mirror of
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ec74ad7cba
git-svn-id: svn+ssh://ci.ruby-lang.org/ruby/trunk@62926 b2dd03c8-39d4-4d8f-98ff-823fe69b080e
1883 lines
67 KiB
Ruby
1883 lines
67 KiB
Ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
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require 'minitest_helper'
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require 'pp'
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require 'rdoc'
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require 'rdoc/markdown'
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class TestRDocMarkdownTest < RDoc::TestCase
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MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH = File.expand_path '../MarkdownTest_1.0.3/', __FILE__
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def setup
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super
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@parser = RDoc::Markdown.new
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end
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def test_amps_and_angle_encoding
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Amps and angle encoding.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("AT&T has an ampersand in their name."),
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para("AT&T is another way to write it."),
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para("This & that."),
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para("4 < 5."),
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para("6 > 5."),
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para("Here's a {link}[http://example.com/?foo=1&bar=2] with " +
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"an ampersand in the URL."),
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para("Here's a link with an amersand in the link text: " +
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"{AT&T}[http://att.com/]."),
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para("Here's an inline {link}[/script?foo=1&bar=2]."),
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para("Here's an inline {link}[/script?foo=1&bar=2]."))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_auto_links
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Auto links.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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# TODO verify rdoc auto-links too
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expected =
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doc(
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para("Link: http://example.com/."),
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para("With an ampersand: http://example.com/?foo=1&bar=2"),
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list(:BULLET,
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item(nil, para("In a list?")),
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item(nil, para("http://example.com/")),
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item(nil, para("It should."))),
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block(
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para("Blockquoted: http://example.com/")),
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para("Auto-links should not occur here: " +
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"<code><http://example.com/></code>"),
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verb("or here: <http://example.com/>\n"))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_backslash_escapes
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Backslash escapes.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("These should all get escaped:"),
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para("Backslash: \\"),
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para("Backtick: `"),
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para("Asterisk: *"),
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para("Underscore: _"),
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para("Left brace: {"),
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para("Right brace: }"),
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para("Left bracket: ["),
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para("Right bracket: ]"),
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para("Left paren: ("),
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para("Right paren: )"),
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para("Greater-than: >"),
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para("Hash: #"),
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para("Period: ."),
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para("Bang: !"),
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para("Plus: +"),
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para("Minus: -"),
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para("These should not, because they occur within a code block:"),
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verb("Backslash: \\\\\n",
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"\n",
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"Backtick: \\`\n",
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"\n",
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"Asterisk: \\*\n",
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"\n",
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"Underscore: \\_\n",
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"\n",
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"Left brace: \\{\n",
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"\n",
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"Right brace: \\}\n",
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"\n",
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"Left bracket: \\[\n",
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"\n",
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"Right bracket: \\]\n",
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"\n",
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"Left paren: \\(\n",
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"\n",
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"Right paren: \\)\n",
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"\n",
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"Greater-than: \\>\n",
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"\n",
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"Hash: \\#\n",
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"\n",
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"Period: \\.\n",
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"\n",
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"Bang: \\!\n",
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"\n",
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"Plus: \\+\n",
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"\n",
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"Minus: \\-\n"),
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para("Nor should these, which occur in code spans:"),
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para("Backslash: <code>\\\\</code>"),
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para("Backtick: <code>\\`</code>"),
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para("Asterisk: <code>\\*</code>"),
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para("Underscore: <code>\\_</code>"),
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para("Left brace: <code>\\{</code>"),
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para("Right brace: <code>\\}</code>"),
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para("Left bracket: <code>\\[</code>"),
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para("Right bracket: <code>\\]</code>"),
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para("Left paren: <code>\\(</code>"),
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para("Right paren: <code>\\)</code>"),
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para("Greater-than: <code>\\></code>"),
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para("Hash: <code>\\#</code>"),
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para("Period: <code>\\.</code>"),
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para("Bang: <code>\\!</code>"),
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para("Plus: <code>\\+</code>"),
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para("Minus: <code>\\-</code>"),
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para("These should get escaped, even though they're matching pairs for\n" +
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"other Markdown constructs:"),
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para("\*asterisks\*"),
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para("\_underscores\_"),
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para("`backticks`"),
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para("This is a code span with a literal backslash-backtick " +
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"sequence: <code>\\`</code>"),
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para("This is a tag with unescaped backticks " +
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"<span attr='`ticks`'>bar</span>."),
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para("This is a tag with backslashes " +
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"<span attr='\\\\backslashes\\\\'>bar</span>."))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_blockquotes_with_code_blocks
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Blockquotes with code blocks.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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block(
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para("Example:"),
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verb("sub status {\n",
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" print \"working\";\n",
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"}\n"),
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para("Or:"),
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verb("sub status {\n",
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" return \"working\";\n",
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"}\n")))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_code_blocks
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Code Blocks.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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verb("code block on the first line\n"),
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para("Regular text."),
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verb("code block indented by spaces\n"),
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para("Regular text."),
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verb("the lines in this block \n",
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"all contain trailing spaces \n"),
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para("Regular Text."),
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verb("code block on the last line\n"))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_code_spans
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Code Spans.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected = doc(
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para("<code><test a=\"</code> content of attribute <code>\"></code>"),
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para("Fix for backticks within HTML tag: " +
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"<span attr='`ticks`'>like this</span>"),
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para("Here's how you put <code>`backticks`</code> in a code span."))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_hard_wrapped_paragraphs_with_list_like_lines
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Hard-wrapped paragraphs with list-like lines.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("In Markdown 1.0.0 and earlier. Version\n" +
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"8. This line turns into a list item.\n" +
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"Because a hard-wrapped line in the\n" +
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"middle of a paragraph looked like a\n" +
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"list item."),
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para("Here's one with a bullet.\n" +
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"* criminey."))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_horizontal_rules
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Horizontal rules.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("Dashes:"),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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verb("---\n"),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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verb("- - -\n"),
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para("Asterisks:"),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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verb("***\n"),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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verb("* * *\n"),
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para("Underscores:"),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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verb("___\n"),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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rule(1),
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verb("_ _ _\n"))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_inline_html_advanced
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Inline HTML (Advanced).text"
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@parser.html = true
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("Simple block on one line:"),
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raw("<div>foo</div>"),
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para("And nested without indentation:"),
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raw(<<-RAW.chomp))
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<div>
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<div>
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<div>
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foo
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</div>
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<div style=">"/>
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</div>
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<div>bar</div>
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</div>
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RAW
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_inline_html_simple
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Inline HTML (Simple).text"
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@parser.html = true
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("Here's a simple block:"),
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raw("<div>\n\tfoo\n</div>"),
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para("This should be a code block, though:"),
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verb("<div>\n",
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"\tfoo\n",
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"</div>\n"),
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para("As should this:"),
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verb("<div>foo</div>\n"),
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para("Now, nested:"),
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raw("<div>\n\t<div>\n\t\t<div>\n\t\t\tfoo\n" +
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"\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n</div>"),
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para("This should just be an HTML comment:"),
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raw("<!-- Comment -->"),
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para("Multiline:"),
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raw("<!--\nBlah\nBlah\n-->"),
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para("Code block:"),
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verb("<!-- Comment -->\n"),
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para("Just plain comment, with trailing spaces on the line:"),
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raw("<!-- foo -->"),
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para("Code:"),
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verb("<hr />\n"),
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para("Hr's:"),
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raw("<hr>"),
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raw("<hr/>"),
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raw("<hr />"),
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raw("<hr>"),
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raw("<hr/>"),
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raw("<hr />"),
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raw("<hr class=\"foo\" id=\"bar\" />"),
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raw("<hr class=\"foo\" id=\"bar\"/>"),
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raw("<hr class=\"foo\" id=\"bar\" >"))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_inline_html_comments
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Inline HTML comments.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("Paragraph one."),
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raw("<!-- This is a simple comment -->"),
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raw("<!--\n\tThis is another comment.\n-->"),
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para("Paragraph two."),
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raw("<!-- one comment block -- -- with two comments -->"),
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para("The end."))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_links_inline_style
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Links, inline style.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("Just a {URL}[/url/]."),
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para("{URL and title}[/url/]."),
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para("{URL and title}[/url/]."),
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para("{URL and title}[/url/]."),
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para("{URL and title}[/url/]."),
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para("{Empty}[]."))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_links_reference_style
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Links, reference style.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("Foo {bar}[/url/]."),
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para("Foo {bar}[/url/]."),
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para("Foo {bar}[/url/]."),
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para("With {embedded [brackets]}[/url/]."),
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para("Indented {once}[/url]."),
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para("Indented {twice}[/url]."),
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para("Indented {thrice}[/url]."),
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para("Indented [four][] times."),
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verb("[four]: /url\n"),
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rule(1),
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para("{this}[foo] should work"),
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para("So should {this}[foo]."),
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para("And {this}[foo]."),
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para("And {this}[foo]."),
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para("And {this}[foo]."),
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para("But not [that] []."),
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para("Nor [that][]."),
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para("Nor [that]."),
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para("[Something in brackets like {this}[foo] should work]"),
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para("[Same with {this}[foo].]"),
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para("In this case, {this}[/somethingelse/] points to something else."),
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para("Backslashing should suppress [this] and [this]."),
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rule(1),
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para("Here's one where the {link breaks}[/url/] across lines."),
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para("Here's another where the {link breaks}[/url/] across lines, " +
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"but with a line-ending space."))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_links_shortcut_references
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Links, shortcut references.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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para("This is the {simple case}[/simple]."),
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para("This one has a {line break}[/foo]."),
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para("This one has a {line break}[/foo] with a line-ending space."),
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para("{this}[/that] and the {other}[/other]"))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_literal_quotes_in_titles
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Literal quotes in titles.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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# TODO support title attribute
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expected =
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doc(
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para("Foo {bar}[/url/]."),
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para("Foo {bar}[/url/]."))
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assert_equal expected, doc
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end
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def test_markdown_documentation_basics
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input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Markdown Documentation - Basics.text"
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doc = @parser.parse input
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expected =
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doc(
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head(1, "Markdown: Basics"),
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raw(<<-RAW.chomp),
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<ul id="ProjectSubmenu">
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<li><a href="/projects/markdown/" title="Markdown Project Page">Main</a></li>
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<li><a class="selected" title="Markdown Basics">Basics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/projects/markdown/syntax" title="Markdown Syntax Documentation">Syntax</a></li>
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<li><a href="/projects/markdown/license" title="Pricing and License Information">License</a></li>
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<li><a href="/projects/markdown/dingus" title="Online Markdown Web Form">Dingus</a></li>
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</ul>
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RAW
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head(2, "Getting the Gist of Markdown's Formatting Syntax"),
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para("This page offers a brief overview of what it's like to use Markdown.\n" +
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"The {syntax page}[/projects/markdown/syntax] provides complete, detailed documentation for\n" +
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"every feature, but Markdown should be very easy to pick up simply by\n" +
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"looking at a few examples of it in action. The examples on this page\n" +
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"are written in a before/after style, showing example syntax and the\n" +
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"HTML output produced by Markdown."),
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para("It's also helpful to simply try Markdown out; the {Dingus}[/projects/markdown/dingus] is a\n" +
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"web application that allows you type your own Markdown-formatted text\n" +
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"and translate it to XHTML."),
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para("<b>Note:</b> This document is itself written using Markdown; you\n" +
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"can {see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL}[/projects/markdown/basics.text]."),
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head(2, "Paragraphs, Headers, Blockquotes"),
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para("A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated\n" +
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"by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a\n" +
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"blank line -- a line containing nothing spaces or tabs is considered\n" +
|
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"blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be intended with spaces or tabs."),
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para("Markdown offers two styles of headers: _Setext_ and _atx_.\n" +
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"Setext-style headers for <code><h1></code> and <code><h2></code> are created by\n" +
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"\"underlining\" with equal signs (<code>=</code>) and hyphens (<code>-</code>), respectively.\n" +
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"To create an atx-style header, you put 1-6 hash marks (<code>#</code>) at the\n" +
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"beginning of the line -- the number of hashes equals the resulting\n" +
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"HTML header level."),
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para("Blockquotes are indicated using email-style '<code>></code>' angle brackets."),
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para("Markdown:"),
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verb("A First Level Header\n",
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"====================\n",
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"\n",
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"A Second Level Header\n",
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"---------------------\n",
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"\n",
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"Now is the time for all good men to come to\n",
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"the aid of their country. This is just a\n",
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"regular paragraph.\n",
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"\n",
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"The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy\n",
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"dog's back.\n",
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"\n",
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"### Header 3\n",
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"\n",
|
|
"> This is a blockquote.\n",
|
|
"> \n",
|
|
"> This is the second paragraph in the blockquote.\n",
|
|
">\n",
|
|
"> ## This is an H2 in a blockquote\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<h1>A First Level Header</h1>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<h2>A Second Level Header</h2>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<p>Now is the time for all good men to come to\n",
|
|
"the aid of their country. This is just a\n",
|
|
"regular paragraph.</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<p>The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy\n",
|
|
"dog's back.</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<h3>Header 3</h3>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<blockquote>\n",
|
|
" <p>This is a blockquote.</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" <p>This is the second paragraph in the blockquote.</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" <h2>This is an H2 in a blockquote</h2>\n",
|
|
"</blockquote>\n"),
|
|
|
|
head(3, "Phrase Emphasis"),
|
|
para("Markdown uses asterisks and underscores to indicate spans of emphasis."),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("Some of these words *are emphasized*.\n",
|
|
"Some of these words _are emphasized also_.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"Use two asterisks for **strong emphasis**.\n",
|
|
"Or, if you prefer, __use two underscores instead__.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>Some of these words <em>are emphasized</em>.\n",
|
|
"Some of these words <em>are emphasized also</em>.</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<p>Use two asterisks for <strong>strong emphasis</strong>.\n",
|
|
"Or, if you prefer, <strong>use two underscores instead</strong>.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
head(2, "Lists"),
|
|
|
|
para("Unordered (bulleted) lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens (<code>*</code>,\n" +
|
|
"<code>+</code>, and <code>-</code>) as list markers. These three markers are\n" +
|
|
"interchangeable; this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* Candy.\n",
|
|
"* Gum.\n",
|
|
"* Booze.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("+ Candy.\n",
|
|
"+ Gum.\n",
|
|
"+ Booze.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("and this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("- Candy.\n",
|
|
"- Gum.\n",
|
|
"- Booze.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("all produce the same output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<ul>\n",
|
|
"<li>Candy.</li>\n",
|
|
"<li>Gum.</li>\n",
|
|
"<li>Booze.</li>\n",
|
|
"</ul>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Ordered (numbered) lists use regular numbers, followed by periods, as\n" +
|
|
"list markers:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("1. Red\n",
|
|
"2. Green\n",
|
|
"3. Blue\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<ol>\n",
|
|
"<li>Red</li>\n",
|
|
"<li>Green</li>\n",
|
|
"<li>Blue</li>\n",
|
|
"</ol>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("If you put blank lines between items, you'll get <code><p></code> tags for the\n" +
|
|
"list item text. You can create multi-paragraph list items by indenting\n" +
|
|
"the paragraphs by 4 spaces or 1 tab:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* A list item.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" With multiple paragraphs.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"* Another item in the list.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<ul>\n",
|
|
"<li><p>A list item.</p>\n",
|
|
"<p>With multiple paragraphs.</p></li>\n",
|
|
"<li><p>Another item in the list.</p></li>\n",
|
|
"</ul>\n"),
|
|
|
|
head(3, "Links"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown supports two styles for creating links: _inline_ and\n" +
|
|
"_reference_. With both styles, you use square brackets to delimit the\n" +
|
|
"text you want to turn into a link."),
|
|
|
|
para("Inline-style links use parentheses immediately after the link text.\n" +
|
|
"For example:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("This is an [example link](http://example.com/).\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>This is an <a href=\"http://example.com/\">\n",
|
|
"example link</a>.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Optionally, you may include a title attribute in the parentheses:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("This is an [example link](http://example.com/ \"With a Title\").\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>This is an <a href=\"http://example.com/\" title=\"With a Title\">\n",
|
|
"example link</a>.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Reference-style links allow you to refer to your links by names, which\n" +
|
|
"you define elsewhere in your document:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][1] than from\n",
|
|
"[Yahoo][2] or [MSN][3].\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"[1]: http://google.com/ \"Google\"\n",
|
|
"[2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ \"Yahoo Search\"\n",
|
|
"[3]: http://search.msn.com/ \"MSN Search\"\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>I get 10 times more traffic from <a href=\"http://google.com/\"\n",
|
|
"title=\"Google\">Google</a> than from <a href=\"http://search.yahoo.com/\"\n",
|
|
"title=\"Yahoo Search\">Yahoo</a> or <a href=\"http://search.msn.com/\"\n",
|
|
"title=\"MSN Search\">MSN</a>.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("The title attribute is optional. Link names may contain letters,\n" +
|
|
"numbers and spaces, but are _not_ case sensitive:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("I start my morning with a cup of coffee and\n",
|
|
"[The New York Times][NY Times].\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"[ny times]: http://www.nytimes.com/\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>I start my morning with a cup of coffee and\n",
|
|
"<a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/\">The New York Times</a>.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
head(3, "Images"),
|
|
|
|
para("Image syntax is very much like link syntax."),
|
|
|
|
para("Inline (titles are optional):"),
|
|
|
|
verb("![alt text](/path/to/img.jpg \"Title\")\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Reference-style:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("![alt text][id]\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"[id]: /path/to/img.jpg \"Title\"\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Both of the above examples produce the same output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<img src=\"/path/to/img.jpg\" alt=\"alt text\" title=\"Title\" />\n"),
|
|
|
|
head(3, "Code"),
|
|
|
|
para("In a regular paragraph, you can create code span by wrapping text in\n" +
|
|
"backtick quotes. Any ampersands (<code>&</code>) and angle brackets (<code><</code> or\n" +
|
|
"<code>></code>) will automatically be translated into HTML entities. This makes\n" +
|
|
"it easy to use Markdown to write about HTML example code:"),
|
|
|
|
verb(
|
|
"I strongly recommend against using any `<blink>` tags.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"I wish SmartyPants used named entities like `—`\n",
|
|
"instead of decimal-encoded entites like `—`.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>I strongly recommend against using any\n",
|
|
"<code><blink></code> tags.</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<p>I wish SmartyPants used named entities like\n",
|
|
"<code>&mdash;</code> instead of decimal-encoded\n",
|
|
"entites like <code>&#8212;</code>.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("To specify an entire block of pre-formatted code, indent every line of\n" +
|
|
"the block by 4 spaces or 1 tab. Just like with code spans, <code>&</code>, <code><</code>,\n" +
|
|
"and <code>></code> characters will be escaped automatically."),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("If you want your page to validate under XHTML 1.0 Strict,\n",
|
|
"you've got to put paragraph tags in your blockquotes:\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" <blockquote>\n",
|
|
" <p>For example.</p>\n",
|
|
" </blockquote>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>If you want your page to validate under XHTML 1.0 Strict,\n",
|
|
"you've got to put paragraph tags in your blockquotes:</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<pre><code><blockquote>\n",
|
|
" <p>For example.</p>\n",
|
|
"</blockquote>\n",
|
|
"</code></pre>\n"))
|
|
|
|
assert_equal expected, doc
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
def test_markdown_documentation_syntax
|
|
input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Markdown Documentation - Syntax.text"
|
|
|
|
doc = @parser.parse input
|
|
|
|
expected =
|
|
doc(
|
|
head(1, "Markdown: Syntax"),
|
|
|
|
raw(<<-RAW.chomp),
|
|
<ul id="ProjectSubmenu">
|
|
<li><a href="/projects/markdown/" title="Markdown Project Page">Main</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/projects/markdown/basics" title="Markdown Basics">Basics</a></li>
|
|
<li><a class="selected" title="Markdown Syntax Documentation">Syntax</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/projects/markdown/license" title="Pricing and License Information">License</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/projects/markdown/dingus" title="Online Markdown Web Form">Dingus</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
RAW
|
|
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Overview}[#overview]"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Philosophy}[#philosophy]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Inline HTML}[#html]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Automatic Escaping for Special Characters}[#autoescape]")))),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Block Elements}[#block]"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Paragraphs and Line Breaks}[#p]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Headers}[#header]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Blockquotes}[#blockquote]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Lists}[#list]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Code Blocks}[#precode]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Horizontal Rules}[#hr]")))),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Span Elements}[#span]"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Links}[#link]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Emphasis}[#em]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Code}[#code]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Images}[#img]")))),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Miscellaneous}[#misc]"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Backslash Escapes}[#backslash]")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("{Automatic Links}[#autolink]"))))),
|
|
|
|
para("<b>Note:</b> This document is itself written using Markdown; you\n" +
|
|
"can {see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL}[/projects/markdown/syntax.text]."),
|
|
|
|
rule(1),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h2 id=\"overview\">Overview</h2>"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"philosophy\">Philosophy</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible."),
|
|
|
|
para("Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted\n" +
|
|
"document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking\n" +
|
|
"like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While\n" +
|
|
"Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML\n" +
|
|
"filters -- including {Setext}[http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html], {atx}[http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/], {Textile}[http://textism.com/tools/textile/], {reStructuredText}[http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html],\n" +
|
|
"{Grutatext}[http://www.triptico.com/software/grutatxt.html], and {EtText}[http://ettext.taint.org/doc/] -- the single biggest source of\n" +
|
|
"inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email."),
|
|
|
|
para("To this end, Markdown's syntax is comprised entirely of punctuation\n" +
|
|
"characters, which punctuation characters have been carefully chosen so\n" +
|
|
"as to look like what they mean. E.g., asterisks around a word actually\n" +
|
|
"look like \*emphasis\*. Markdown lists look like, well, lists. Even\n" +
|
|
"blockquotes look like quoted passages of text, assuming you've ever\n" +
|
|
"used email."),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"html\">Inline HTML</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown's syntax is intended for one purpose: to be used as a\n" +
|
|
"format for _writing_ for the web."),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown is not a replacement for HTML, or even close to it. Its\n" +
|
|
"syntax is very small, corresponding only to a very small subset of\n" +
|
|
"HTML tags. The idea is _not_ to create a syntax that makes it easier\n" +
|
|
"to insert HTML tags. In my opinion, HTML tags are already easy to\n" +
|
|
"insert. The idea for Markdown is to make it easy to read, write, and\n" +
|
|
"edit prose. HTML is a _publishing_ format; Markdown is a _writing_\n" +
|
|
"format. Thus, Markdown's formatting syntax only addresses issues that\n" +
|
|
"can be conveyed in plain text."),
|
|
|
|
para("For any markup that is not covered by Markdown's syntax, you simply\n" +
|
|
"use HTML itself. There's no need to preface it or delimit it to\n" +
|
|
"indicate that you're switching from Markdown to HTML; you just use\n" +
|
|
"the tags."),
|
|
|
|
para("The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements -- e.g. <code><div></code>,\n" +
|
|
"<code><table></code>, <code><pre></code>, <code><p></code>, etc. -- must be separated from surrounding\n" +
|
|
"content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the block should\n" +
|
|
"not be indented with tabs or spaces. Markdown is smart enough not\n" +
|
|
"to add extra (unwanted) <code><p></code> tags around HTML block-level tags."),
|
|
|
|
para("For example, to add an HTML table to a Markdown article:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("This is a regular paragraph.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<table>\n",
|
|
" <tr>\n",
|
|
" <td>Foo</td>\n",
|
|
" </tr>\n",
|
|
"</table>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"This is another regular paragraph.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Note that Markdown formatting syntax is not processed within block-level\n" +
|
|
"HTML tags. E.g., you can't use Markdown-style <code>*emphasis*</code> inside an\n" +
|
|
"HTML block."),
|
|
|
|
para("Span-level HTML tags -- e.g. <code><span></code>, <code><cite></code>, or <code><del></code> -- can be\n" +
|
|
"used anywhere in a Markdown paragraph, list item, or header. If you\n" +
|
|
"want, you can even use HTML tags instead of Markdown formatting; e.g. if\n" +
|
|
"you'd prefer to use HTML <code><a></code> or <code><img></code> tags instead of Markdown's\n" +
|
|
"link or image syntax, go right ahead."),
|
|
|
|
para("Unlike block-level HTML tags, Markdown syntax _is_ processed within\n" +
|
|
"span-level tags."),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"autoescape\">Automatic Escaping for Special Characters</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("In HTML, there are two characters that demand special treatment: <code><</code>\n" +
|
|
"and <code>&</code>. Left angle brackets are used to start tags; ampersands are\n" +
|
|
"used to denote HTML entities. If you want to use them as literal\n" +
|
|
"characters, you must escape them as entities, e.g. <code><</code>, and\n" +
|
|
"<code>&</code>."),
|
|
|
|
para("Ampersands in particular are bedeviling for web writers. If you want to\n" +
|
|
"write about 'AT&T', you need to write '<code>AT&T</code>'. You even need to\n" +
|
|
"escape ampersands within URLs. Thus, if you want to link to:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("you need to encode the URL as:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("in your anchor tag <code>href</code> attribute. Needless to say, this is easy to\n" +
|
|
"forget, and is probably the single most common source of HTML validation\n" +
|
|
"errors in otherwise well-marked-up web sites."),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown allows you to use these characters naturally, taking care of\n" +
|
|
"all the necessary escaping for you. If you use an ampersand as part of\n" +
|
|
"an HTML entity, it remains unchanged; otherwise it will be translated\n" +
|
|
"into <code>&</code>."),
|
|
|
|
para("So, if you want to include a copyright symbol in your article, you can write:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("©\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("and Markdown will leave it alone. But if you write:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("AT&T\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown will translate it to:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("AT&T\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Similarly, because Markdown supports {inline HTML}[#html], if you use\n" +
|
|
"angle brackets as delimiters for HTML tags, Markdown will treat them as\n" +
|
|
"such. But if you write:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("4 < 5\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown will translate it to:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("4 < 5\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("However, inside Markdown code spans and blocks, angle brackets and\n" +
|
|
"ampersands are _always_ encoded automatically. This makes it easy to use\n" +
|
|
"Markdown to write about HTML code. (As opposed to raw HTML, which is a\n" +
|
|
"terrible format for writing about HTML syntax, because every single <code><</code>\n" +
|
|
"and <code>&</code> in your example code needs to be escaped.)"),
|
|
|
|
rule(1),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h2 id=\"block\">Block Elements</h2>"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"p\">Paragraphs and Line Breaks</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated\n" +
|
|
"by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a\n" +
|
|
"blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered\n" +
|
|
"blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be intended with spaces or tabs."),
|
|
|
|
para("The implication of the \"one or more consecutive lines of text\" rule is\n" +
|
|
"that Markdown supports \"hard-wrapped\" text paragraphs. This differs\n" +
|
|
"significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable\n" +
|
|
"Type's \"Convert Line Breaks\" option) which translate every line break\n" +
|
|
"character in a paragraph into a <code><br /></code> tag."),
|
|
|
|
para("When you _do_ want to insert a <code><br /></code> break tag using Markdown, you\n" +
|
|
"end a line with two or more spaces, then type return."),
|
|
|
|
para("Yes, this takes a tad more effort to create a <code><br /></code>, but a simplistic\n" +
|
|
"\"every line break is a <code><br /></code>\" rule wouldn't work for Markdown.\n" +
|
|
"Markdown's email-style {blockquoting}[#blockquote] and multi-paragraph {list items}[#list]\n" +
|
|
"work best -- and look better -- when you format them with hard breaks."),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"header\">Headers</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown supports two styles of headers, {Setext}[http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html] and {atx}[http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/]."),
|
|
|
|
para("Setext-style headers are \"underlined\" using equal signs (for first-level\n" +
|
|
"headers) and dashes (for second-level headers). For example:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("This is an H1\n",
|
|
"=============\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"This is an H2\n",
|
|
"-------------\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Any number of underlining <code>=</code>'s or <code>-</code>'s will work."),
|
|
|
|
para("Atx-style headers use 1-6 hash characters at the start of the line,\n" +
|
|
"corresponding to header levels 1-6. For example:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("# This is an H1\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"## This is an H2\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"###### This is an H6\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Optionally, you may \"close\" atx-style headers. This is purely\n" +
|
|
"cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The\n" +
|
|
"closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes\n" +
|
|
"used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes\n" +
|
|
"determines the header level.) :"),
|
|
|
|
verb("# This is an H1 #\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"## This is an H2 ##\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"### This is an H3 ######\n"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"blockquote\">Blockquotes</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para(
|
|
"Markdown uses email-style <code>></code> characters for blockquoting. If you're\n" +
|
|
"familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you\n" +
|
|
"know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard\n" +
|
|
"wrap the text and put a <code>></code> before every line:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("> This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,\n",
|
|
"> consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.\n",
|
|
"> Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.\n",
|
|
"> \n",
|
|
"> Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse\n",
|
|
"> id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the <code>></code> before the first\n" +
|
|
"line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("> This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,\n",
|
|
"consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.\n",
|
|
"Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"> Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse\n",
|
|
"id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by\n" +
|
|
"adding additional levels of <code>></code>:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("> This is the first level of quoting.\n",
|
|
">\n",
|
|
"> > This is nested blockquote.\n",
|
|
">\n",
|
|
"> Back to the first level.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists,\n" +
|
|
"and code blocks:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("> ## This is a header.\n",
|
|
"> \n",
|
|
"> 1. This is the first list item.\n",
|
|
"> 2. This is the second list item.\n",
|
|
"> \n",
|
|
"> Here's some example code:\n",
|
|
"> \n",
|
|
"> return shell_exec(\"echo $input | $markdown_script\");\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For\n" +
|
|
"example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase\n" +
|
|
"Quote Level from the Text menu."),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"list\">Lists</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists."),
|
|
|
|
para("Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangeably\n" +
|
|
"-- as list markers:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* Red\n",
|
|
"* Green\n",
|
|
"* Blue\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("is equivalent to:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("+ Red\n",
|
|
"+ Green\n",
|
|
"+ Blue\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("and:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("- Red\n",
|
|
"- Green\n",
|
|
"- Blue\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("1. Bird\n",
|
|
"2. McHale\n",
|
|
"3. Parish\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the\n" +
|
|
"list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML\n" +
|
|
"Markdown produces from the above list is:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<ol>\n",
|
|
"<li>Bird</li>\n",
|
|
"<li>McHale</li>\n",
|
|
"<li>Parish</li>\n",
|
|
"</ol>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("1. Bird\n",
|
|
"1. McHale\n",
|
|
"1. Parish\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("or even:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("3. Bird\n",
|
|
"1. McHale\n",
|
|
"8. Parish\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to,\n" +
|
|
"you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that\n" +
|
|
"the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML.\n" +
|
|
"But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to."),
|
|
|
|
para("If you do use lazy list numbering, however, you should still start the\n" +
|
|
"list with the number 1. At some point in the future, Markdown may support\n" +
|
|
"starting ordered lists at an arbitrary number."),
|
|
|
|
para("List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented by\n" +
|
|
"up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more spaces\n" +
|
|
"or a tab."),
|
|
|
|
para("To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.\n",
|
|
" Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,\n",
|
|
" viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.\n",
|
|
"* Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.\n",
|
|
" Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.\n",
|
|
"Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,\n",
|
|
"viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.\n",
|
|
"* Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.\n",
|
|
"Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("If list items are separated by blank lines, Markdown will wrap the\n" +
|
|
"items in <code><p></code> tags in the HTML output. For example, this input:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* Bird\n",
|
|
"* Magic\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("will turn into:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<ul>\n",
|
|
"<li>Bird</li>\n",
|
|
"<li>Magic</li>\n",
|
|
"</ul>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("But this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* Bird\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"* Magic\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("will turn into:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<ul>\n",
|
|
"<li><p>Bird</p></li>\n",
|
|
"<li><p>Magic</p></li>\n",
|
|
"</ul>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent\n" +
|
|
"paragraph in a list item must be intended by either 4 spaces\n" +
|
|
"or one tab:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor\n",
|
|
" sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit\n",
|
|
" mi posuere lectus.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet\n",
|
|
" vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum\n",
|
|
" sit amet velit.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent\n" +
|
|
"paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be\n" +
|
|
"lazy:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* This is a list item with two paragraphs.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're\n",
|
|
"only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor\n",
|
|
"sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"* Another item in the same list.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's <code>></code>\n" +
|
|
"delimiters need to be indented:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* A list item with a blockquote:\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" > This is a blockquote\n",
|
|
" > inside a list item.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para(
|
|
"To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs\n" +
|
|
"to be indented _twice_ -- 8 spaces or two tabs:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* A list item with a code block:\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" <code goes here>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("It's worth noting that it's possible to trigger an ordered list by\n" +
|
|
"accident, by writing something like this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("1986. What a great season.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("In other words, a <em>number-period-space</em> sequence at the beginning of a\n" +
|
|
"line. To avoid this, you can backslash-escape the period:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("1986\\. What a great season.\n"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"precode\">Code Blocks</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or\n" +
|
|
"markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines\n" +
|
|
"of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block\n" +
|
|
"in both <code><pre></code> and <code><code></code> tags."),
|
|
|
|
para("To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the\n" +
|
|
"block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab. For example, given this input:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("This is a normal paragraph:\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" This is a code block.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown will generate:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>This is a normal paragraph:</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<pre><code>This is a code block.\n",
|
|
"</code></pre>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("One level of indentation -- 4 spaces or 1 tab -- is removed from each\n" +
|
|
"line of the code block. For example, this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("Here is an example of AppleScript:\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" tell application \"Foo\"\n",
|
|
" beep\n",
|
|
" end tell\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("will turn into:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>Here is an example of AppleScript:</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<pre><code>tell application \"Foo\"\n",
|
|
" beep\n",
|
|
"end tell\n",
|
|
"</code></pre>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented\n" +
|
|
"(or the end of the article)."),
|
|
|
|
para("Within a code block, ampersands (<code>&</code>) and angle brackets (<code><</code> and <code>></code>)\n" +
|
|
"are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very\n" +
|
|
"easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste\n" +
|
|
"it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the\n" +
|
|
"ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb(" <div class=\"footer\">\n",
|
|
" © 2004 Foo Corporation\n",
|
|
" </div>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("will turn into:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<pre><code><div class=\"footer\">\n",
|
|
" &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation\n",
|
|
"</div>\n",
|
|
"</code></pre>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g.,\n" +
|
|
"asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means\n" +
|
|
"it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax."),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"hr\">Horizontal Rules</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("You can produce a horizontal rule tag (<code><hr /></code>) by placing three or\n" +
|
|
"more hyphens, asterisks, or underscores on a line by themselves. If you\n" +
|
|
"wish, you may use spaces between the hyphens or asterisks. Each of the\n" +
|
|
"following lines will produce a horizontal rule:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("* * *\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"***\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"*****\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"- - -\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"---------------------------------------\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"_ _ _\n"),
|
|
|
|
rule(1),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h2 id=\"span\">Span Elements</h2>"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"link\">Links</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown supports two style of links: _inline_ and _reference_."),
|
|
|
|
para("In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets]."),
|
|
|
|
para("To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately\n" +
|
|
"after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses,\n" +
|
|
"put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an _optional_\n" +
|
|
"title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("This is [an example](http://example.com/ \"Title\") inline link.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"[This link](http://example.net/) has no title attribute.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Will produce:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>This is <a href=\"http://example.com/\" title=\"Title\">\n",
|
|
"an example</a> inline link.</p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<p><a href=\"http://example.net/\">This link</a> has no\n",
|
|
"title attribute.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("If you're referring to a local resource on the same server, you can\n" +
|
|
"use relative paths:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("See my [About](/about/) page for details.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Reference-style links use a second set of square brackets, inside\n" +
|
|
"which you place a label of your choosing to identify the link:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("This is [an example][id] reference-style link.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("You can optionally use a space to separate the sets of brackets:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("This is [an example] [id] reference-style link.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Then, anywhere in the document, you define your link label like this,\n" +
|
|
"on a line by itself:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("[id]: http://example.com/ \"Optional Title Here\"\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("That is:"),
|
|
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("Square brackets containing the link identifier (optionally\n" +
|
|
"indented from the left margin using up to three spaces);")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("followed by a colon;")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("followed by one or more spaces (or tabs);")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("followed by the URL for the link;")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("optionally followed by a title attribute for the link, enclosed\n" +
|
|
"in double or single quotes."))),
|
|
|
|
para("The link URL may, optionally, be surrounded by angle brackets:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("[id]: <http://example.com/> \"Optional Title Here\"\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("You can put the title attribute on the next line and use extra spaces\n" +
|
|
"or tabs for padding, which tends to look better with longer URLs:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("[id]: http://example.com/longish/path/to/resource/here\n",
|
|
" \"Optional Title Here\"\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Link definitions are only used for creating links during Markdown\n" +
|
|
"processing, and are stripped from your document in the HTML output."),
|
|
|
|
para("Link definition names may constist of letters, numbers, spaces, and punctuation -- but they are _not_ case sensitive. E.g. these two links:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("[link text][a]\n",
|
|
"[link text][A]\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("are equivalent."),
|
|
|
|
para("The <em>implicit link name</em> shortcut allows you to omit the name of the\n" +
|
|
"link, in which case the link text itself is used as the name.\n" +
|
|
"Just use an empty set of square brackets -- e.g., to link the word\n" +
|
|
"\"Google\" to the google.com web site, you could simply write:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("[Google][]\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("And then define the link:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("[Google]: http://google.com/\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Because link names may contain spaces, this shortcut even works for\n" +
|
|
"multiple words in the link text:"),
|
|
|
|
|
|
verb("Visit [Daring Fireball][] for more information.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("And then define the link:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("[Daring Fireball]: http://daringfireball.net/\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Link definitions can be placed anywhere in your Markdown document. I\n" +
|
|
"tend to put them immediately after each paragraph in which they're\n" +
|
|
"used, but if you want, you can put them all at the end of your\n" +
|
|
"document, sort of like footnotes."),
|
|
|
|
para("Here's an example of reference links in action:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("I get 10 times more traffic from [Google] [1] than from\n",
|
|
"[Yahoo] [2] or [MSN] [3].\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" [1]: http://google.com/ \"Google\"\n",
|
|
" [2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ \"Yahoo Search\"\n",
|
|
" [3]: http://search.msn.com/ \"MSN Search\"\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Using the implicit link name shortcut, you could instead write:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][] than from\n",
|
|
"[Yahoo][] or [MSN][].\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
" [google]: http://google.com/ \"Google\"\n",
|
|
" [yahoo]: http://search.yahoo.com/ \"Yahoo Search\"\n",
|
|
" [msn]: http://search.msn.com/ \"MSN Search\"\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Both of the above examples will produce the following HTML output:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>I get 10 times more traffic from <a href=\"http://google.com/\"\n",
|
|
"title=\"Google\">Google</a> than from\n",
|
|
"<a href=\"http://search.yahoo.com/\" title=\"Yahoo Search\">Yahoo</a>\n",
|
|
"or <a href=\"http://search.msn.com/\" title=\"MSN Search\">MSN</a>.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("For comparison, here is the same paragraph written using\n" +
|
|
"Markdown's inline link style:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("I get 10 times more traffic from [Google](http://google.com/ \"Google\")\n",
|
|
"than from [Yahoo](http://search.yahoo.com/ \"Yahoo Search\") or\n",
|
|
"[MSN](http://search.msn.com/ \"MSN Search\").\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("The point of reference-style links is not that they're easier to\n" +
|
|
"write. The point is that with reference-style links, your document\n" +
|
|
"source is vastly more readable. Compare the above examples: using\n" +
|
|
"reference-style links, the paragraph itself is only 81 characters\n" +
|
|
"long; with inline-style links, it's 176 characters; and as raw HTML,\n" +
|
|
"it's 234 characters. In the raw HTML, there's more markup than there\n" +
|
|
"is text."),
|
|
|
|
para("With Markdown's reference-style links, a source document much more\n" +
|
|
"closely resembles the final output, as rendered in a browser. By\n" +
|
|
"allowing you to move the markup-related metadata out of the paragraph,\n" +
|
|
"you can add links without interrupting the narrative flow of your\n" +
|
|
"prose."),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"em\">Emphasis</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown treats asterisks (<code>*</code>) and underscores (<code>_</code>) as indicators of\n" +
|
|
"emphasis. Text wrapped with one <code>*</code> or <code>_</code> will be wrapped with an\n" +
|
|
"HTML <code><em></code> tag; double <code>*</code>'s or <code>_</code>'s will be wrapped with an HTML\n" +
|
|
"<code><strong></code> tag. E.g., this input:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("*single asterisks*\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"_single underscores_\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"**double asterisks**\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"__double underscores__\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("will produce:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<em>single asterisks</em>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<em>single underscores</em>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<strong>double asterisks</strong>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<strong>double underscores</strong>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("You can use whichever style you prefer; the lone restriction is that\n" +
|
|
"the same character must be used to open and close an emphasis span."),
|
|
|
|
para("Emphasis can be used in the middle of a word:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("un*fucking*believable\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("But if you surround an <code>*</code> or <code>_</code> with spaces, it'll be treated as a\n" +
|
|
"literal asterisk or underscore."),
|
|
|
|
para("To produce a literal asterisk or underscore at a position where it\n" +
|
|
"would otherwise be used as an emphasis delimiter, you can backslash\n" +
|
|
"escape it:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("\\*this text is surrounded by literal asterisks\\*\n"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"code\">Code</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (<code>`</code>).\n" +
|
|
"Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a\n" +
|
|
"normal paragraph. For example:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("Use the `printf()` function.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("will produce:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>Use the <code>printf()</code> function.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("To include a literal backtick character within a code span, you can use\n" +
|
|
"multiple backticks as the opening and closing delimiters:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("``There is a literal backtick (`) here.``\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("which will produce this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p><code>There is a literal backtick (`) here.</code></p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("The backtick delimiters surrounding a code span may include spaces --\n" +
|
|
"one after the opening, one before the closing. This allows you to place\n" +
|
|
"literal backtick characters at the beginning or end of a code span:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("A single backtick in a code span: `` ` ``\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `` `foo` ``\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("will produce:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>A single backtick in a code span: <code>`</code></p>\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"<p>A backtick-delimited string in a code span: <code>`foo`</code></p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("With a code span, ampersands and angle brackets are encoded as HTML\n" +
|
|
"entities automatically, which makes it easy to include example HTML\n" +
|
|
"tags. Markdown will turn this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("Please don't use any `<blink>` tags.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("into:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<p>Please don't use any <code><blink></code> tags.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("You can write this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("`—` is the decimal-encoded equivalent of `—`.\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("to produce:"),
|
|
|
|
verb( "<p><code>&#8212;</code> is the decimal-encoded\n",
|
|
"equivalent of <code>&mdash;</code>.</p>\n"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"img\">Images</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Admittedly, it's fairly difficult to devise a \"natural\" syntax for\n" +
|
|
"placing images into a plain text document format."),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown uses an image syntax that is intended to resemble the syntax\n" +
|
|
"for links, allowing for two styles: _inline_ and _reference_."),
|
|
|
|
para("Inline image syntax looks like this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg \"Optional title\")\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("That is:"),
|
|
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("An exclamation mark: <code>!</code>;")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("followed by a set of square brackets, containing the <code>alt</code>\n" +
|
|
"attribute text for the image;")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("followed by a set of parentheses, containing the URL or path to\n" +
|
|
"the image, and an optional <code>title</code> attribute enclosed in double\n" +
|
|
"or single quotes."))),
|
|
|
|
para("Reference-style image syntax looks like this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("![Alt text][id]\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Where \"id\" is the name of a defined image reference. Image references\n" +
|
|
"are defined using syntax identical to link references:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("[id]: url/to/image \"Optional title attribute\"\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("As of this writing, Markdown has no syntax for specifying the\n" +
|
|
"dimensions of an image; if this is important to you, you can simply\n" +
|
|
"use regular HTML <code><img></code> tags."),
|
|
|
|
rule(1),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h2 id=\"misc\">Miscellaneous</h2>"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"autolink\">Automatic Links</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown supports a shortcut style for creating \"automatic\" links for URLs and email addresses: simply surround the URL or email address with angle brackets. What this means is that if you want to show the actual text of a URL or email address, and also have it be a clickable link, you can do this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<http://example.com/>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown will turn this into:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<a href=\"http://example.com/\">http://example.com/</a>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that\n" +
|
|
"Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex\n" +
|
|
"entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting\n" +
|
|
"spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<address@example.com>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("into something like this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("<a href=\"mailto:addre\n",
|
|
"ss@example.co\n",
|
|
"m\">address@exa\n",
|
|
"mple.com</a>\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("which will render in a browser as a clickable link to \"address@example.com\"."),
|
|
|
|
para("(This sort of entity-encoding trick will indeed fool many, if not\n" +
|
|
"most, address-harvesting bots, but it definitely won't fool all of\n" +
|
|
"them. It's better than nothing, but an address published in this way\n" +
|
|
"will probably eventually start receiving spam.)"),
|
|
|
|
raw("<h3 id=\"backslash\">Backslash Escapes</h3>"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown allows you to use backslash escapes to generate literal\n" +
|
|
"characters which would otherwise have special meaning in Markdown's\n" +
|
|
"formatting syntax. For example, if you wanted to surround a word with\n" +
|
|
"literal asterisks (instead of an HTML <code><em></code> tag), you can backslashes\n" +
|
|
"before the asterisks, like this:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("\\*literal asterisks\\*\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("Markdown provides backslash escapes for the following characters:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("\\ backslash\n",
|
|
"` backtick\n",
|
|
"* asterisk\n",
|
|
"_ underscore\n",
|
|
"{} curly braces\n",
|
|
"[] square brackets\n",
|
|
"() parentheses\n",
|
|
"# hash mark\n",
|
|
"+ plus sign\n",
|
|
"- minus sign (hyphen)\n",
|
|
". dot\n",
|
|
"! exclamation mark\n"))
|
|
|
|
assert_equal expected, doc
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
def test_nested_blockquotes
|
|
input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Nested blockquotes.text"
|
|
|
|
doc = @parser.parse input
|
|
|
|
expected =
|
|
doc(
|
|
block(
|
|
para("foo"),
|
|
block(
|
|
para("bar")),
|
|
para("foo")))
|
|
|
|
assert_equal expected, doc
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
def test_ordered_and_unordered_lists
|
|
input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Ordered and unordered lists.text"
|
|
|
|
doc = @parser.parse input
|
|
|
|
expected =
|
|
doc(
|
|
head(2, 'Unordered'),
|
|
|
|
para('Asterisks tight:'),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 1")),
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 2")),
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 3"))),
|
|
para('Asterisks loose:'),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 1")),
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 2")),
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 3"))),
|
|
|
|
rule(1),
|
|
|
|
para("Pluses tight:"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("Plus 1")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Plus 2")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Plus 3"))),
|
|
para("Pluses loose:"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("Plus 1")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Plus 2")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Plus 3"))),
|
|
|
|
rule(1),
|
|
|
|
para("Minuses tight:"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("Minus 1")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Minus 2")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Minus 3"))),
|
|
para("Minuses loose:"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("Minus 1")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Minus 2")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Minus 3"))),
|
|
|
|
head(2, "Ordered"),
|
|
|
|
para("Tight:"),
|
|
list(:NUMBER,
|
|
item(nil, para("First")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Second")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Third"))),
|
|
para("and:"),
|
|
list(:NUMBER,
|
|
item(nil, para("One")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Two")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Three"))),
|
|
|
|
para("Loose using tabs:"),
|
|
list(:NUMBER,
|
|
item(nil, para("First")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Second")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Third"))),
|
|
para("and using spaces:"),
|
|
list(:NUMBER,
|
|
item(nil, para("One")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Two")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Three"))),
|
|
|
|
para("Multiple paragraphs:"),
|
|
list(:NUMBER,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("Item 1, graf one."),
|
|
para("Item 2. graf two. The quick brown fox " +
|
|
"jumped over the lazy dog's\nback.")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Item 2.")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Item 3."))),
|
|
|
|
head(2, "Nested"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("Tab"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("Tab"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("Tab"))))))),
|
|
|
|
para("Here's another:"),
|
|
list(:NUMBER,
|
|
item(nil, para("First")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Second:"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("Fee")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Fie")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Foe")))),
|
|
item(nil, para("Third"))),
|
|
|
|
para("Same thing but with paragraphs:"),
|
|
list(:NUMBER,
|
|
item(nil, para("First")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Second:"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("Fee")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Fie")),
|
|
item(nil, para("Foe")))),
|
|
item(nil, para("Third"))),
|
|
|
|
para("This was an error in Markdown 1.0.1:"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("this"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("sub"))),
|
|
para("that"))))
|
|
|
|
assert_equal expected, doc
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
def test_strong_and_em_together
|
|
input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Strong and em together.text"
|
|
|
|
doc = @parser.parse input
|
|
|
|
expected =
|
|
doc(
|
|
para("<b><em>This is strong and em.</em></b>"),
|
|
para("So is <b>_this_</b> word."),
|
|
para("<b><em>This is strong and em.</em></b>"),
|
|
para("So is <b>_this_</b> word."))
|
|
|
|
assert_equal expected, doc
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
def test_tabs
|
|
input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Tabs.text"
|
|
|
|
doc = @parser.parse input
|
|
|
|
expected =
|
|
doc(
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("this is a list item\nindented with tabs")),
|
|
item(nil,
|
|
para("this is a list item\nindented with spaces"))),
|
|
|
|
para("Code:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("this code block is indented by one tab\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("And:"),
|
|
|
|
verb("\tthis code block is indented by two tabs\n"),
|
|
|
|
para("And:"),
|
|
|
|
verb(
|
|
"+\tthis is an example list item\n",
|
|
"\tindented with tabs\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"+ this is an example list item\n",
|
|
" indented with spaces\n"))
|
|
|
|
assert_equal expected, doc
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
def test_tidyness
|
|
input = File.read "#{MARKDOWN_TEST_PATH}/Tidyness.text"
|
|
|
|
doc = @parser.parse input
|
|
|
|
expected =
|
|
doc(
|
|
block(
|
|
para("A list within a blockquote:"),
|
|
list(:BULLET,
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 1")),
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 2")),
|
|
item(nil, para("asterisk 3")))))
|
|
|
|
assert_equal expected, doc
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
end
|