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Jeremy Evans 1a05dc03f9 Make backtrace generation work outward from current frame 
This fixes multiple bugs found in the partial backtrace
optimization added in 3b24b7914c.
These bugs occurs when passing a start argument to caller where
the start argument lands on a iseq frame without a pc.

Before this commit, the following code results in the same
line being printed twice, both for the #each method.

```ruby
def a; [1].group_by { b } end
def b; puts(caller(2, 1).first, caller(3, 1).first) end
a
```

After this commit and in Ruby 2.7, the lines are different,
with the first line being for each and the second for group_by.

Before this commit, the following code can either segfault or
result in an infinite loop:

```ruby
def foo
  caller_locations(2, 1).inspect # segfault
  caller_locations(2, 1)[0].path # infinite loop
end

1.times.map { 1.times.map { foo } }
```

After this commit, this code works correctly.

This commit completely refactors the backtrace handling.
Instead of processing the backtrace from the outermost
frame working in, process it from the innermost frame
working out.  This is much faster for partial backtraces,
since you only access the control frames you need to in
order to construct the backtrace.

To handle cfunc frames in the new design, they start
out with no location information.  We increment a counter
for each cfunc frame added.  When an iseq frame with pc
is accessed, after adding the iseq backtrace location,
we use the location for the iseq backtrace location for
all of the directly preceding cfunc backtrace locations.

If the last backtrace line is a cfunc frame, we continue
scanning for iseq frames until the end control frame, and
use the location information from the first one for the
trailing cfunc frames in the backtrace.

As only rb_ec_partial_backtrace_object uses the new
backtrace implementation, remove all of the function
pointers and inline the functions.  This makes the
process easier to understand.

Restore the Ruby 2.7 implementation of backtrace_each and
use it for all the other functions that called
backtrace_each other than rb_ec_partial_backtrace_object.
All other cases requested the entire backtrace, so there
is no advantage of using the new algorithm for those.
Additionally, there are implicit assumptions in the other
code that the backtrace processing works inward instead
of outward.

Remove the cfunc/iseq union in rb_backtrace_location_t,
and remove the prev_loc member for cfunc.  Both cfunc and
iseq types can now have iseq and pc entries, so the
location information can be accessed the same way for each.
This avoids the need for a extra backtrace location entry
to store an iseq backtrace location if the final entry in
the backtrace is a cfunc. This is also what fixes the
segfault and infinite loop issues in the above bugs.

Here's Ruby pseudocode for the new algorithm, where start
and length are the arguments to caller or caller_locations:

```ruby
end_cf = VM.end_control_frame.next
cf = VM.start_control_frame
size = VM.num_control_frames - 2
bt = []
cfunc_counter = 0

if length.nil? || length > size
  length = size
end

while cf != end_cf && bt.size != length
  if cf.iseq?
    if cf.instruction_pointer?
      if start > 0
        start -= 1
      else
        bt << cf.iseq_backtrace_entry
        cf_counter.times do |i|
          bt[-1 - i].loc = cf.loc
        end
        cfunc_counter = 0
      end
    end
  elsif cf.cfunc?
    if start > 0
      start -= 1
    else
      bt << cf.cfunc_backtrace_entry
      cfunc_counter += 1
    end
  end

  cf = cf.prev
end

if cfunc_counter > 0
  while cf != end_cf
    if (cf.iseq? && cf.instruction_pointer?)
      cf_counter.times do |i|
        bt[-i].loc = cf.loc
      end
    end
    cf = cf.prev
  end
end
```

With the following benchmark, which uses a call depth of
around 100 (common in many Ruby applications):

```ruby
class T
  def test(depth, &block)
    if depth == 0
      yield self
    else
      test(depth - 1, &block)
    end
  end
  def array
    Array.new
  end
  def first
    caller_locations(1, 1)
  end
  def full
    caller_locations
  end
end

t = T.new
t.test((ARGV.first || 100).to_i) do
  Benchmark.ips do |x|
    x.report ('caller_loc(1, 1)') {t.first}
    x.report ('caller_loc') {t.full}
    x.report ('Array.new') {t.array}
    x.compare!
  end
end
```

Results before commit:

```
Calculating -------------------------------------
    caller_loc(1, 1)    281.159k (_ 0.7%) i/s -      1.426M in   5.073055s
          caller_loc     15.836k (_ 2.1%) i/s -     79.450k in   5.019426s
           Array.new      1.852M (_ 2.5%) i/s -      9.296M in   5.022511s

Comparison:
           Array.new:  1852297.5 i/s
    caller_loc(1, 1):   281159.1 i/s - 6.59x  (_ 0.00) slower
          caller_loc:    15835.9 i/s - 116.97x  (_ 0.00) slower
```

Results after commit:

```
Calculating -------------------------------------
    caller_loc(1, 1)    562.286k (_ 0.8%) i/s -      2.858M in   5.083249s
          caller_loc     16.402k (_ 1.0%) i/s -     83.200k in   5.072963s
           Array.new      1.853M (_ 0.1%) i/s -      9.278M in   5.007523s

Comparison:
           Array.new:  1852776.5 i/s
    caller_loc(1, 1):   562285.6 i/s - 3.30x  (_ 0.00) slower
          caller_loc:    16402.3 i/s - 112.96x  (_ 0.00) slower
```

This shows that the speed of caller_locations(1, 1) has roughly
doubled, and the speed of caller_locations with no arguments
has improved slightly.  So this new algorithm is significant faster,
much simpler, and fixes bugs in the previous algorithm.

Fixes [Bug #18053]
2021-08-06 10:15:01 -07:00
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debug.c
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debug_counter.h
dir.c
dir.rb
dln.c
dln.h
dln_find.c
dmydln.c
dmyenc.c
dmyext.c
encindex.h
encoding.c
enum.c
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error.c
eval.c
eval_error.c
eval_intern.h
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file.c
gc.c
gc.h
gc.rb
gem_prelude.rb
golf_prelude.rb
goruby.c
GPL
hash.c
hrtime.h
id_table.c
id_table.h
inits.c
insns.def
internal.h
io.c
io.rb
iseq.c
iseq.h
kernel.rb
KNOWNBUGS.rb
LEGAL
lex.c.blt
load.c
loadpath.c
localeinit.c
main.c
marshal.c
math.c
memory_view.c
method.h
mini_builtin.c
miniinit.c
mjit.c
mjit.h
mjit_compile.c
mjit_worker.c
NEWS.md Fix a link [ci skip] 2021-08-05 17:25:17 +09:00
nilclass.rb
node.c
node.h
numeric.c
numeric.rb
object.c
pack.c
pack.rb
parse.y
prelude.rb
probes.d
probes_helper.h
proc.c
process.c
ractor.c
ractor.rb
ractor_core.h
random.c
range.c
rational.c
re.c
README.EXT
README.EXT.ja
README.ja.md
README.md
regcomp.c
regenc.c
regenc.h
regerror.c
regexec.c
regint.h
regparse.c
regparse.h
regsyntax.c
ruby-runner.c
ruby.c
ruby_assert.h
ruby_atomic.h
rubystub.c
scheduler.c
signal.c
siphash.c
siphash.h
sparc.c
sprintf.c
st.c
strftime.c
string.c
struct.c
symbol.c
symbol.h
thread.c
thread_pthread.c
thread_pthread.h
thread_sync.c
thread_win32.c
thread_win32.h
time.c
timev.h
timev.rb
trace_point.rb
transcode.c
transcode_data.h
transient_heap.c
transient_heap.h
util.c
variable.c
variable.h
version.c
version.h * 2021-08-06 [ci skip] 2021-08-06 03:50:33 +09:00
vm.c
vm_args.c
vm_backtrace.c Make backtrace generation work outward from current frame 2021-08-06 10:15:01 -07:00
vm_callinfo.h
vm_core.h
vm_debug.h
vm_dump.c
vm_eval.c
vm_exec.c
vm_exec.h
vm_insnhelper.c
vm_insnhelper.h
vm_method.c
vm_opts.h
vm_sync.c
vm_sync.h
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README.md

Actions Status: macOS Actions Status: MinGW Actions Status: MJIT Actions Status: Ubuntu Actions Status: Windows AppVeyor status Travis Status

What's Ruby

Ruby is an interpreted object-oriented programming language often used for web development. It also offers many scripting features to process plain text and serialized files, or manage system tasks. It is simple, straightforward, and extensible.

Features of Ruby

  • Simple Syntax
  • Normal Object-oriented Features (e.g. class, method calls)
  • Advanced Object-oriented Features (e.g. mix-in, singleton-method)
  • Operator Overloading
  • Exception Handling
  • Iterators and Closures
  • Garbage Collection
  • Dynamic Loading of Object Files (on some architectures)
  • Highly Portable (works on many Unix-like/POSIX compatible platforms as well as Windows, macOS, etc.) cf. https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/master/doc/contributing.rdoc#label-Platform+Maintainers

How to get Ruby

For a complete list of ways to install Ruby, including using third-party tools like rvm, see:

https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/

Git

The mirror of the Ruby source tree can be checked out with the following command:

$ git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git

There are some other branches under development. Try the following command to see the list of branches:

$ git ls-remote https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git

You may also want to use https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git (actual master of Ruby source) if you are a committer.

Subversion

Stable branches for older Ruby versions can be checked out with also the following command:

$ svn co https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/ruby_2_6/ ruby

Try the following command to see the list of branches:

$ svn ls https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/branches/

Ruby home page

https://www.ruby-lang.org/

Mailing list

There is a mailing list to discuss Ruby. To subscribe to this list, please send the following phrase:

subscribe

in the mail body (not subject) to the address ruby-talk-request@ruby-lang.org.

Requirements to build from repository

  1. GNU or BSD make
  2. C99 compiler
  3. autoconf 2.67 or higher
  4. automake 1.15 or higher
  5. bison 2.3 or higher
  6. Ruby 2.2 or higher

When building from a released version, only a C99 compiler and GNU or BSD make is required.

How to compile and install

  1. If you want to use Microsoft Visual C++ to compile Ruby, read win32/README.win32 instead of this document.

  2. Run ./autogen.sh to generate configure, when you build the source checked out from the Git repository.

  3. Run ./configure, which will generate config.h and Makefile.

    Some C compiler flags may be added by default depending on your environment. Specify optflags=.. and warnflags=.. as necessary to override them.

  4. Edit include/ruby/defines.h if you need. Usually this step will not be needed.

  5. Optional: Remove comment mark(#) before the module names from ext/Setup.

    This step is only necessary if you want to link modules statically.

    If you don't want to compile dynamic extensions (probably on architectures which do not allow dynamic loading), remove comment mark from the line "#option nodynamic" in ext/Setup.

    Usually this step will not be needed.

  6. Run make.

    • On Mac, set RUBY_CODESIGN environment variable with a signing identity. It uses the identity to sign ruby binary. See also codesign(1).

  7. Optionally, run 'make check' to check whether the compiled Ruby interpreter works well. If you see the message "check succeeded", your Ruby works as it should (hopefully).

  8. Run 'make install'.

    This command will create the following directories and install files into them.

    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/bin
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/include/ruby-${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/include/ruby-${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}/${PLATFORM}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}/${PLATFORM}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/site_ruby
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/site_ruby/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/site_ruby/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}/${PLATFORM}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}/${PLATFORM}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/lib/ruby/gems/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/share/man/man1
    • ${DESTDIR}${prefix}/share/ri/${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${TEENY}/system

    If Ruby's API version is 'x.y.z', the ${MAJOR} is 'x', the ${MINOR} is 'y', and the ${TEENY} is 'z'.

    NOTE: teeny of the API version may be different from one of Ruby's program version

    You may have to be a super user to install Ruby.

If you fail to compile Ruby, please send the detailed error report with the error log and machine/OS type, to help others.

Some extension libraries may not get compiled because of lack of necessary external libraries and/or headers, then you will need to run 'make distclean-ext' to remove old configuration after installing them in such case.

Copying

See the file COPYING.

Feedback

Questions about the Ruby language can be asked on the Ruby-Talk mailing list or on websites like https://stackoverflow.com.

Bugs should be reported at https://bugs.ruby-lang.org. Read HowToReport for more information.

Contributing

See the file CONTRIBUTING.md

The Author

Ruby was originally designed and developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto (Matz) in 1995.

matz@ruby-lang.org