ruby--ruby/doc/optparse/tutorial.rdoc

== Tutorial

=== Why OptionParser?

When a Ruby program executes, it captures its command-line arguments
and options into variable ARGV.
This simple program just prints its \ARGV:

  :include: ruby/argv.rb

Execution, with arguments and options:

  $ ruby argv.rb foo --bar --baz bat bam
  ["foo", "--bar", "--baz", "bat", "bam"]

The executing program is responsible for parsing and handling
the command-line options.

OptionParser offers methods for parsing and handling those options.

With \OptionParser, you can define options so that for each option:

- The code that defines the option and code that handles that option
  are in the same place.
- The option may take no argument, a required argument, or an optional argument.
- The argument may be automatically converted to a specified class.
- The argument may be restricted to specified _forms_.
- The argument may be restricted to specified _values_.

The class also has:

- Method #summarize: returns a text summary of the options.
- Method #help: displays automatically-generated help text.

=== Contents

- {Defining Options}[#label-Defining+Options]
- {Option Names}[#label-Option+Names]
  - {Short Option Names}[#label-Short+Option+Names]
  - {Long Option Names}[#label-Long+Option+Names]
  - {Mixing Option Names}[#label-Mixing+Option+Names]
  - {Command-Line Abbreviations}[#label-Command-Line+Abbreviations]
- {Option Arguments}[#label-Option+Arguments]
  - {Option with No Argument}[#label-Option+with+No+Argument]
  - {Option with Required Argument}[#label-Option+with+Required+Argument]
  - {Option with Optional Argument}[#label-Option+with+Optional+Argument]
- {Keyword Argument <tt>into<tt>}[#label-Keyword+Argument+into]
  - {Collecting Options}[#label-Collecting+Options]
  - {Checking for Missing Options}[#label-Checking+for+Missing+Options]
  - {Default Values for Options}[#label-Default+Values+for+Options]
- {Argument Converters}[#label-Argument+Converters]

=== Defining Options

A common way to define an option in \OptionParser
is with instance method OptionParser#on.

The method may be called with any number of arguments
(whose order does not matter),
and may also have a trailing optional keyword argument +into+.

The given arguments determine the characteristics of the new option.
These may include:

- One or more short option names.
- One or more long option names.
- Whether the option takes no argument, an optional argument, or a required argument.
- Acceptable _forms_ for the argument.
- Acceptable _values_ for the argument.
- A proc or method to be called when the parser encounters the option.
- String descriptions for the option.

=== Option Names

You can give an option one or more names of two types:

- Short (1-character) name, beginning with one hyphen (<tt>-</tt>).
- Long (multi-character) name, beginning with two hyphens (<tt>--</tt>).

==== Short Option Names

A short option name consists of a hyphen and a single character.

File +short_names.rb+
defines an option with a short name, <tt>-x</tt>,
and an option with two short names (aliases, in effect) <tt>-y</tt> and <tt>-z</tt>.

  :include: ruby/short_names.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby short_names.rb --help
  Usage: short_names [options]
      -x                               Short name
      -1, -%                           Two short names
  $ ruby short_names.rb -x
  ["x", true]
  $ ruby short_names.rb -1
  ["-1 or -%", true]
  $ ruby short_names.rb -%
  ["-1 or -%", true]

Multiple short names can "share" a hyphen:

  $ ruby short_names.rb -x1%
  ["x", true]
  ["-1 or -%", true]
  ["-1 or -%", true]

This is a good time to note that giving an undefined option raises an exception:

  $ ruby short_names.rb -z
  short_names.rb:9:in `<main>': invalid option: -z (OptionParser::InvalidOption)

==== Long Option Names

A long option name consists of two hyphens and a one or more characters
(usually two or more characters).

File +long_names.rb+
defines an option with a long name, <tt>--xxx</tt>,
and an option with two long names (aliases, in effect) <tt>--y1%</tt> and <tt>--z2#</tt>.

  :include: ruby/long_names.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby long_names.rb --help
  Usage: long_names [options]
          --xxx                        Long name
          --y1%, --z2#                 Two long names
  $ ruby long_names.rb --xxx
  ["-xxx", true]
  $ ruby long_names.rb --y1%
  ["--y1% or --z2#", true]
  $ ruby long_names.rb --z2#
  ["--y1% or --z2#", true]

A long name may be defined with both positive and negative senses.

File +long_with_negation.rb+ defines an option that has both senses.

  :include: ruby/long_with_negation.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby long_with_negation.rb --help
  Usage: long_with_negation [options]
          --[no-]binary                Long name with negation
  $ ruby long_with_negation.rb --binary
  [true, TrueClass]
  $ ruby long_with_negation.rb --no-binary
  [false, FalseClass]

==== Mixing Option Names

Many developers like to mix short and long option names,
so that a short name is in effect an abbreviation of a long name.

File +mixed_names.rb+
defines options that each have both a short and a long name.

  :include: ruby/mixed_names.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby mixed_names.rb --help
  Usage: mixed_names [options]
      -x, --xxx                        Short and long, no argument
      -y, --yyyYYY                     Short and long, required argument
      -z, --zzz [ZZZ]                  Short and long, optional argument
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb -x
  ["--xxx", true]
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb --xxx
  ["--xxx", true]
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb -y
  mixed_names.rb:12:in `<main>': missing argument: -y (OptionParser::MissingArgument)
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb -y FOO
  ["--yyy", "FOO"]
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb --yyy
  mixed_names.rb:12:in `<main>': missing argument: --yyy (OptionParser::MissingArgument)
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb --yyy BAR
  ["--yyy", "BAR"]
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb -z
  ["--zzz", nil]
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb -z BAZ
  ["--zzz", "BAZ"]
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb --zzz
  ["--zzz", nil]
  $ ruby mixed_names.rb --zzz BAT
  ["--zzz", "BAT"]

==== Command-Line Abbreviations

By default, abbreviations for command-line option names are allowed.
An abbreviated option is valid if it is unique among abbreviated option names.

  :include: ruby/abbreviation.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby abbreviation.rb --help
  Usage: abbreviation [options]
      -n, --dry-run
      -d, --draft
  $ ruby abbreviation.rb -n
  ["--dry-run", true]
  $ ruby abbreviation.rb --dry-run
  ["--dry-run", true]
  $ ruby abbreviation.rb -d
  ["--draft", true]
  $ ruby abbreviation.rb --draft
  ["--draft", true]
  $ ruby abbreviation.rb --d
  abbreviation.rb:9:in `<main>': ambiguous option: --d (OptionParser::AmbiguousOption)
  $ ruby abbreviation.rb --dr
  abbreviation.rb:9:in `<main>': ambiguous option: --dr (OptionParser::AmbiguousOption)
  $ ruby abbreviation.rb --dry
  ["--dry-run", true]
  $ ruby abbreviation.rb --dra
  ["--draft", true]

You can disable abbreviation using method +require_exact+.

  :include: ruby/no_abbreviation.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby no_abbreviation.rb --dry-ru
  no_abbreviation.rb:10:in `<main>': invalid option: --dry-ru (OptionParser::InvalidOption)
  $ ruby no_abbreviation.rb --dry-run
  ["--dry-run", true]

=== Option Arguments

An option may take no argument, a required argument, or an optional argument.

==== Option with No Argument

All the examples above define options with no argument.

==== Option with Required Argument

Specify a required argument for an option by adding a dummy word
to its name definition.

File +required_argument.rb+ defines two options;
each has a required argument because the name definition has a following dummy word.

  :include: ruby/required_argument.rb

When an option is found, the given argument is yielded.

Executions:

  $ ruby required_argument.rb --help
  Usage: required_argument [options]
      -x, --xxx XXX                    Required argument via short name
      -y, --y YYY                      Required argument via long name
  $ ruby required_argument.rb -x AAA
  ["--xxx", "AAA"]
  $ ruby required_argument.rb -y BBB
  ["--yyy", "BBB"]

Omitting a required argument raises an error:

  $ ruby required_argument.rb -x
  required_argument.rb:9:in `<main>': missing argument: -x (OptionParser::MissingArgument)

==== Option with Optional Argument

Specify an optional argument for an option by adding a dummy word
enclosed in square brackets to its name definition.

File +optional_argument.rb+ defines two options;
each has an optional argument because the name definition has a following dummy word
in square brackets.

  :include: ruby/optional_argument.rb

When an option with an argument is found, the given argument yielded.

Executions:

  $ ruby optional_argument.rb --help
  Usage: optional_argument [options]
      -x, --xxx [XXX]                  Optional argument via short  name
      -y, --yyy [YYY]                  Optional argument via long name
  $ ruby optional_argument.rb -x AAA
  ["--xxx", "AAA"]
  $ ruby optional_argument.rb -y BBB
  ["--yyy", "BBB"]

Omitting an optional argument does not raise an error.

=== Keyword Argument +into+

In parsing options, you can add keyword option +into+ with a hash-like argument;
each parsed option will be added as a name/value pair.

This is useful for:

- Collecting options.
- Checking for missing options.
- Providing default values for options.

==== Collecting Options

Use keyword argument +into+ to collect options.

  :include: ruby/collected_options.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby collected_options.rb --help
  Usage: into [options]
      -x, --xxx                        Short and long, no argument
      -y, --yyyYYY                     Short and long, required argument
      -z, --zzz [ZZZ]                  Short and long, optional argument
  $ ruby collected_options.rb --xxx
  {:xxx=>true}
  $ ruby collected_options.rb --xxx --yyy FOO
  {:xxx=>true, :yyy=>"FOO"}
  $ ruby collected_options.rb --xxx --yyy FOO --zzz Bar
  {:xxx=>true, :yyy=>"FOO", :zzz=>"Bar"}
  $ ruby collected_options.rb --xxx --yyy FOO --yyy BAR
  {:xxx=>true, :yyy=>"BAR"}

Note in the last execution that the argument value for option <tt>--yyy</tt>
was overwritten.

==== Checking for Missing Options

Use the collected options to check for missing options.

  :include: ruby/missing_options.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby missing_options.rb --help
  Usage: missing_options [options]
      -x, --xxx                        Short and long, no argument
      -y, --yyyYYY                     Short and long, required argument
      -z, --zzz [ZZZ]                  Short and long, optional argument
  $ ruby missing_options.rb --yyy FOO
  missing_options.rb:11:in `<main>': Missing required options: [:xxx, :zzz] (RuntimeError)

==== Default Values for Options

Initialize the +into+ argument to define default values for options.

  :include: ruby/default_values.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby default_values.rb --help
  Usage: default_values [options]
      -x, --xxx                        Short and long, no argument
      -y, --yyyYYY                     Short and long, required argument
      -z, --zzz [ZZZ]                  Short and long, optional argument
  $ ruby default_values.rb --yyy FOO
  {:yyy=>"FOO", :zzz=>"BBB"}


=== Argument Converters

An option can specify that its argument is to be converted
from the default \String to an instance of another class.
There are a number of built-in converters.

Example: File +date.rb+
defines an option whose argument is to be converted to a \Date object.
The argument is converted by method Date#parse.

  :include: ruby/date.rb

Executions:

  $ ruby date.rb --date 2001-02-03
  [#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, Date]
  $ ruby date.rb --date 20010203
  [#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, Date]
  $ ruby date.rb --date "3rd Feb 2001"
  [#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, Date]

You can also define custom converters.
See {Argument Converters}[./argument_converters_rdoc.html]
for both built-in and custom converters.