diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index e03ba22576..f9e2322aeb 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -890,6 +890,8 @@ add_refined_method_entry_i(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+static void ensure_origin(VALUE klass);
+
 static int
 include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super)
 {
@@ -897,6 +899,10 @@ include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super)
     int method_changed = 0, constant_changed = 0;
     struct rb_id_table *const klass_m_tbl = RCLASS_M_TBL(RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass));
 
+    if (FL_TEST(module, RCLASS_REFINED_BY_ANY)) {
+        ensure_origin(module);
+    }
+
     while (module) {
 	int superclass_seen = FALSE;
 	struct rb_id_table *tbl;
@@ -978,15 +984,10 @@ move_refined_method(ID key, VALUE value, void *data)
     }
 }
 
-void
-rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
+static void
+ensure_origin(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE origin;
-    int changed = 0;
-
-    ensure_includable(klass, module);
-
-    origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
+    VALUE origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     if (origin == klass) {
 	origin = class_alloc(T_ICLASS, klass);
 	OBJ_WB_UNPROTECT(origin); /* TODO: conservative shading. Need more survey. */
@@ -997,6 +998,16 @@ rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
 	RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(klass);
 	rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_M_TBL(origin), move_refined_method, (void *)klass);
     }
+}
+
+void
+rb_prepend_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
+{
+    VALUE origin;
+    int changed = 0;
+
+    ensure_includable(klass, module);
+    ensure_origin(klass);
     changed = include_modules_at(klass, klass, module, FALSE);
     if (changed < 0)
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cyclic prepend detected");
diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index 77b0efa0fc..7bcb5447b7 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -1542,6 +1542,9 @@ rb_mod_refine(VALUE module, VALUE klass)
     }
 
     ensure_class_or_module(klass);
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_MODULE)) {
+        FL_SET(klass, RCLASS_REFINED_BY_ANY);
+    }
     CONST_ID(id_refinements, "__refinements__");
     refinements = rb_attr_get(module, id_refinements);
     if (NIL_P(refinements)) {
diff --git a/internal.h b/internal.h
index 50c129e7cd..ca635c9e36 100644
--- a/internal.h
+++ b/internal.h
@@ -1081,6 +1081,7 @@ int rb_singleton_class_internal_p(VALUE sklass);
 
 #define RCLASS_CLONED     FL_USER6
 #define RICLASS_IS_ORIGIN FL_USER5
+#define RCLASS_REFINED_BY_ANY FL_USER7
 
 static inline void
 RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(VALUE klass, VALUE origin)
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb b/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
index 618175f931..6fb04de5d6 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_refinement.rb
@@ -2350,6 +2350,38 @@ class TestRefinement < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_equal("refine_method", Bug16242::X.new.hoge)
   end
 
+  module Bug13446
+    module Enumerable
+      def sum(*args)
+        i = 0
+        args.each { |arg| i += a }
+        i
+      end
+    end
+
+    using Module.new {
+      refine Enumerable do
+        alias :orig_sum :sum
+      end
+    }
+
+    module Enumerable
+      def sum(*args)
+        orig_sum(*args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class GenericEnumerable
+      include Enumerable
+    end
+
+    Enumerable.prepend(Module.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend_refined_module
+    assert_equal(0, Bug13446::GenericEnumerable.new.sum)
+  end
+
   private
 
   def eval_using(mod, s)