Use faster any_hash logic in rb_hash

From the documentation of rb_obj_hash:

> Certain core classes such as Integer use built-in hash calculations and
> do not call the #hash method when used as a hash key.

So if you override, say, Integer#hash it won't be used from rb_hash_aref
and similar. This avoids method lookups in many common cases.

This commit uses the same optimization in rb_hash, a method used
internally and in the C API to get the hash value of an object. Usually
this is used to build the hash of an object based on its elements.
Previously it would always do a method lookup for 'hash'.

This is primarily intended to speed up hashing of Arrays and Hashes,
which call rb_hash for each element.

    compare-ruby: ruby 3.0.1p64 (2021-04-05 revision 0fb782ee38) [x86_64-linux]
    built-ruby: ruby 3.1.0dev (2021-09-29T02:13:24Z fast_hash d670bf88b2) [x86_64-linux]
    # Iteration per second (i/s)

    |                 |compare-ruby|built-ruby|
    |:----------------|-----------:|---------:|
    |hash_aref_array  |       1.008|     1.769|
    |                 |           -|     1.76x|

benchmark/hash_aref_array.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+h = {}
+arrays = (0..99).each_slice(10).to_a
+#STDERR.puts arrays.inspect
+arrays.each { |s| h[s] = s }
+200_000.times { arrays.each { |s| h[s] } }

hash.c

@@ -122,33 +122,6 @@ hash_recursive(VALUE obj, VALUE arg, int recurse)
     return rb_funcallv(obj, id_hash, 0, 0);
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_hash(VALUE obj)
-{
-    VALUE hval = rb_check_funcall_basic_kw(obj, id_hash, rb_mKernel, 0, 0, 0);
-
-    if (hval == Qundef) {
-	hval = rb_exec_recursive_outer(hash_recursive, obj, 0);
-    }
-
-    while (!FIXNUM_P(hval)) {
-        if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(hval)) {
-            int sign;
-            unsigned long ul;
-            sign = rb_integer_pack(hval, &ul, 1, sizeof(ul), 0,
-                    INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER);
-            if (sign < 0) {
-                hval = LONG2FIX(ul | FIXNUM_MIN);
-            }
-            else {
-                hval = LONG2FIX(ul & FIXNUM_MAX);
-            }
-        }
-	hval = rb_to_int(hval);
-    }
-    return hval;
-}
-
 static long rb_objid_hash(st_index_t index);
 
 static st_index_t
@@ -216,8 +189,29 @@ any_hash(VALUE a, st_index_t (*other_func)(VALUE))
 static st_index_t
 obj_any_hash(VALUE obj)
 {
-    obj = rb_hash(obj);
-    return FIX2LONG(obj);
+    VALUE hval = rb_check_funcall_basic_kw(obj, id_hash, rb_mKernel, 0, 0, 0);
+
+    if (hval == Qundef) {
+        hval = rb_exec_recursive_outer(hash_recursive, obj, 0);
+    }
+
+    while (!FIXNUM_P(hval)) {
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(hval, T_BIGNUM)) {
+            int sign;
+            unsigned long ul;
+            sign = rb_integer_pack(hval, &ul, 1, sizeof(ul), 0,
+                    INTEGER_PACK_NATIVE_BYTE_ORDER);
+            if (sign < 0) {
+                hval = LONG2FIX(ul | FIXNUM_MIN);
+            }
+            else {
+                hval = LONG2FIX(ul & FIXNUM_MAX);
+            }
+        }
+        hval = rb_to_int(hval);
+    }
+
+    return FIX2LONG(hval);
 }
 
 static st_index_t
@@ -226,6 +220,13 @@ rb_any_hash(VALUE a)
     return any_hash(a, obj_any_hash);
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_hash(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return LONG2FIX(any_hash(obj, obj_any_hash));
+}
+
+
 /* Here is a hash function for 64-bit key.  It is about 5 times faster
    (2 times faster when uint128 type is absent) on Haswell than
    tailored Spooky or City hash function can be.  */