diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 738e08e63d..0e61d7ccc6 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+Mon Jul 20 19:00:58 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+	* compile.c (compile_dstr_fragments): reduced needless literal.
+
+	* parse.y (xstring, regexp, dsym, literal_concat, evstr2dstr):
+	  literal at the top of dstr is no longer needed if it is empty,
+	  since concatstrings and toregexp always create new strings.
+
 Mon Jul 20 12:51:39 2009  wanabe  <s.wanabe@gmail.com>
 
 	* lib/matrix.rb (Matrix#rank): revert a part of r20859 to avoid
@@ -27,7 +35,7 @@ Sun Jul 19 20:41:24 2009  Tadayoshi Funaba  <tadf@dotrb.org>
 
 Sun Jul 19 17:32:37 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
-	* io.c (io_read): should taint the result.   [ruby-dev:38826]
+	* io.c (io_read): should taint the result.  [ruby-dev:38826]
 
 Sun Jul 19 11:00:14 2009  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 
diff --git a/compile.c b/compile.c
index 636ad31c4c..94c157ebe0 100644
--- a/compile.c
+++ b/compile.c
@@ -2143,11 +2143,14 @@ compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, NODE * node, int *cntp
 {
     NODE *list = node->nd_next;
     VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
-    int cnt = 1;
+    int cnt = 0;
 
     debugp_param("nd_lit", lit);
-    hide_obj(lit);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, lit);
+    if (!NIL_P(lit)) {
+	hide_obj(lit);
+	cnt++;
+	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, lit);
+    }
 
     while (list) {
 	COMPILE(ret, "each string", list->nd_head);
diff --git a/parse.y b/parse.y
index 4636b4de30..3e4bc729b2 100644
--- a/parse.y
+++ b/parse.y
@@ -3806,7 +3806,7 @@ xstring		: tXSTRING_BEG xstring_contents tSTRING_END
 				nd_set_type(node, NODE_DXSTR);
 				break;
 			      default:
-				node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DXSTR, STR_NEW0(), 1, NEW_LIST(node));
+				node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DXSTR, Qnil, 1, NEW_LIST(node));
 				break;
 			    }
 			}
@@ -3835,7 +3835,7 @@ regexp		: tREGEXP_BEG xstring_contents tREGEXP_END
 			    }
 			    break;
 			  default:
-			    node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DSTR, STR_NEW0(), 1, NEW_LIST(node));
+			    node = NEW_NODE(NODE_DSTR, Qnil, 1, NEW_LIST(node));
 			  case NODE_DSTR:
 			    if (options & RE_OPTION_ONCE) {
 				nd_set_type(node, NODE_DREGX_ONCE);
@@ -3844,7 +3844,7 @@ regexp		: tREGEXP_BEG xstring_contents tREGEXP_END
 				nd_set_type(node, NODE_DREGX);
 			    }
 			    node->nd_cflag = options & RE_OPTION_MASK;
-                            reg_fragment_check(node->nd_lit, options);
+			    if (!NIL_P(node->nd_lit)) reg_fragment_check(node->nd_lit, options);
                             for (list = node->nd_next; list; list = list->nd_next) {
                                 if (nd_type(list->nd_head) == NODE_STR) {
                                     reg_fragment_check(list->nd_head->nd_lit, options);
@@ -4081,7 +4081,7 @@ dsym		: tSYMBEG xstring_contents tSTRING_END
 				nd_set_type($$, NODE_LIT);
 				break;
 			      default:
-				$$ = NEW_NODE(NODE_DSYM, STR_NEW0(), 1, NEW_LIST($$));
+				$$ = NEW_NODE(NODE_DSYM, Qnil, 1, NEW_LIST($$));
 				break;
 			    }
 			}
@@ -7809,7 +7809,7 @@ literal_concat_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *head, NODE *tail)
 
     htype = nd_type(head);
     if (htype == NODE_EVSTR) {
-	NODE *node = NEW_DSTR(STR_NEW0());
+	NODE *node = NEW_DSTR(Qnil);
 	head = list_append(node, head);
     }
     switch (nd_type(tail)) {
@@ -7858,7 +7858,7 @@ static NODE *
 evstr2dstr_gen(struct parser_params *parser, NODE *node)
 {
     if (nd_type(node) == NODE_EVSTR) {
-	node = list_append(NEW_DSTR(STR_NEW0()), node);
+	node = list_append(NEW_DSTR(Qnil), node);
     }
     return node;
 }
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_literal.rb b/test/ruby/test_literal.rb
index e87769a6c8..52f7704940 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_literal.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_literal.rb
@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ class TestRubyLiteral < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_equal '16', "#{2 ** 4}"
     s = "string"
     assert_equal s, "#{s}"
+    a = 'Foo'
+    b = "#{a}" << 'Bar'
+    assert_equal('Foo', a, 'r3842')
+    assert_equal('FooBar', b, 'r3842')
   end
 
   def test_dsymbol