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ruby--ruby/man/bundle-install.1.txt
Hiroshi SHIBATA 38002a8adb Prepare to release bundler-2.1.0
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BUNDLE-INSTALL(1) BUNDLE-INSTALL(1)
NAME
bundle-install - Install the dependencies specified in your Gemfile
SYNOPSIS
bundle install [--binstubs[=DIRECTORY]] [--clean] [--deployment]
[--frozen] [--full-index] [--gemfile=GEMFILE] [--jobs=NUMBER] [--local]
[--no-cache] [--no-prune] [--path PATH] [--quiet] [--redownload]
[--retry=NUMBER] [--shebang] [--standalone[=GROUP[ GROUP...]]] [--sys-
tem] [--trust-policy=POLICY] [--with=GROUP[ GROUP...]] [--with-
out=GROUP[ GROUP...]]
DESCRIPTION
Install the gems specified in your Gemfile(5). If this is the first
time you run bundle install (and a Gemfile.lock does not exist),
Bundler will fetch all remote sources, resolve dependencies and install
all needed gems.
If a Gemfile.lock does exist, and you have not updated your Gemfile(5),
Bundler will fetch all remote sources, but use the dependencies speci-
fied in the Gemfile.lock instead of resolving dependencies.
If a Gemfile.lock does exist, and you have updated your Gemfile(5),
Bundler will use the dependencies in the Gemfile.lock for all gems that
you did not update, but will re-resolve the dependencies of gems that
you did update. You can find more information about this update process
below under CONSERVATIVE UPDATING.
OPTIONS
To apply any of --binstubs, --deployment, --path, or --without every
time bundle install is run, use bundle config (see bundle-config(1)).
--binstubs[=<directory>]
Binstubs are scripts that wrap around executables. Bundler cre-
ates a small Ruby file (a binstub) that loads Bundler, runs the
command, and puts it in bin/. This lets you link the binstub
inside of an application to the exact gem version the applica-
tion needs.
Creates a directory (defaults to ~/bin) and places any executa-
bles from the gem there. These executables run in Bundler's con-
text. If used, you might add this directory to your environ-
ment's PATH variable. For instance, if the rails gem comes with
a rails executable, this flag will create a bin/rails executable
that ensures that all referred dependencies will be resolved
using the bundled gems.
--clean
On finishing the installation Bundler is going to remove any
gems not present in the current Gemfile(5). Don't worry, gems
currently in use will not be removed.
--deployment
In deployment mode, Bundler will 'roll-out' the bundle for pro-
duction or CI use. Please check carefully if you want to have
this option enabled in your development environment.
--redownload
Force download every gem, even if the required versions are
already available locally.
--frozen
Do not allow the Gemfile.lock to be updated after this install.
Exits non-zero if there are going to be changes to the Gem-
file.lock.
--full-index
Bundler will not call Rubygems' API endpoint (default) but down-
load and cache a (currently big) index file of all gems. Perfor-
mance can be improved for large bundles that seldom change by
enabling this option.
--gemfile=<gemfile>
The location of the Gemfile(5) which Bundler should use. This
defaults to a Gemfile(5) in the current working directory. In
general, Bundler will assume that the location of the Gemfile(5)
is also the project's root and will try to find Gemfile.lock and
vendor/cache relative to this location.
--jobs=[<number>], -j[<number>]
The maximum number of parallel download and install jobs. The
default is 1.
--local
Do not attempt to connect to rubygems.org. Instead, Bundler will
use the gems already present in Rubygems' cache or in ven-
dor/cache. Note that if a appropriate platform-specific gem
exists on rubygems.org it will not be found.
--no-cache
Do not update the cache in vendor/cache with the newly bundled
gems. This does not remove any gems in the cache but keeps the
newly bundled gems from being cached during the install.
--no-prune
Don't remove stale gems from the cache when the installation
finishes.
--path=<path>
The location to install the specified gems to. This defaults to
Rubygems' setting. Bundler shares this location with Rubygems,
gem install ... will have gem installed there, too. Therefore,
gems installed without a --path ... setting will show up by
calling gem list. Accordingly, gems installed to other locations
will not get listed.
--quiet
Do not print progress information to the standard output.
Instead, Bundler will exit using a status code ($?).
--retry=[<number>]
Retry failed network or git requests for number times.
--shebang=<ruby-executable>
Uses the specified ruby executable (usually ruby) to execute the
scripts created with --binstubs. In addition, if you use --bin-
stubs together with --shebang jruby these executables will be
changed to execute jruby instead.
--standalone[=<list>]
Makes a bundle that can work without depending on Rubygems or
Bundler at runtime. A space separated list of groups to install
has to be specified. Bundler creates a directory named bundle
and installs the bundle there. It also generates a bun-
dle/bundler/setup.rb file to replace Bundler's own setup in the
manner required. Using this option implicitly sets path, which
is a [remembered option][REMEMBERED OPTIONS].
--system
Installs the gems specified in the bundle to the system's
Rubygems location. This overrides any previous configuration of
--path.
--trust-policy=[<policy>]
Apply the Rubygems security policy policy, where policy is one
of HighSecurity, MediumSecurity, LowSecurity, AlmostNoSecurity,
or NoSecurity. For more details, please see the Rubygems signing
documentation linked below in SEE ALSO.
--with=<list>
A space-separated list of groups referencing gems to install. If
an optional group is given it is installed. If a group is given
that is in the remembered list of groups given to --without, it
is removed from that list.
--without=<list>
A space-separated list of groups referencing gems to skip during
installation. If a group is given that is in the remembered list
of groups given to --with, it is removed from that list.
DEPLOYMENT MODE
Bundler's defaults are optimized for development. To switch to defaults
optimized for deployment and for CI, use the --deployment flag. Do not
activate deployment mode on development machines, as it will cause an
error when the Gemfile(5) is modified.
1. A Gemfile.lock is required.
To ensure that the same versions of the gems you developed with and
tested with are also used in deployments, a Gemfile.lock is
required.
This is mainly to ensure that you remember to check your Gem-
file.lock into version control.
2. The Gemfile.lock must be up to date
In development, you can modify your Gemfile(5) and re-run bundle
install to conservatively update your Gemfile.lock snapshot.
In deployment, your Gemfile.lock should be up-to-date with changes
made in your Gemfile(5).
3. Gems are installed to vendor/bundle not your default system loca-
tion
In development, it's convenient to share the gems used in your
application with other applications and other scripts that run on
the system.
In deployment, isolation is a more important default. In addition,
the user deploying the application may not have permission to
install gems to the system, or the web server may not have permis-
sion to read them.
As a result, bundle install --deployment installs gems to the ven-
dor/bundle directory in the application. This may be overridden
using the --path option.
SUDO USAGE
By default, Bundler installs gems to the same location as gem install.
In some cases, that location may not be writable by your Unix user. In
that case, Bundler will stage everything in a temporary directory, then
ask you for your sudo password in order to copy the gems into their
system location.
From your perspective, this is identical to installing the gems
directly into the system.
You should never use sudo bundle install. This is because several other
steps in bundle install must be performed as the current user:
o Updating your Gemfile.lock
o Updating your vendor/cache, if necessary
o Checking out private git repositories using your user's SSH keys
Of these three, the first two could theoretically be performed by
chowning the resulting files to $SUDO_USER. The third, however, can
only be performed by invoking the git command as the current user.
Therefore, git gems are downloaded and installed into ~/.bundle rather
than $GEM_HOME or $BUNDLE_PATH.
As a result, you should run bundle install as the current user, and
Bundler will ask for your password if it is needed to put the gems into
their final location.
INSTALLING GROUPS
By default, bundle install will install all gems in all groups in your
Gemfile(5), except those declared for a different platform.
However, you can explicitly tell Bundler to skip installing certain
groups with the --without option. This option takes a space-separated
list of groups.
While the --without option will skip installing the gems in the speci-
fied groups, it will still download those gems and use them to resolve
the dependencies of every gem in your Gemfile(5).
This is so that installing a different set of groups on another machine
(such as a production server) will not change the gems and versions
that you have already developed and tested against.
Bundler offers a rock-solid guarantee that the third-party code you are
running in development and testing is also the third-party code you are
running in production. You can choose to exclude some of that code in
different environments, but you will never be caught flat-footed by
different versions of third-party code being used in different environ-
ments.
For a simple illustration, consider the following Gemfile(5):
source 'https://rubygems.org'
gem 'sinatra'
group :production do
gem 'rack-perftools-profiler'
end
In this case, sinatra depends on any version of Rack (>= 1.0), while
rack-perftools-profiler depends on 1.x (~> 1.0).
When you run bundle install --without production in development, we
look at the dependencies of rack-perftools-profiler as well. That way,
you do not spend all your time developing against Rack 2.0, using new
APIs unavailable in Rack 1.x, only to have Bundler switch to Rack 1.2
when the production group is used.
This should not cause any problems in practice, because we do not
attempt to install the gems in the excluded groups, and only evaluate
as part of the dependency resolution process.
This also means that you cannot include different versions of the same
gem in different groups, because doing so would result in different
sets of dependencies used in development and production. Because of the
vagaries of the dependency resolution process, this usually affects
more than the gems you list in your Gemfile(5), and can (surprisingly)
radically change the gems you are using.
THE GEMFILE.LOCK
When you run bundle install, Bundler will persist the full names and
versions of all gems that you used (including dependencies of the gems
specified in the Gemfile(5)) into a file called Gemfile.lock.
Bundler uses this file in all subsequent calls to bundle install, which
guarantees that you always use the same exact code, even as your appli-
cation moves across machines.
Because of the way dependency resolution works, even a seemingly small
change (for instance, an update to a point-release of a dependency of a
gem in your Gemfile(5)) can result in radically different gems being
needed to satisfy all dependencies.
As a result, you SHOULD check your Gemfile.lock into version control,
in both applications and gems. If you do not, every machine that checks
out your repository (including your production server) will resolve all
dependencies again, which will result in different versions of
third-party code being used if any of the gems in the Gemfile(5) or any
of their dependencies have been updated.
When Bundler first shipped, the Gemfile.lock was included in the .git-
ignore file included with generated gems. Over time, however, it became
clear that this practice forces the pain of broken dependencies onto
new contributors, while leaving existing contributors potentially
unaware of the problem. Since bundle install is usually the first step
towards a contribution, the pain of broken dependencies would discour-
age new contributors from contributing. As a result, we have revised
our guidance for gem authors to now recommend checking in the lock for
gems.
CONSERVATIVE UPDATING
When you make a change to the Gemfile(5) and then run bundle install,
Bundler will update only the gems that you modified.
In other words, if a gem that you did not modify worked before you
called bundle install, it will continue to use the exact same versions
of all dependencies as it used before the update.
Let's take a look at an example. Here's your original Gemfile(5):
source 'https://rubygems.org'
gem 'actionpack', '2.3.8'
gem 'activemerchant'
In this case, both actionpack and activemerchant depend on activesup-
port. The actionpack gem depends on activesupport 2.3.8 and rack ~>
1.1.0, while the activemerchant gem depends on activesupport >= 2.3.2,
braintree >= 2.0.0, and builder >= 2.0.0.
When the dependencies are first resolved, Bundler will select
activesupport 2.3.8, which satisfies the requirements of both gems in
your Gemfile(5).
Next, you modify your Gemfile(5) to:
source 'https://rubygems.org'
gem 'actionpack', '3.0.0.rc'
gem 'activemerchant'
The actionpack 3.0.0.rc gem has a number of new dependencies, and
updates the activesupport dependency to = 3.0.0.rc and the rack depen-
dency to ~> 1.2.1.
When you run bundle install, Bundler notices that you changed the
actionpack gem, but not the activemerchant gem. It evaluates the gems
currently being used to satisfy its requirements:
activesupport 2.3.8
also used to satisfy a dependency in activemerchant, which is
not being updated
rack ~> 1.1.0
not currently being used to satisfy another dependency
Because you did not explicitly ask to update activemerchant, you would
not expect it to suddenly stop working after updating actionpack. How-
ever, satisfying the new activesupport 3.0.0.rc dependency of action-
pack requires updating one of its dependencies.
Even though activemerchant declares a very loose dependency that theo-
retically matches activesupport 3.0.0.rc, Bundler treats gems in your
Gemfile(5) that have not changed as an atomic unit together with their
dependencies. In this case, the activemerchant dependency is treated as
activemerchant 1.7.1 + activesupport 2.3.8, so bundle install will
report that it cannot update actionpack.
To explicitly update actionpack, including its dependencies which other
gems in the Gemfile(5) still depend on, run bundle update actionpack
(see bundle update(1)).
Summary: In general, after making a change to the Gemfile(5) , you
should first try to run bundle install, which will guarantee that no
other gem in the Gemfile(5) is impacted by the change. If that does not
work, run bundle update(1) bundle-update.1.html.
SEE ALSO
o Gem install docs
http://guides.rubygems.org/rubygems-basics/#installing-gems
o Rubygems signing docs http://guides.rubygems.org/security/
December 2019 BUNDLE-INSTALL(1)
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