diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 892fca230f..df5a9247f5 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,22 @@
+Sun Jun 13 00:23:04 2004  Hidetoshi NAGAI  <nagai@ai.kyutech.ac.jp>
+
+	* ext/tcltklib/extconf.rb: [EXPERIMENTAL] MacOS X (darwin) support
+
+	* ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c: fix thread trouble on callback proc, and
+	                   eliminate warning about instance variable access
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb: improve supported menu_spec
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/menuspec.rb: [add] menu_spec support library
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb: add menu_spec support
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb: bug fix
+
+	* ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb: add menu_spec support
+
+	* ext/tk/sample/menubar?.rb: [add] sample of menu_spec usage
+
 Sat Jun 12 11:15:53 2004  WATANABE Hirofumi  <eban@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* configure.in (target_os): strip -gnu suffix on Linux.
diff --git a/ext/tcltklib/extconf.rb b/ext/tcltklib/extconf.rb
index ac3c68e926..83b4a2ac31 100644
--- a/ext/tcltklib/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/tcltklib/extconf.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require 'mkmf'
 
 is_win32 = (/mswin32|mingw|cygwin|bccwin32/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM)
+is_macosx = (/darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM)
 
 unless is_win32
   have_library("nsl", "t_open")
@@ -209,13 +210,19 @@ EOF
   end
 end
 
-if have_header("tcl.h") && have_header("tk.h") &&
+if is_macosx || 
+   (have_header("tcl.h") && have_header("tk.h") &&
     (is_win32 || find_library("X11", "XOpenDisplay",
       "/usr/X11/lib", "/usr/lib/X11", "/usr/X11R6/lib", "/usr/openwin/lib")) &&
     find_tcl(tcllib, stubs) &&
-    find_tk(tklib, stubs)
+    find_tk(tklib, stubs))
   $CPPFLAGS += ' -DUSE_TCL_STUBS -DUSE_TK_STUBS' if stubs
   $CPPFLAGS += ' -D_WIN32' if /cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
 
+  if is_macosx
+    $CPPFLAGS += ' -I/Library/Frameworks/Tcl.framework/headers -I/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/Headers'
+    $LDFLAGS += ' -framework Tk -framework Tcl'
+  end
+
   create_makefile("tcltklib") if pthread_check
 end
diff --git a/ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c b/ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c
index eea7ace7fa..cb3826ba9f 100644
--- a/ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c
+++ b/ext/tcltklib/tcltklib.c
@@ -909,17 +909,20 @@ ip_set_exc_message(interp, exc)
     msg = rb_funcall(exc, ID_message, 0, 0);
 
 #if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION > 8 || (TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION > 0)
-    enc = rb_ivar_get(exc, ID_at_enc);
-    if (NIL_P(enc)) {
-      enc = rb_ivar_get(msg, ID_at_enc);
+    enc = Qnil;
+    if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(exc, ID_at_enc))) {
+	enc = rb_ivar_get(exc, ID_at_enc);
+    }
+    if (NIL_P(enc) && RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(msg, ID_at_enc))) {
+	enc = rb_ivar_get(msg, ID_at_enc);
     }
     if (NIL_P(enc)) {
-      encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
+	encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
     } else if (TYPE(enc) == T_STRING) {
-      encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
+	encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
     } else {
-      enc = rb_funcall(enc, ID_to_s, 0, 0);
-      encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
+	enc = rb_funcall(enc, ID_to_s, 0, 0);
+	encoding = Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, RSTRING(enc)->ptr);
     }
 
     /* to avoid a garbled error message dialog */
@@ -1008,7 +1011,9 @@ ip_ruby_eval_body(arg)
 		      (VALUE)0);
 #else
 
+    rb_thread_critical = Qfalse;
     ret = rb_eval_string_protect(arg->string, &status);
+    rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
     if (status) {
 	char *errtype, *buf;
 	int  errtype_len, len;
@@ -1288,9 +1293,13 @@ ip_ruby_cmd_core(arg)
     struct cmd_body_arg *arg;
 {
     VALUE ret;
+    int thr_crit_bup;
 
     DUMP1("call ip_ruby_cmd_core");
+    thr_crit_bup = rb_thread_critical;
+    rb_thread_critical = Qfalse;
     ret = rb_apply(arg->receiver, arg->method, arg->args);
+    rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
     DUMP1("finish ip_ruby_cmd_core");
 
     return ret;
@@ -3464,12 +3473,17 @@ lib_toUTF8_core(ip_obj, src, encodename)
 	if (TYPE(str) == T_STRING) {
 	    volatile VALUE enc;
 
-	    enc = rb_ivar_get(str, ID_at_enc);
+	    enc = Qnil;
+	    if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(str, ID_at_enc))) {
+		enc = rb_ivar_get(str, ID_at_enc);
+	    }
 	    if (NIL_P(enc)) {
 		if (NIL_P(ip_obj)) {
 		    encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
 		} else {
-		    enc = rb_ivar_get(ip_obj, ID_at_enc);
+		    if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(ip_obj, ID_at_enc))) {
+			enc = rb_ivar_get(ip_obj, ID_at_enc);
+		    }
 		    if (NIL_P(enc)) {
 			encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
 		    } else {
@@ -3592,7 +3606,10 @@ lib_fromUTF8_core(ip_obj, src, encodename)
 	volatile VALUE enc;
 
 	if (TYPE(str) == T_STRING) {
-	    enc = rb_ivar_get(str, ID_at_enc);
+	    enc = Qnil;
+	    if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(str, ID_at_enc))) {
+		enc = rb_ivar_get(str, ID_at_enc);
+	    }
 	    if (!NIL_P(enc) && strcmp(StringValuePtr(enc), "binary") == 0) {
 		rb_thread_critical = thr_crit_bup;
 		return str;
@@ -3602,7 +3619,10 @@ lib_fromUTF8_core(ip_obj, src, encodename)
 	if (NIL_P(ip_obj)) {
 	    encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
 	} else {
-	    enc = rb_ivar_get(ip_obj, ID_at_enc);
+	    enc = Qnil;
+	    if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(ip_obj, ID_at_enc))) {
+		enc = rb_ivar_get(ip_obj, ID_at_enc);
+	    }
 	    if (NIL_P(enc)) {
 		encoding = (Tcl_Encoding)NULL;
 	    } else {
@@ -3947,7 +3967,10 @@ alloc_invoke_arguments(argc, argv)
 # if TCL_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && TCL_MINOR_VERSION == 0
 	av[i] = Tcl_NewStringObj(s, RSTRING(v)->len);
 # else /* TCL_VERSION >= 8.1 */
-	enc = rb_ivar_get(v, ID_at_enc);
+	enc = Qnil;
+	if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(v, ID_at_enc))) {
+	    enc = rb_ivar_get(v, ID_at_enc);
+	}
 	if (!NIL_P(enc) && strcmp(StringValuePtr(enc), "binary") == 0) {
 	    /* binary string */
 	    av[i] = Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(s, RSTRING(v)->len);
@@ -4461,7 +4484,11 @@ ip_set_variable(self, varname_arg, value_arg, flag_arg)
 	Tcl_IncrRefCount(valobj);
 # else /* TCL_VERSION >= 8.1 */
 	{
-	    VALUE enc = rb_ivar_get(value, ID_at_enc);
+	    VALUE enc = Qnil;
+
+	    if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(value, ID_at_enc))) {
+		enc = rb_ivar_get(value, ID_at_enc);
+	    }
 
 	    if (!NIL_P(enc) && strcmp(StringValuePtr(enc), "binary") == 0) {
 		/* binary string */
@@ -4581,7 +4608,11 @@ ip_set_variable2(self, varname_arg, index_arg, value_arg, flag_arg)
 				   RSTRING(value)->len); 
 # else /* TCL_VERSION >= 8.1 */
 	{
-	    VALUE enc = rb_ivar_get(value, ID_at_enc);
+	    VALUE enc = Qnil;
+
+	    if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(value, ID_at_enc))) {
+		enc = rb_ivar_get(value, ID_at_enc);
+	    }
 
 	    if (!NIL_P(enc) && strcmp(StringValuePtr(enc), "binary") == 0) {
 		/* binary string */
@@ -4820,7 +4851,11 @@ lib_split_tklist_core(ip_obj, list_str)
 	rb_thread_critical = Qtrue;
 
 	{
-	    VALUE enc = rb_ivar_get(list_str, ID_at_enc);
+	    VALUE enc = Qnil;
+
+	    if (RTEST(rb_ivar_defined(list_str, ID_at_enc))) {
+		enc = rb_ivar_get(list_str, ID_at_enc);
+	    }
 
 	    if (!NIL_P(enc) && strcmp(StringValuePtr(enc), "binary") == 0) {
 		/* binary string */
diff --git a/ext/tk/MANIFEST b/ext/tk/MANIFEST
index fe0ab01696..c2ac51eddc 100644
--- a/ext/tk/MANIFEST
+++ b/ext/tk/MANIFEST
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ lib/tk/listbox.rb
 lib/tk/macpkg.rb
 lib/tk/menu.rb
 lib/tk/menubar.rb
+lib/tk/menuspec.rb
 lib/tk/message.rb
 lib/tk/mngfocus.rb
 lib/tk/msgcat.rb
@@ -92,6 +93,8 @@ sample/binstr_usage.rb
 sample/btn_with_frame.rb
 sample/encstr_usage.rb
 sample/iso2022-kr.txt
+sample/menubar1.rb
+sample/menubar2.rb
 sample/propagate.rb
 sample/resource.en
 sample/resource.ja
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb b/ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb
index ba1dc733ca..7957e0b3c7 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/multi-tk.rb
@@ -1324,7 +1324,8 @@ class MultiTkIp
     else
       list.push str[0..i-1]
     end
-    list += _lst2ary(str[i+1..-1])
+    #list += _lst2ary(str[i+1..-1])
+    list.concat(_lst2ary(str[i+1..-1]))
     list
   end
   private :_lst2ary
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
index 12d60245e7..5ac6724b84 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk.rb
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ module TkComm
   private :_genobj_for_tkwidget
   module_function :_genobj_for_tkwidget
 
-  def tk_tcl2ruby(val, enc_mode = nil)
+  def tk_tcl2ruby(val, enc_mode = nil, listobj = true)
     if val =~ /^rb_out\S* (c(_\d+_)?\d+)/
       #return Tk_CMDTBL[$1]
       return TkCore::INTERP.tk_cmd_tbl[$1]
@@ -141,12 +141,18 @@ module TkComm
       TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val]? TkImage::Tk_IMGTBL[val] : val
     when /^-?\d+\.?\d*(e[-+]?\d+)?$/
       val.to_f
-    when /[^\\] /
-      tk_split_escstr(val).collect{|elt|
-        tk_tcl2ruby(elt)
-      }
     when /\\ /
       val.gsub(/\\ /, ' ')
+    when /[^\\] /
+      if listobj
+	tk_split_escstr(val).collect{|elt|
+	  tk_tcl2ruby(elt, enc_mode, listobj)
+	}
+      elsif enc_mode
+	_fromUTF8(val)
+      else
+	val
+      end
     else
       if enc_mode
 	_fromUTF8(val)
@@ -157,6 +163,8 @@ module TkComm
   end
 
   private :tk_tcl2ruby
+  module_function :tk_tcl2ruby
+  private_class_method :tk_tcl2ruby
 
 unless const_defined?(:USE_TCLs_LIST_FUNCTIONS)
   USE_TCLs_LIST_FUNCTIONS = true
@@ -171,19 +179,28 @@ if USE_TCLs_LIST_FUNCTIONS
     TkCore::INTERP._split_tklist(str)
   end
 
-  def tk_split_sublist(str)
-    return [] if str == ""
-    list = TkCore::INTERP._split_tklist(str)
-    if list.size == 1
-      tk_tcl2ruby(list[0])
+  def tk_split_sublist(str, depth=-1)
+    # return [] if str == ""
+    # list = TkCore::INTERP._split_tklist(str)
+    if depth == 0
+      return "" if str == ""
+      list = [str]
     else
-      list.collect{|token| tk_split_sublist(token)}
+      return [] if str == ""
+      list = TkCore::INTERP._split_tklist(str)
+    end
+    if list.size == 1
+      tk_tcl2ruby(list[0], nil, false)
+    else
+      list.collect{|token| tk_split_sublist(token, depth - 1)}
     end
   end
 
-  def tk_split_list(str)
+  def tk_split_list(str, depth=0)
     return [] if str == ""
-    TkCore::INTERP._split_tklist(str).collect{|token| tk_split_sublist(token)}
+    TkCore::INTERP._split_tklist(str).collect{|token| 
+      tk_split_sublist(token, depth - 1)
+    }
   end
 
   def tk_split_simplelist(str)
@@ -239,20 +256,29 @@ else
     list
   end
 
-  def tk_split_sublist(str)
-    return [] if str == ""
-    return [tk_split_sublist(str[1..-2])] if str =~ /^\{.*\}$/
-    list = tk_split_escstr(str)
-    if list.size == 1
-      tk_tcl2ruby(list[0])
+  def tk_split_sublist(str, depth=-1)
+    #return [] if str == ""
+    #return [tk_split_sublist(str[1..-2])] if str =~ /^\{.*\}$/
+    #list = tk_split_escstr(str)
+    if depth == 0
+      return "" if str == ""
+      str = str[1..-2] if str =~ /^\{.*\}$/
+      list = [str]
     else
-      list.collect{|token| tk_split_sublist(token)}
+      return [] if str == []
+      return [tk_split_sublist(str[1..-2], depth - 1)] if str =~ /^\{.*\}$/
+      list = tk_split_escstr(str)
+    end
+    if list.size == 1
+      tk_tcl2ruby(list[0], nil, false)
+    else
+      list.collect{|token| tk_split_sublist(token, depth - 1)}
     end
   end
 
-  def tk_split_list(str)
+  def tk_split_list(str, depth=0)
     return [] if str == ""
-    tk_split_escstr(str).collect{|token| tk_split_sublist(token)}
+    tk_split_escstr(str).collect{|token| tk_split_sublist(token, depth - 1)}
   end
 =begin
   def tk_split_list(str)
@@ -425,8 +451,8 @@ end
   end
 =end
 
-  def list(val)
-    tk_split_list(val)
+  def list(val, depth=0)
+    tk_split_list(val, depth)
   end
   def simplelist(val)
     tk_split_simplelist(val)
@@ -457,9 +483,10 @@ end
       val
     end
   end
-  private :bool, :number, :string, :list, :simplelist, :window, :procedure
-  module_function :bool, :number, :num_or_str, :string, :list, :simplelist
-  module_function :window, :image_obj, :procedure
+  private :bool, :number, :string, :num_or_str
+  private :list, :simplelist, :window, :procedure
+  module_function :bool, :number, :num_or_str, :string
+  module_function :list, :simplelist, :window, :image_obj, :procedure
 
   def _toUTF8(str, encoding = nil)
     TkCore::INTERP._toUTF8(str, encoding)
@@ -2035,9 +2062,10 @@ class TkObject<TkKernel
   include TkTreatFont
   include TkBindCore
 
-  def path
-    @path
-  end
+### --> definition is moved to TkUtil module
+#  def path
+#    @path
+#  end
 
   def epath
     @path
@@ -2433,6 +2461,7 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
       TkPack.configure(self, slot=>value)
     end
   end
+  alias pack_configure pack_config
 
   def pack_info()
     #ilist = list(tk_call('pack', 'info', epath))
@@ -2510,6 +2539,7 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
       TkGrid.configure(self, slot=>value)
     end
   end
+  alias grid_configure grid_config
 
   def grid_columnconfig(index, keys)
     #tk_call('grid', 'columnconfigure', epath, index, *hash_kv(keys))
@@ -2625,6 +2655,7 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
     #end
     TkPlace.configure(self, slot, value)
   end
+  alias place_configure place_config
 
   def place_configinfo(slot = nil)
     # for >= Tk8.4a2 ?
@@ -2640,7 +2671,7 @@ class TkWindow<TkObject
     #	conf
     #  }
     #end
-    TkPlace.configinfo(slot)
+    TkPlace.configinfo(self, slot)
   end
 
   def place_info()
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb
index 1516aef4bf..91f3b32072 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/grid.rb
@@ -62,13 +62,26 @@ module TkGrid
     # master = master.epath if master.kind_of?(TkObject)
     master = _epath(master)
     if slot
-      num_or_str(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'columnconfigure', 
-				     master, index, "-#{slot}"))
+      case slot
+      when 'uniform', :uniform
+	tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'columnconfigure', 
+			    master, index, "-#{slot}")
+      else
+	num_or_str(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'columnconfigure', 
+				       master, index, "-#{slot}"))
+      end
     else
-      ilist = list(tk_call_without_enc('grid','columnconfigure',master,index))
+      #ilist = list(tk_call_without_enc('grid','columnconfigure',master,index))
+      ilist = simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'columnconfigure', 
+					     master, index))
       info = {}
       while key = ilist.shift
-	info[key[1..-1]] = ilist.shift
+	case key
+	when 'uniform'
+	  info[key[1..-1]] = ilist.shift
+	else
+	  info[key[1..-1]] = tk_tcl2ruby(ilist.shift)
+	end
       end
       info
     end
@@ -78,13 +91,26 @@ module TkGrid
     # master = master.epath if master.kind_of?(TkObject)
     master = _epath(master)
     if slot
-      num_or_str(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'rowconfigure', 
-				     master, index, "-#{slot}"))
+      case slot
+      when 'uniform', :uniform
+	tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'rowconfigure', 
+			    master, index, "-#{slot}")
+      else
+	num_or_str(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'rowconfigure', 
+				       master, index, "-#{slot}"))
+      end
     else
-      ilist = list(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'rowconfigure', master, index))
+      #ilist = list(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'rowconfigure', master, index))
+      ilist = simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'rowconfigure', 
+					     master, index))
       info = {}
       while key = ilist.shift
-	info[key[1..-1]] = ilist.shift
+	case key
+	when 'uniform'
+	  info[key[1..-1]] = ilist.shift
+	else
+	  info[key[1..-1]] = tk_tcl2ruby(ilist.shift)
+	end
       end
       info
     end
@@ -106,10 +132,12 @@ module TkGrid
   def info(slave)
     # slave = slave.epath if slave.kind_of?(TkObject)
     slave = _epath(slave)
-    ilist = list(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'info', slave))
+    #ilist = list(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'info', slave))
+    ilist = simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('grid', 'info', slave))
     info = {}
     while key = ilist.shift
-      info[key[1..-1]] = ilist.shift
+      #info[key[1..-1]] = ilist.shift
+      info[key[1..-1]] = tk_tcl2ruby(ilist.shift)
     end
     return info
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb
index 2c2846e9b6..f29c40ff38 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/menubar.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #
 # tk/menubar.rb
 #
-# Copyright (C) 1998 maeda shugo. All rights reserved. 
-# This file can be distributed under the terms of the Ruby.
+# Original version:
+#   Copyright (C) 1998 maeda shugo. All rights reserved. 
+#   This file can be distributed under the terms of the Ruby.
 
 # Usage:
 #
@@ -41,30 +42,56 @@
 # menubar.configure('activeforeground', 'red')
 # menubar.configure('font', '-adobe-helvetica-bold-r-*--12-*-iso8859-1')
 # menubar.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
-
-# The format of the menu_spec is:
-# [
-#   [
-#     [button text, underline, accelerator],
-#     [menu label, command, underline, accelerator],
-#     '---', # separator
-#     ...
-#   ],
-#   ...
+#
+#
+# OR
+#
+# radio_var = TkVariable.new('y')
+# menu_spec = [
+#   [['File', 0],
+#     {:label=>'Open', :command=>proc{puts('Open clicked')}, :underline=>0},
+#     '---',
+#     ['Check_A', TkVariable.new(true), 6],
+#     {:type=>'checkbutton', :label=>'Check_B', 
+#                 :variable=>TkVariable.new, :underline=>6},
+#     '---',
+#     ['Radio_X', [radio_var, 'x'], 6],
+#     ['Radio_Y', [radio_var, 'y'], 6],
+#     ['Radio_Z', [radio_var, 'z'], 6],
+#     '---',
+#     ['cascade', [ 
+#                    ['sss', proc{p 'sss'}, 0], 
+#                    ['ttt', proc{p 'ttt'}, 0], 
+#                    ['uuu', proc{p 'uuu'}, 0], 
+#                    ['vvv', proc{p 'vvv'}, 0], 
+#                 ], 0],
+#     '---',
+#     ['Quit', proc{exit}, 0]],
+#   [['Edit', 0],
+#     ['Cut', proc{puts('Cut clicked')}, 2],
+#     ['Copy', proc{puts('Copy clicked')}, 0],
+#     ['Paste', proc{puts('Paste clicked')}, 0]]
 # ]
+# menubar = TkMenubar.new(nil, menu_spec,
+#                        'tearoff'=>false,
+#                        'foreground'=>'grey40',
+#                        'activeforeground'=>'red',
+#                        'font'=>'Helvetia 12 bold')
+# menubar.pack('side'=>'top', 'fill'=>'x')
 
-# underline and accelerator are optional parameters.
-# Hashes are OK instead of Arrays.
+# See tk/menuspce.rb about the format of the menu_spec
 
 # To use add_menu, configuration must be done by calling configure after
 # adding all menus by add_menu, not by the constructor arguments.
 
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/frame'
+require 'tk/composite'
+require 'tk/menuspec'
 
 class TkMenubar<TkFrame
-  
   include TkComposite
+  include TkMenuSpec
   
   def initialize(parent = nil, spec = nil, options = nil)
     if parent.kind_of? Hash
@@ -77,65 +104,25 @@ class TkMenubar<TkFrame
 
     @menus = []
     
-    if spec
-      for menu_info in spec
-	add_menu(menu_info)
-      end
-    end
-    
-    if options
-      for key, value in options
-	configure(key, value)
-      end
-    end
+    spec.each{|info| add_menu(info)} if spec
+
+    options.each{|key, value| configure(key, value)} if options
   end
 
   def add_menu(menu_info)
-    btn_info = menu_info.shift
-    mbtn = TkMenubutton.new(@frame)
-    
-    if btn_info.kind_of?(Hash)
-      for key, value in btn_info
-	mbtn.configure(key, value)
-      end
-    elsif btn_info.kind_of?(Array)
-      mbtn.configure('text', btn_info[0]) if btn_info[0]
-      mbtn.configure('underline', btn_info[1]) if btn_info[1]
-      mbtn.configure('accelerator', btn_info[2]) if btn_info[2]
-    else
-      mbtn.configure('text', btn_info)
-    end
-    
-    menu = TkMenu.new(mbtn)
-    
-    for item_info in menu_info
-      if item_info.kind_of?(Hash)
-	menu.add('command', item_info)
-      elsif item_info.kind_of?(Array)
-	options = {}
-	options['label'] = item_info[0] if item_info[0]
-	options['command'] = item_info[1] if item_info[1]
-	options['underline'] = item_info[2] if item_info[2]
-	options['accelerator'] = item_info[3] if item_info[3]
-	menu.add('command', options)
-      elsif /^-+$/ =~ item_info
-	menu.add('sep')
-      else
-	menu.add('command', 'label' => item_info)
-      end
-    end
-    
-    mbtn.menu(menu)
+    mbtn, menu = _create_menubutton(@frame, menu_info)
+
+    submenus = _get_cascade_menus(menu).flatten
+
     @menus.push([mbtn, menu])
-    delegate('tearoff', menu)
-    delegate('foreground', mbtn, menu)
-    delegate('background', mbtn, menu)
-    delegate('disabledforeground', mbtn, menu)
-    delegate('activeforeground', mbtn, menu)
-    delegate('activebackground', mbtn, menu)
-    delegate('font', mbtn, menu)
-    delegate('kanjifont', mbtn, menu)
-    mbtn.pack('side' => 'left')
+    delegate('tearoff', menu, *submenus)
+    delegate('foreground', mbtn, menu, *submenus)
+    delegate('background', mbtn, menu, *submenus)
+    delegate('disabledforeground', mbtn, menu, *submenus)
+    delegate('activeforeground', mbtn, menu, *submenus)
+    delegate('activebackground', mbtn, menu, *submenus)
+    delegate('font', mbtn, menu, *submenus)
+    delegate('kanjifont', mbtn, menu, *submenus)
   end
   
   def [](index)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/optiondb.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/optiondb.rb
index 588c946440..46d17a2020 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/optiondb.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/optiondb.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ module TkOptionDB
     cline = ''
     open(file, 'r') {|f|
       while line = f.gets
-	cline += line.chomp!
+	#cline += line.chomp!
+	cline.concat(line.chomp!)
 	case cline
 	when /\\$/    # continue
 	  cline.chop!
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/place.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/place.rb
index 5c2f890e07..433c1077ee 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/place.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/place.rb
@@ -34,14 +34,21 @@ module TkPlace
       # win = win.epath if win.kind_of?(TkObject)
       win = _epath(win)
       if slot
-	conf = tk_split_list(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'configure', 
-						 win, "-#{slot}") )
+	#conf = tk_split_list(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'configure', 
+	#					 win, "-#{slot}") )
+	conf = tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'configure', 
+						       win, "-#{slot}") )
 	conf[0] = conf[0][1..-1]
+	conf[1] = tk_tcl2ruby(conf[1])
+	conf[2] = tk_tcl2ruby(conf[1])
+	conf[3] = tk_tcl2ruby(conf[1])
+	conf[4] = tk_tcl2ruby(conf[1])
 	conf
       else
 	tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'configure', 
 						win)).collect{|conflist|
-	  conf = list(conflist)
+	  #conf = list(conflist)
+	  conf = simplelist(conflist).collect!{|inf| tk_tcl2ruby(inf)}
 	  conf[0] = conf[0][1..-1]
 	  conf
 	}
@@ -55,13 +62,20 @@ module TkPlace
     # win = win.epath if win.kind_of?(TkObject)
     win = _epath(win)
     if slot
-      conf = tk_split_list(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'configure', 
-					       win, "-#{slot}") )
-      { conf[0][1..-1] => conf[1] }
+      #conf = tk_split_list(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'configure', 
+      #                                         win, "-#{slot}") )
+      conf = tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'configure', 
+						     win, "-#{slot}") )
+      # { conf[0][1..-1] => conf[1] }
+      { conf[0][1..-1] => tk_tcl2ruby(conf[4]) }
     else
       ret = {}
-      tk_split_list(tk_call_without_enc('place','configure',win)).each{|conf|
-	ret[conf[0][1..-1]] = conf[1]
+      #tk_split_list(tk_call_without_enc('place','configure',win)).each{|conf|
+      tk_split_simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'configure', 
+					      win)).each{|conf_list|
+	#ret[conf[0][1..-1]] = conf[1]
+	conf = simplelist(conf_list)
+	ret[conf[0][1..-1]] = tk_tcl2ruby(conf[4])
       }
       ret
     end
@@ -76,10 +90,12 @@ module TkPlace
   def info(win)
     # win = win.epath if win.kind_of?(TkObject)
     win = _epath(win)
-    ilist = list(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'info', win))
+    #ilist = list(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'info', win))
+    ilist = simplelist(tk_call_without_enc('place', 'info', win))
     info = {}
     while key = ilist.shift
-      info[key[1..-1]] = ilist.shift
+      #info[key[1..-1]] = ilist.shift
+      info[key[1..-1]] = tk_tcl2ruby(ilist.shift)
     end
     return info
   end
@@ -90,7 +106,8 @@ module TkPlace
     list(tk_call('place', 'slaves', master))
   end
 
-  module_function :configure, :configinfo, :forget, :info, :slaves
+  module_function :configure, :configinfo, :current_configinfo
+  module_function :forget, :info, :slaves
 end
 =begin
 def TkPlace(win, slot, value=None)
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb
index a32972561c..6e16fb1989 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/root.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 #
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/wm'
+require 'tk/menuspec'
 
 class TkRoot<TkWindow
   include Wm
+  include TkMenuSpec
 
 =begin
   ROOT = []
@@ -59,6 +61,25 @@ class TkRoot<TkWindow
     "."
   end
 
+  def add_menu(menu_info, tearoff=false, opts=nil)
+    # See tk/menuspec.rb for menu_info.
+    # opts is a hash of default configs for all of cascade menus. 
+    # Configs of menu_info can override it. 
+    if tearoff.kind_of?(Hash)
+      opts = tearoff
+      tearoff = false
+    end
+    _create_menubutton(self, menu_info, tearoff, opts)
+  end
+
+  def add_menubar(menu_spec, tearoff=false, opts=nil)
+    # See tk/menuspec.rb for menu_spec.
+    # opts is a hash of default configs for all of cascade menus.
+    # Configs of menu_spec can override it. 
+    menu_spec.each{|info| add_menu(info, tearoff, opts)}
+    self.menu
+  end
+
   def TkRoot.destroy
     TkCore::INTERP._invoke('destroy', '.')
   end
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb
index b1e671e1e0..be3f814505 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/text.rb
@@ -67,6 +67,11 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
     tk_send_without_enc('index', _get_eval_enc_str(index))
   end
 
+  def get_displaychars(*index)
+    # Tk8.5 feature
+    get('-displaychars', *index)
+  end
+
   def value
     _fromUTF8(tk_send_without_enc('get', "1.0", "end - 1 char"))
   end
@@ -326,9 +331,35 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   end
 
   def count(idx1, idx2, *opts)
-    opts = opts.collect{|opt| '-' + opt.to_s}
-    number(tk_send_without_enc('count', _get_eval_enc_str(idx1), 
-			       _get_eval_enc_str(idx2), *opts))
+    # opts are Tk8.5 feature
+    cnt = 0
+    args = opts.collect{|opt|
+      str = opt.to_s
+      cnt += 1 if str != 'update'
+      '-' + str
+    }
+    args << _get_eval_enc_str(idx1) << _get_eval_enc_str(idx2)
+    if cnt <= 1
+      number(tk_send_without_enc('count', *opts))
+    else
+      list(tk_send_without_enc('count', *opts))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def count_info(idx1, idx2, update=true)
+    # Tk8.5 feature
+    opts = [
+      :chars, :displaychars, :displayindices, :displaylines, 
+      :indices, :lines, :xpixels, :ypixels
+    ]
+    if update
+      lst = count(idx1, idx2, :update, *opts)
+    else
+      lst = count(idx1, idx2, *opts)
+    end
+    info = {}
+    opts.each_with_index{|key, idx| info[key] = lst[idx]}
+    info
   end
 
   def replace(idx1, idx2, *opts)
@@ -879,53 +910,40 @@ class TkText<TkTextWin
   def tksearch(*args)
     # call 'search' subcommand of text widget
     #   args ::= [<array_of_opts>] <pattern> <start_index> [<stop_index>]
-    # <pattern> must be a regular expression of Tcl
-    all_mode = false
-    opts = args.shift
-    if opts.kind_of?(Array)
-      opts = opts.collect{|opt| 
-	opt =  opt.to_s
-	all_mode = true if opt == 'all'
-        opt
-      }
+    # If <pattern> is regexp, then it must be a regular expression of Tcl
+    if args[0].kind_of?(Array)
+      opts = args.shift.collect{|opt| '-' + opt.to_s }
     else
-      args.unshift(opts)
       opts = []
     end
 
     opts << '--'
 
-    if all_mode
-      tk_split_simplelist(tk_send(*(opts + args)))
+    ret = tk_send('search', *(opts + args))
+    if ret == ""
+      nil
     else
-      tk_send(*(opts + args))
+      ret
     end
   end
 
   def tksearch_with_count(*args)
     # call 'search' subcommand of text widget
     #   args ::= [<array_of_opts>] <var> <pattern> <start_index> [<stop_index>]
-    # <pattern> must be a regular expression of Tcl
-    all_mode = false
-    opts = args.shift
-    if opts.kind_of?(Array)
-      opts = opts.collect{|opt| 
-	opt =  opt.to_s
-	all_mode = true if opt == 'all'
-        opt
-      }
-      var = args.shift
+    # If <pattern> is regexp, then it must be a regular expression of Tcl
+    if args[0].kind_of?(Array)
+      opts = args.shift.collect{|opt| '-' + opt.to_s }
     else
-      var = opts
       opts = []
     end
 
-    opts << '-count' << var << '--'
+    opts << '-count' << args.shift << '--'
 
-    if all_mode
-      tk_split_simplelist(tk_send(*(opts + args)))
+    ret = tk_send('search', *(opts + args))
+    if ret == ""
+      nil
     else
-      tk_send(*(opts + args))
+      ret
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb
index b7f9bed740..c95002dbeb 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/toplevel.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 #
 require 'tk'
 require 'tk/wm'
+require 'tk/menuspec'
 
 class TkToplevel<TkWindow
   include Wm
+  include TkMenuSpec
 
   TkCommandNames = ['toplevel'.freeze].freeze
   WidgetClassName = 'Toplevel'.freeze
@@ -169,6 +171,25 @@ class TkToplevel<TkWindow
     @classname
   end
 
+  def add_menu(menu_info, tearoff=false, opts=nil)
+    # See tk/menuspec.rb for menu_info.
+    # opts is a hash of default configs for all of cascade menus. 
+    # Configs of menu_info can override it. 
+    if tearoff.kind_of?(Hash)
+      opts = tearoff
+      tearoff = false
+    end
+    _create_menubutton(self, menu_info, tearoff, opts)
+  end
+
+  def add_menubar(menu_spec, tearoff=false, opts=nil)
+    # See tk/menuspec.rb for menu_spec.
+    # opts is a hash of default configs for all of cascade menus.
+    # Configs of menu_spec can override it. 
+    menu_spec.each{|info| add_menu(info, tearoff, opts)}
+    self.menu
+  end
+
   def self.database_class
     if self == WidgetClassNames[WidgetClassName] || self.name == ''
       self
diff --git a/ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb b/ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb
index f50fca5697..43baac458d 100644
--- a/ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb
+++ b/ext/tk/lib/tk/variable.rb
@@ -588,7 +588,8 @@ end
 =end
     else
       newopts = @trace_opts.dup
-      opts.each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+      #opts.each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+      opts.each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
       if newopts != @trace_opts
 	Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
 	@trace_opts.replace(newopts)
@@ -637,7 +638,8 @@ end
 =end
     else
       newopts = @trace_opts.dup
-      opts.each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+      # opts.each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+      opts.each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
       if newopts != @trace_opts
 	Tk.tk_call_without_enc('trace', 'vdelete', @id, @trace_opts, 'rb_var')
 	@trace_opts.replace(newopts)
@@ -684,7 +686,8 @@ end
 	idx = i
 	next
       end
-      e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+      # e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+      e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
     }
     if idx >= 0
       @trace_var.delete_at(idx) 
@@ -694,7 +697,8 @@ end
 
     @trace_elem.each{|elem|
       @trace_elem[elem].each{|e|
-	e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+	# e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+	e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
       }
     }
 
@@ -751,11 +755,13 @@ end
 
     newopts = ''
     @trace_var.each{|e| 
-      e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+      # e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+      e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
     }
     @trace_elem.each{|elem|
       @trace_elem[elem].each{|e|
-	e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+	# e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts += c.chr unless newopts.index(c)}
+	e[0].each_byte{|c| newopts.concat(c.chr) unless newopts.index(c)}
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/ext/tk/tkutil.c b/ext/tk/tkutil.c
index 78e666d1b1..bc02b43bf2 100644
--- a/ext/tk/tkutil.c
+++ b/ext/tk/tkutil.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ static ID ID_split_tklist;
 static ID ID_toUTF8;
 static ID ID_fromUTF8;
 static ID ID_path;
+static ID ID_at_path;
 static ID ID_to_eval;
 static ID ID_to_s;
 static ID ID_install_cmd;
@@ -1073,7 +1074,7 @@ static VALUE
 tkobj_path(self)
     VALUE self;
 {
-    return rb_ivar_get(self, ID_path);
+    return rb_ivar_get(self, ID_at_path);
 }
 
 /*************************************/
@@ -1091,6 +1092,7 @@ Init_tkutil()
     cMethod = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Method"));
 
     ID_path = rb_intern("path");
+    ID_at_path = rb_intern("@path");
     ID_to_eval = rb_intern("to_eval");
     ID_to_s = rb_intern("to_s");
     ID_install_cmd = rb_intern("install_cmd");