers # run all tests from specific directory

The test runner also provides a lot of other features like failing fast, deferring test output at the end of test run and so on. Check the documentation of the test runner as follows:

$ bin/rails test -h
minitest options:
    -h, --help                       Display this help.
    -s, --seed SEED                  Sets random seed. Also via env. Eg: SEED=n rake
    -v, --verbose                    Verbose. Show progress processing files.
    -n, --name PATTERN               Filter run on /regexp/ or string.
        --exclude PATTERN            Exclude /regexp/ or string from run.

Known extensions: rails, pride

Usage: bin/rails test [options] [files or directories]
You can run a single test by appending a line number to a filename:

    bin/rails test test/models/user_test.rb:27

You can run multiple files and directories at the same time:

    bin/rails test test/controllers test/integration/login_test.rb

By default test failures and errors are reported inline during a run.

Rails options:
    -w, --warnings                   Run with Ruby warnings enabled
    -e, --environment                Run tests in the ENV environment
    -b, --backtrace                  Show the complete backtrace
    -d, --defer-output               Output test failures and errors after the test run
    -f, --fail-fast                  Abort test run on first failure or error
    -c, --[no-]color                 Enable color in the output

The Test Database

Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.

By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in config/database.yml.

A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. This way your tests can mangle test data with confidence, without worrying about the data in the development or production databases.

Maintaining the test database schema

In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current structure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pending migrations. It will try to load your db/schema.rb or db/structure.sql into the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will be raised. Usually this indicates that your schema is not fully migrated. Running the migrations against the development database (bin/rails db:migrate) will bring the schema up to date.

NOTE: If there were modifications to existing migrations, the test database needs to be rebuilt. This can be done by executing bin/rails db:test:prepare.

The Low-Down on Fixtures

For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures. You can find comprehensive documentation in the Fixtures API documentation.

What Are Fixtures?

Fixtures is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and written in YAML. There is one file per model.

NOTE: Fixtures are not designed to create every object that your tests need, and are best managed when only used for default data that can be applied to the common case.

You'll find fixtures under your test/fixtures directory. When you run rails generate model to create a new model, Rails automatically creates fixture stubs in this directory.

YAML

YAML-formatted fixtures are a human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the .yml file extension (as in users.yml).

Here's a sample YAML fixture file:

# lo & behold! I am a YAML comment!
david:
  name: David Heinemeier Hansson
  birthday: 1979-10-15
  profession: Systems development

steve:
  name: Steve Ross Kellock
  birthday: 1974-09-27
  profession: guy with keyboard

Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank line. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column.

If you are working with associations, you can define a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example with a belongs_to/has_many association:

# In fixtures/categories.yml
about:
  name: About

# In fixtures/articles.yml
first:
  title: Welcome to Rails!
  body: Hello world!
  category: about

Notice the category key of the first article found in fixtures/articles.yml has a value of about. This tells Rails to load the category about found in fixtures/categories.yml.

NOTE: For associations to reference one another by name, you can use the fixture name instead of specifying the id: attribute on the associated fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between runs. For more information on this association behavior please read the Fixtures API documentation.

ERB'in It Up

ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:

<% 1000.times do |n| %>
user_<%= n %>:
  username: <%= "user#{n}" %>
  email: <%= "user#{n}@example.com" %>
<% end %>

Fixtures in Action

Rails automatically loads all fixtures from the test/fixtures directory by default. Loading involves three steps:

1. Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
2. Load the fixture data into the table
3. Dump the fixture data into a method in case you want to access it directly

TIP: In order to remove existing data from the database, Rails tries to disable referential integrity triggers (like foreign keys and check constraints). If you are getting annoying permission errors on running tests, make sure the database user has privilege to disable these triggers in testing environment. (In PostgreSQL, only superusers can disable all triggers. Read more about PostgreSQL permissions here).

Fixtures are Active Record objects

Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically available as a method whose scope is local of the test case. For example:

# this will return the User object for the fixture named david
users(:david)

# this will return the property for david called id
users(:david).id

# one can also access methods available on the User class
david = users(:david)
david.call(david.partner)

To get multiple fixtures at once, you can pass in a list of fixture names. For example:

# this will return an array containing the fixtures david and steve
users(:david, :steve)

Model Testing

Model tests are used to test the various models of your application.

Rails model tests are stored under the test/models directory. Rails provides a generator to create a model test skeleton for you.

$ bin/rails generate test_unit:model article title:string body:text
create  test/models/article_test.rb
create  test/fixtures/articles.yml

Model tests don't have their own superclass like ActionMailer::TestCase instead they inherit from ActiveSupport::TestCase.

System Testing

System tests allow you to test user interactions with your application, running tests in either a real or a headless browser. System tests uses Capybara under the hood.

For creating Rails system tests, you use the test/system directory in your application. Rails provides a generator to create a system test skeleton for you.

$ bin/rails generate system_test users
      invoke test_unit
      create test/system/users_test.rb

Here's what a freshly generated system test looks like:

require "application_system_test_case"

class UsersTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
  # test "visiting the index" do
  #   visit users_url
  #
  #   assert_selector "h1", text: "Users"
  # end
end

By default, system tests are run with the Selenium driver, using the Chrome browser, and a screen size of 1400x1400. The next section explains how to change the default settings.

Changing the default settings

Rails makes changing the default settings for system tests very simple. All the setup is abstracted away so you can focus on writing your tests.

When you generate a new application or scaffold, an application_system_test_case.rb file is created in the test directory. This is where all the configuration for your system tests should live.

If you want to change the default settings you can change what the system tests are "driven by". Say you want to change the driver from Selenium to Poltergeist. First add the poltergeist gem to your Gemfile. Then in your application_system_test_case.rb file do the following:

require "test_helper"
require "capybara/poltergeist"

class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
  driven_by :poltergeist
end

The driver name is a required argument for driven_by. The optional arguments that can be passed to driven_by are :using for the browser (this will only be used by Selenium), :screen_size to change the size of the screen for screenshots, and :options which can be used to set options supported by the driver.

require "test_helper"

class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
  driven_by :selenium, using: :firefox
end

If you want to use a headless browser, you could use Headless Chrome or Headless Firefox by adding headless_chrome or headless_firefox in the :using argument.

require "test_helper"

class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
  driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_chrome
end

If your Capybara configuration requires more setup than provided by Rails, this additional configuration could be added into the application_system_test_case.rb file.

Please see Capybara's documentation for additional settings.

Screenshot Helper

The ScreenshotHelper is a helper designed to capture screenshots of your tests. This can be helpful for viewing the browser at the point a test failed, or to view screenshots later for debugging.

Two methods are provided: take_screenshot and take_failed_screenshot. take_failed_screenshot is automatically included in after_teardown inside Rails.

The take_screenshot helper method can be included anywhere in your tests to take a screenshot of the browser.

Implementing a system test

Now we're going to add a system test to our blog application. We'll demonstrate writing a system test by visiting the index page and creating a new blog article.

If you used the scaffold generator, a system test skeleton was automatically created for you. If you didn't use the scaffold generator, start by creating a system test skeleton.

$ bin/rails generate system_test articles

It should have created a test file placeholder for us. With the output of the previous command you should see:

      invoke  test_unit
      create    test/system/articles_test.rb

Now let's open that file and write our first assertion:

require "application_system_test_case"

class ArticlesTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
  test "viewing the index" do
    visit articles_path
    assert_selector "h1", text: "Articles"
  end
end

The test should see that there is an h1 on the articles index page and pass.

Run the system tests.

bin/rails test:system

NOTE: By default, running bin/rails test won't run your system tests. Make sure to run bin/rails test:system to actually run them.

Creating articles system test

Now let's test the flow for creating a new article in our blog.

test "creating an article" do
  visit articles_path

  click_on "New Article"

  fill_in "Title", with: "Creating an Article"
  fill_in "Body", with: "Created this article successfully!"

  click_on "Create Article"

  assert_text "Creating an Article"
end

The first step is to call visit articles_path. This will take the test to the articles index page.

Then the click_on "New Article" will find the "New Article" button on the index page. This will redirect the browser to /articles/new.

Then the test will fill in the title and body of the article with the specified text. Once the fields are filled in, "Create Article" is clicked on which will send a POST request to create the new article in the database.

We will be redirected back to the articles index page and there we assert that the text from the new article's title is on the articles index page.

Testing for multiple screen sizes

If you want to test for mobile sizes on top of testing for desktop, you can create another class that inherits from SystemTestCase and use in your test suite. In this example a file called mobile_system_test_case.rb is created in the /test directory with the following configuration.

require "test_helper"

class MobileSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
  driven_by :selenium, using: :chrome, screen_size: [375, 667]
end

To use this configuration, create a test inside test/system that inherits from MobileSystemTestCase. Now you can test your app using multiple different configurations.

require "mobile_system_test_case"

class PostsTest < MobileSystemTestCase

  test "visiting the index" do
    visit posts_url
    assert_selector "h1", text: "Posts"
  end
end

Taking it further

The beauty of system testing is that it is similar to integration testing in that it tests the user's interaction with your controller, model, and view, but system testing is much more robust and actually tests your application as if a real user were using it. Going forward, you can test anything that the user themselves would do in your application such as commenting, deleting articles, publishing draft articles, etc.

Integration Testing

Integration tests are used to test how various parts of your application interact. They are generally used to test important workflows within our application.

For creating Rails integration tests, we use the test/integration directory for our application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for us.

$ bin/rails generate integration_test user_flows
      exists  test/integration/
      create  test/integration/user_flows_test.rb

Here's what a freshly generated integration test looks like:

require 'test_helper'

class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  # test "the truth" do
  #   assert true
  # end
end

Here the test is inheriting from ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest. This makes some additional helpers available for us to use in our integration tests.

Helpers Available for Integration Tests

In addition to the standard testing helpers, inheriting from ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest comes with some additional helpers available when writing integration tests. Let's get briefly introduced to the three categories of helpers we get to choose from.

For dealing with the integration test runner, see ActionDispatch::Integration::Runner.

When performing requests, we will have ActionDispatch::Integration::RequestHelpers available for our use.

If we need to modify the session, or state of our integration test, take a look at ActionDispatch::Integration::Session to help.

Implementing an integration test

Let's add an integration test to our blog application. We'll start with a basic workflow of creating a new blog article, to verify that everything is working properly.

We'll start by generating our integration test skeleton:

$ bin/rails generate integration_test blog_flow

It should have created a test file placeholder for us. With the output of the previous command we should see:

      invoke  test_unit
      create    test/integration/blog_flow_test.rb

Now let's open that file and write our first assertion:

require 'test_helper'

class BlogFlowTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  test "can see the welcome page" do
    get "/"
    assert_select "h1", "Welcome#index"
  end
end

We will take a look at assert_select to query the resulting HTML of a request in the "Testing Views" section below. It is used for testing the response of our request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content.

When we visit our root path, we should see welcome/index.html.erb rendered for the view. So this assertion should pass.

Creating articles integration

How about testing our ability to create a new article in our blog and see the resulting article.

test "can create an article" do
  get "/articles/new"
  assert_response :success

  post "/articles",
    params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } }
  assert_response :redirect
  follow_redirect!
  assert_response :success
  assert_select "p", "Title:\n  can create"
end

Let's break this test down so we can understand it.

We start by calling the :new action on our Articles controller. This response should be successful.

After this we make a post request to the :create action of our Articles controller:

post "/articles",
  params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } }
assert_response :redirect
follow_redirect!

The two lines following the request are to handle the redirect we setup when creating a new article.

NOTE: Don't forget to call follow_redirect! if you plan to make subsequent requests after a redirect is made.

Finally we can assert that our response was successful and our new article is readable on the page.

Taking it further

We were able to successfully test a very small workflow for visiting our blog and creating a new article. If we wanted to take this further we could add tests for commenting, removing articles, or editing comments. Integration tests are a great place to experiment with all kinds of use-cases for our applications.

Functional Tests for Your Controllers

In Rails, testing the various actions of a controller is a form of writing functional tests. Remember your controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view. When writing functional tests, you are testing how your actions handle the requests and the expected result or response, in some cases an HTML view.

What to include in your Functional Tests

You should test for things such as:

• was the web request successful?
• was the user redirected to the right page?
• was the user successfully authenticated?
• was the correct object stored in the response template?
• was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view?

The easiest way to see functional tests in action is to generate a controller using the scaffold generator:

$ bin/rails generate scaffold_controller article title:string body:text
...
create  app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
...
invoke  test_unit
create    test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb
...

This will generate the controller code and tests for an Article resource. You can take a look at the file articles_controller_test.rb in the test/controllers directory.

If you already have a controller and just want to generate the test scaffold code for each of the seven default actions, you can use the following command:

$ bin/rails generate test_unit:scaffold article
...
invoke  test_unit
create    test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb
...

Let's take a look at one such test, test_should_get_index from the file articles_controller_test.rb.

# articles_controller_test.rb
class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  test "should get index" do
    get articles_url
    assert_response :success
  end
end

In the test_should_get_index test, Rails simulates a request on the action called index, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that the right response body has been generated.

The get method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the @response. It can accept up to 6 arguments:

• The URI of the controller action you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a route helper (e.g. articles_url).
• params: option with a hash of request parameters to pass into the action (e.g. query string parameters or article variables).
• headers: for setting the headers that will be passed with the request.
• env: for customizing the request environment as needed.
• xhr: whether the request is Ajax request or not. Can be set to true for marking the request as Ajax.
• as: for encoding the request with different content type. Supports :json by default.

All of these keyword arguments are optional.

Example: Calling the :show action, passing an id of 12 as the params and setting HTTP_REFERER header:

get article_url, params: { id: 12 }, headers: { "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://example.com/home" }

Another example: Calling the :update action, passing an id of 12 as the params as an Ajax request.

patch article_url, params: { id: 12 }, xhr: true

NOTE: If you try running test_should_create_article test from articles_controller_test.rb it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.

Let us modify test_should_create_article test in articles_controller_test.rb so that all our test pass:

test "should create article" do
  assert_difference('Article.count') do
    post articles_url, params: { article: { body: 'Rails is awesome!', title: 'Hello Rails' } }
  end

  assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last)
end

Now you can try running all the tests and they should pass.

NOTE: If you followed the steps in the Basic Authentication section, you'll need to add the following to the setup block to get all the tests passing:

request.headers['Authorization'] = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic.
  encode_credentials('dhh', 'secret')

Available Request Types for Functional Tests

If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that get is a type of request. There are 6 request types supported in Rails functional tests:

• get
• post
• patch
• put
• head
• delete

All of request types have equivalent methods that you can use. In a typical C.R.U.D. application you'll be using get, post, put and delete more often.

NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type is accepted by the action, we're more concerned with the result. Request tests exist for this use case to make your tests more purposeful.

Testing XHR (AJAX) requests

To test AJAX requests, you can specify the xhr: true option to get, post, patch, put, and delete methods. For example:

test "ajax request" do
  article = articles(:one)
  get article_url(article), xhr: true

  assert_equal 'hello world', @response.body
  assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
end

The Three Hashes of the Apocalypse

After a request has been made and processed, you will have 3 Hash objects ready for use:

• cookies - Any cookies that are set
• flash - Any objects living in the flash
• session - Any object living in session variables

As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name. For example:

flash["gordon"]               flash[:gordon]
session["shmession"]          session[:shmession]
cookies["are_good_for_u"]     cookies[:are_good_for_u]

Instance Variables Available

You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests, after a request is made:

• @controller - The controller processing the request
• @request - The request object
• @response - The response object

class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  test "should get index" do
    get articles_url

    assert_equal "index", @controller.action_name
    assert_equal "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", @request.media_type
    assert_match "Articles", @response.body
  end
end

Setting Headers and CGI variables

HTTP headers and CGI variables can be passed as headers:

# setting an HTTP Header
get articles_url, headers: { "Content-Type": "text/plain" } # simulate the request with custom header

# setting a CGI variable
get articles_url, headers: { "HTTP_REFERER": "http://example.com/home" } # simulate the request with custom env variable

Testing flash notices

If you remember from earlier, one of the Three Hashes of the Apocalypse was flash.

We want to add a flash message to our blog application whenever someone successfully creates a new Article.

Let's start by adding this assertion to our test_should_create_article test:

test "should create article" do
  assert_difference('Article.count') do
    post article_url, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } }
  end

  assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last)
  assert_equal 'Article was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
end

If we run our test now, we should see a failure:

$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb -n test_should_create_article
Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 32266

# Running:

F

Finished in 0.114870s, 8.7055 runs/s, 34.8220 assertions/s.

  1) Failure:
ArticlesControllerTest#test_should_create_article [/test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb:16]:
--- expected
+++ actual
@@ -1 +1 @@
-"Article was successfully created."
+nil

1 runs, 4 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

Let's implement the flash message now in our controller. Our :create action should now look like this:

def create
  @article = Article.new(article_params)

  if @article.save
    flash[:notice] = 'Article was successfully created.'
    redirect_to @article
  else
    render 'new'
  end
end

Now if we run our tests, we should see it pass:

$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb -n test_should_create_article
Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 18981

# Running:

.

Finished in 0.081972s, 12.1993 runs/s, 48.7972 assertions/s.

1 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

Putting it together

At this point our Articles controller tests the :index as well as :new and :create actions. What about dealing with existing data?

Let's write a test for the :show action:

test "should show article" do
  article = articles(:one)
  get article_url(article)
  assert_response :success
end

Remember from our discussion earlier on fixtures, the articles() method will give us access to our Articles fixtures.

How about deleting an existing Article?

test "should destroy article" do
  article = articles(:one)
  assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
    delete article_url(article)
  end

  assert_redirected_to articles_path
end

We can also add a test for updating an existing Article.

test "should update article" do
  article = articles(:one)

  patch article_url(article), params: { article: { title: "updated" } }

  assert_redirected_to article_path(article)
  # Reload association to fetch updated data and assert that title is updated.
  article.reload
  assert_equal "updated", article.title
end

Notice we're starting to see some duplication in these three tests, they both access the same Article fixture data. We can D.R.Y. this up by using the setup and teardown methods provided by ActiveSupport::Callbacks.

Our test should now look something as what follows. Disregard the other tests for now, we're leaving them out for brevity.

require 'test_helper'

class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  # called before every single test
  setup do
    @article = articles(:one)
  end

  # called after every single test
  teardown do
    # when controller is using cache it may be a good idea to reset it afterwards
    Rails.cache.clear
  end

  test "should show article" do
    # Reuse the @article instance variable from setup
    get article_url(@article)
    assert_response :success
  end

  test "should destroy article" do
    assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
      delete article_url(@article)
    end

    assert_redirected_to articles_path
  end

  test "should update article" do
    patch article_url(@article), params: { article: { title: "updated" } }

    assert_redirected_to article_path(@article)
    # Reload association to fetch updated data and assert that title is updated.
    @article.reload
    assert_equal "updated", @article.title
  end
end

Similar to other callbacks in Rails, the setup and teardown methods can also be used by passing a block, lambda, or method name as a symbol to call.

Test helpers

To avoid code duplication, you can add your own test helpers. Sign in helper can be a good example:

# test/test_helper.rb

module SignInHelper
  def sign_in_as(user)
    post sign_in_url(email: user.email, password: user.password)
  end
end

class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  include SignInHelper
end

require 'test_helper'

class ProfileControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest

  test "should show profile" do
    # helper is now reusable from any controller test case
    sign_in_as users(:david)

    get profile_url
    assert_response :success
  end
end

Testing Routes

Like everything else in your Rails application, you can test your routes. Route tests reside in test/controllers/ or are part of controller tests.

NOTE: If your application has complex routes, Rails provides a number of useful helpers to test them.

For more information on routing assertions available in Rails, see the API documentation for ActionDispatch::Assertions::RoutingAssertions.

Testing Views

Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a common way to test the views of your application. Like route tests, view tests reside in test/controllers/ or are part of controller tests. The assert_select method allows you to query HTML elements of the response by using a simple yet powerful syntax.

There are two forms of assert_select:

assert_select(selector, [equality], [message]) ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String) or an expression with substitution values.

assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message]) ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the element (instance of Nokogiri::XML::Node or Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet) and its descendants.

For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:

assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"

You can also use nested assert_select blocks for deeper investigation.

In the following example, the inner assert_select for li.menu_item runs within the collection of elements selected by the outer block:

assert_select 'ul.navigation' do
  assert_select 'li.menu_item'
end

A collection of selected elements may be iterated through so that assert_select may be called separately for each element.

For example if the response contains two ordered lists, each with four nested list elements then the following tests will both pass.

assert_select "ol" do |elements|
  elements.each do |element|
    assert_select element, "li", 4
  end
end

assert_select "ol" do
  assert_select "li", 8
end

This assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its documentation.

Additional View-Based Assertions

There are more assertions that are primarily used in testing views:

Assertion	Purpose
assert_select_email	Allows you to make assertions on the body of an e-mail.
assert_select_encoded	Allows you to make assertions on encoded HTML. It does this by un-encoding the contents of each element and then calling the block with all the un-encoded elements.
css_select(selector) or css_select(element, selector)	Returns an array of all the elements selected by the selector. In the second variant it first matches the base element and tries to match the selector expression on any of its children. If there are no matches both variants return an empty array.

Here's an example of using assert_select_email:

assert_select_email do
  assert_select 'small', 'Please click the "Unsubscribe" link if you want to opt-out.'
end

Testing Helpers

A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are available into your views.

In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are located under the test/helpers directory.

Given we have the following helper:

module UserHelper
  def link_to_user(user)
    link_to "#{user.first_name} #{user.last_name}", user
  end
end

We can test the output of this method like this:

class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
  test "should return the user's full name" do
    user = users(:david)

    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/user/#{user.id}">David Heinemeier Hansson</a>}, link_to_user(user)
  end
end

Moreover, since the test class extends from ActionView::TestCase, you have access to Rails' helper methods such as link_to or pluralize.

Testing Your Mailers

Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job.

Keeping the Postman in Check

Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that they are working as expected.

The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that:

• emails are being processed (created and sent)
• the email content is correct (subject, sender, body, etc)
• the right emails are being sent at the right times

From All Sides

There are two aspects of testing your mailer, the unit tests and the functional tests. In the unit tests, you run the mailer in isolation with tightly controlled inputs and compare the output to a known value (a fixture.) In the functional tests you don't so much test the minute details produced by the mailer; instead, we test that our controllers and models are using the mailer in the right way. You test to prove that the right email was sent at the right time.

Unit Testing

In order to test that your mailer is working as expected, you can use unit tests to compare the actual results of the mailer with pre-written examples of what should be produced.

Revenge of the Fixtures

For the purposes of unit testing a mailer, fixtures are used to provide an example of how the output should look. Because these are example emails, and not Active Record data like the other fixtures, they are kept in their own subdirectory apart from the other fixtures. The name of the directory within test/fixtures directly corresponds to the name of the mailer. So, for a mailer named UserMailer, the fixtures should reside in test/fixtures/user_mailer directory.

If you generated your mailer, the generator does not create stub fixtures for the mailers actions. You'll have to create those files yourself as described above.

The Basic Test Case

Here's a unit test to test a mailer named UserMailer whose action invite is used to send an invitation to a friend. It is an adapted version of the base test created by the generator for an invite action.

require 'test_helper'

class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
  test "invite" do
    # Create the email and store it for further assertions
    email = UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com',
                                     'friend@example.com', Time.now)

    # Send the email, then test that it got queued
    assert_emails 1 do
      email.deliver_now
    end

    # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to
    assert_equal ['me@example.com'], email.from
    assert_equal ['friend@example.com'], email.to
    assert_equal 'You have been invited by me@example.com', email.subject
    assert_equal read_fixture('invite').join, email.body.to_s
  end
end

In the test we send the email and store the returned object in the email variable. We then ensure that it was sent (the first assert), then, in the second batch of assertions, we ensure that the email does indeed contain what we expect. The helper read_fixture is used to read in the content from this file.

NOTE: email.body.to_s is present when there's only one (HTML or text) part present. If the mailer provides both, you can test your fixture against specific parts with email.text_part.body.to_s or email.html_part.body.to_s.

Here's the content of the invite fixture:

Hi friend@example.com,

You have been invited.

Cheers!

This is the right time to understand a little more about writing tests for your mailers. The line ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test in config/environments/test.rb sets the delivery method to test mode so that email will not actually be delivered (useful to avoid spamming your users while testing) but instead it will be appended to an array (ActionMailer::Base.deliveries).

NOTE: The ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array is only reset automatically in ActionMailer::TestCase and ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest tests. If you want to have a clean slate outside these test cases, you can reset it manually with: ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear

Functional Testing

Functional testing for mailers involves more than just checking that the email body, recipients and so forth are correct. In functional mail tests you call the mail deliver methods and check that the appropriate emails have been appended to the delivery list. It is fairly safe to assume that the deliver methods themselves do their job. You are probably more interested in whether your own business logic is sending emails when you expect them to go out. For example, you can check that the invite friend operation is sending an email appropriately:

require 'test_helper'

class UserControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  test "invite friend" do
    assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do
      post invite_friend_url, params: { email: 'friend@example.com' }
    end
    invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last

    assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", invite_email.subject
    assert_equal 'friend@example.com', invite_email.to[0]
    assert_match(/Hi friend@example\.com/, invite_email.body.to_s)
  end
end

Testing Jobs

Since your custom jobs can be queued at different levels inside your application, you'll need to test both the jobs themselves (their behavior when they get enqueued) and that other entities correctly enqueue them.

A Basic Test Case

By default, when you generate a job, an associated test will be generated as well under the test/jobs directory. Here's an example test with a billing job:

require 'test_helper'

class BillingJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
  test 'that account is charged' do
    BillingJob.perform_now(account, product)
    assert account.reload.charged_for?(product)
  end
end

This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the job got the work done as expected.

By default, ActiveJob::TestCase will set the queue adapter to :test so that your jobs are performed inline. It will also ensure that all previously performed and enqueued jobs are cleared before any test run so you can safely assume that no jobs have already been executed in the scope of each test.

Custom Assertions And Testing Jobs Inside Other Components

Active Job ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen the verbosity of tests. For a full list of available assertions, see the API documentation for ActiveJob::TestHelper.

It's a good practice to ensure that your jobs correctly get enqueued or performed wherever you invoke them (e.g. inside your controllers). This is precisely where the custom assertions provided by Active Job are pretty useful. For instance, within a model:

require 'test_helper'

class ProductTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
  test 'billing job scheduling' do
    assert_enqueued_with(job: BillingJob) do
      product.charge(account)
    end
  end
end

Additional Testing Resources

Testing Time-Dependent Code

Rails provides built-in helper methods that enable you to assert that your time-sensitive code works as expected.

Here is an example using the travel_to helper:

# Lets say that a user is eligible for gifting a month after they register.
user = User.create(name: 'Gaurish', activation_date: Date.new(2004, 10, 24))
assert_not user.applicable_for_gifting?
travel_to Date.new(2004, 11, 24) do
  assert_equal Date.new(2004, 10, 24), user.activation_date # inside the `travel_to` block `Date.current` is mocked
  assert user.applicable_for_gifting?
end
assert_equal Date.new(2004, 10, 24), user.activation_date # The change was visible only inside the `travel_to` block.

Please see ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers API Documentation for in-depth information about the available time helpers.