diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index 8a839ced7d..617cb6f1be 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -1144,6 +1144,18 @@ hidden_identity_hash_new(void)
     return hash;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+refinement_superclass(VALUE superclass)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(superclass, T_MODULE)) {
+	/* FIXME: Should ancestors of superclass be used here? */
+	return rb_include_class_new(superclass, rb_cBasicObject);
+    }
+    else {
+	return superclass;
+    }
+}
+
 void
 rb_using_refinement(rb_cref_t *cref, VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 {
@@ -1171,6 +1183,7 @@ rb_using_refinement(rb_cref_t *cref, VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 	}
     }
     FL_SET(module, RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID);
+    superclass = refinement_superclass(superclass);
     c = iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, superclass);
     RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) = klass;
 
@@ -1260,6 +1273,7 @@ add_activated_refinement(VALUE activated_refinements,
 	}
     }
     FL_SET(refinement, RMODULE_IS_OVERLAID);
+    superclass = refinement_superclass(superclass);
     c = iclass = rb_include_class_new(refinement, superclass);
     RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) = klass;
     refinement = RCLASS_SUPER(refinement);
@@ -1314,8 +1328,9 @@ rb_mod_refine(VALUE module, VALUE klass)
     }
     refinement = rb_hash_lookup(refinements, klass);
     if (NIL_P(refinement)) {
+	VALUE superclass = refinement_superclass(klass);
 	refinement = rb_module_new();
-	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(refinement, klass);
+	RCLASS_SET_SUPER(refinement, superclass);
 	FL_SET(refinement, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT);
 	CONST_ID(id_refined_class, "__refined_class__");
 	rb_ivar_set(refinement, id_refined_class, klass);
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb b/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
index ba7691335f..881146cfe0 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
@@ -1961,6 +1961,25 @@ class TestRefinement < Test::Unit::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_refining_module_repeatedly
+    bug14070 = '[ruby-core:83617] [Bug #14070]'
+    assert_in_out_err([], <<-INPUT, ["ok"], [], bug14070)
+      1000.times do
+        Class.new do
+          include Enumerable
+        end
+
+        Module.new do
+          refine Enumerable do
+            def foo
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      puts "ok"
+    INPUT
+  end
+
   private
 
   def eval_using(mod, s)
diff --git a/version.h b/version.h
index 2888eec65b..e19cb766f1 100644
--- a/version.h
+++ b/version.h
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #define RUBY_VERSION "2.4.4"
-#define RUBY_RELEASE_DATE "2018-02-04"
-#define RUBY_PATCHLEVEL 233
+#define RUBY_RELEASE_DATE "2018-02-05"
+#define RUBY_PATCHLEVEL 234
 
 #define RUBY_RELEASE_YEAR 2018
 #define RUBY_RELEASE_MONTH 2
-#define RUBY_RELEASE_DAY 4
+#define RUBY_RELEASE_DAY 5
 
 #include "ruby/version.h"