thoughtbot--factory_bot/GETTING_STARTED.md

Getting Started
===============

Update Your Gemfile
-------------------

If you're using Rails:

```ruby
gem "factory_bot_rails"
```

If you're *not* using Rails:

```ruby
gem "factory_bot"
```

JRuby users: factory_bot works with JRuby starting with 1.6.7.2 (latest stable, as per July 2012).
JRuby has to be used in 1.9 mode, for that, use JRUBY_OPTS environment variable:

```bash
export JRUBY_OPTS=--1.9
```

Once your Gemfile is updated, you'll want to update your bundle.

Configure your test suite
-------------------------

### RSpec

If you're using Rails, add the following configuration to `spec/support/factory_bot.rb` and be sure to require that file in `rails_helper.rb`:

```ruby
RSpec.configure do |config|
  config.include FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods
end
```

If you're *not* using Rails:

```ruby
RSpec.configure do |config|
  config.include FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods

  config.before(:suite) do
    FactoryBot.find_definitions
  end
end
```

### Test::Unit

```ruby
class Test::Unit::TestCase
  include FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods
end
```

### Cucumber

```ruby
# env.rb (Rails example location - RAILS_ROOT/features/support/env.rb)
World(FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods)
```

### Spinach

```ruby
class Spinach::FeatureSteps
  include FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods
end
```

### Minitest

```ruby
class Minitest::Unit::TestCase
  include FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods
end
```

### Minitest::Spec

```ruby
class Minitest::Spec
  include FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods
end
```

### minitest-rails

```ruby
class ActiveSupport::TestCase
  include FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods
end
```

If you do not include `FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods` in your test suite, then all factory_bot methods will need to be prefaced with `FactoryBot`.

Defining factories
------------------

Each factory has a name and a set of attributes. The name is used to guess the class of the object by default:

```ruby
# This will guess the User class
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    first_name { "John" }
    last_name  { "Doe" }
    admin { false }
  end
end
```

It is also possible to explicitly specify the class:

```ruby
# This will use the User class (otherwise Admin would have been guessed)
factory :admin, class: "User"
```

If the constant is not available
(if you are using a Rails engine that waits to load models, for example),
you can also pass a symbol or string,
which factory_bot will constantize later, once you start building objects:

```ruby
# It's OK if Doorkeeper::AccessToken isn't loaded yet
factory :access_token, class: "Doorkeeper::AccessToken"
```

Because of the block syntax in Ruby, defining attributes as `Hash`es (for
serialized/JSON columns, for example) requires two sets of curly brackets:

```ruby
factory :program do
  configuration { { auto_resolve: false, auto_define: true } }
end
```

It is highly recommended that you have one factory for each class that provides the simplest set of attributes necessary to create an instance of that class. If you're creating ActiveRecord objects, that means that you should only provide attributes that are required through validations and that do not have defaults. Other factories can be created through inheritance to cover common scenarios for each class.

Attempting to define multiple factories with the same name will raise an error.

Factories can be defined anywhere, but will be automatically loaded after
calling `FactoryBot.find_definitions` if factories are defined in files at the
following locations:

    test/factories.rb
    spec/factories.rb
    test/factories/*.rb
    spec/factories/*.rb

Using factories
---------------

factory\_bot supports several different build strategies: build, create, attributes\_for and build\_stubbed:

```ruby
# Returns a User instance that's not saved
user = build(:user)

# Returns a saved User instance
user = create(:user)

# Returns a hash of attributes that can be used to build a User instance
attrs = attributes_for(:user)

# Returns an object with all defined attributes stubbed out
stub = build_stubbed(:user)

# Passing a block to any of the methods above will yield the return object
create(:user) do |user|
  user.posts.create(attributes_for(:post))
end
```

No matter which strategy is used, it's possible to override the defined attributes by passing a hash:

```ruby
# Build a User instance and override the first_name property
user = build(:user, first_name: "Joe")
user.first_name
# => "Joe"
```

Note that objects created with `build_stubbed` cannot be serialized with
`Marshal.dump`, since factory_bot defines singleton methods on these objects.

Static Attributes
------------------

Static attributes (without a block) are no longer available in factory\_bot 5.
You can read more about the decision to remove them in
[this blog post](https://robots.thoughtbot.com/deprecating-static-attributes-in-factory_bot-4-11).

Aliases
-------
factory_bot allows you to define aliases to existing factories to make them easier to re-use. This could come in handy when, for example, your Post object has an author attribute that actually refers to an instance of a User class. While normally factory_bot can infer the factory name from the association name, in this case it will look for an author factory in vain. So, alias your user factory so it can be used under alias names.

```ruby
factory :user, aliases: [:author, :commenter] do
  first_name { "John" }
  last_name { "Doe" }
  date_of_birth { 18.years.ago }
end

factory :post do
  author
  # instead of
  # association :author, factory: :user
  title { "How to read a book effectively" }
  body { "There are five steps involved." }
end

factory :comment do
  commenter
  # instead of
  # association :commenter, factory: :user
  body { "Great article!" }
end
```

Dependent Attributes
--------------------

Attributes can be based on the values of other attributes using the evaluator
that is yielded to dynamic attribute blocks:

```ruby
factory :user do
  first_name { "Joe" }
  last_name  { "Blow" }
  email { "#{first_name}.#{last_name}@example.com".downcase }
end

create(:user, last_name: "Doe").email
# => "joe.doe@example.com"
```

Transient Attributes
--------------------

There may be times where your code can be DRYed up by passing in transient attributes to factories.

```ruby
factory :user do
  transient do
    rockstar { true }
    upcased { false }
  end

  name { "John Doe#{" - Rockstar" if rockstar}" }
  email { "#{name.downcase}@example.com" }

  after(:create) do |user, evaluator|
    user.name.upcase! if evaluator.upcased
  end
end

create(:user, upcased: true).name
#=> "JOHN DOE - ROCKSTAR"
```

Transient attributes will be ignored within attributes\_for and won't be
set on the model,
even if the attribute exists or you attempt to override it.

Within factory_bot's dynamic attributes, you can access transient attributes as
you would expect. If you need to access the evaluator in a factory_bot callback,
you'll need to declare a second block argument (for the evaluator) and access
transient attributes from there.

Method Name / Reserved Word Attributes
-------------------------------

If your attributes conflict with existing methods or reserved words (all methods in the [DefinitionProxy](https://github.com/thoughtbot/factory_bot/blob/master/lib/factory_bot/definition_proxy.rb) class) you can define them with `add_attribute`.

```ruby
factory :dna do
  add_attribute(:sequence) { 'GATTACA' }
end

factory :payment do
  add_attribute(:method) { 'paypal' }
end

```

Inheritance
-----------

You can easily create multiple factories for the same class without repeating common attributes by nesting factories:

```ruby
factory :post do
  title { "A title" }

  factory :approved_post do
    approved { true }
  end
end

approved_post = create(:approved_post)
approved_post.title    # => "A title"
approved_post.approved # => true
```

You can also assign the parent explicitly:

```ruby
factory :post do
  title { "A title" }
end

factory :approved_post, parent: :post do
  approved { true }
end
```

As mentioned above, it's good practice to define a basic factory for each class
with only the attributes required to create it. Then, create more specific
factories that inherit from this basic parent. Factory definitions are still
code, so keep them DRY.

Associations
------------

It's possible to set up associations within factories. If the factory name is the same as the association name, the factory name can be left out.

```ruby
factory :post do
  # ...
  author
end
```

You can also specify a different factory or override attributes:

```ruby
factory :post do
  # ...
  association :author, factory: :user, last_name: "Writely"
end
```

In factory\_bot 5, associations default to using the same build strategy as
their parent object:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :author

  factory :post do
    author
  end
end

post = build(:post)
post.new_record?        # => true
post.author.new_record? # => true

post = create(:post)
post.new_record?        # => false
post.author.new_record? # => false
```

This is different than the default behavior for previous versions of
factory\_bot, where the association strategy would not always match the strategy
of the parent object. If you want to continue using the old behavior, you can
set the `use_parent_strategy` configuration option to `false`.

```ruby
FactoryBot.use_parent_strategy = false

# Builds and saves a User and a Post
post = create(:post)
post.new_record?        # => false
post.author.new_record? # => false

# Builds and saves a User, and then builds but does not save a Post
post = build(:post)
post.new_record?        # => true
post.author.new_record? # => false
```

To not save the associated object, specify `strategy: :build` in the factory:

```ruby
FactoryBot.use_parent_strategy = false

factory :post do
  # ...
  association :author, factory: :user, strategy: :build
end

# Builds a User, and then builds a Post, but does not save either
post = build(:post)
post.new_record?        # => true
post.author.new_record? # => true
```

Please note that the `strategy: :build` option must be passed to an explicit call to `association`,
and cannot be used with implicit associations:

```ruby
factory :post do
  # ...
  author strategy: :build    # <<< this does *not* work; causes author_id to be nil
```

Generating data for a `has_many` relationship is a bit more involved,
depending on the amount of flexibility desired, but here's a surefire example
of generating associated data.

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do

  # post factory with a `belongs_to` association for the user
  factory :post do
    title { "Through the Looking Glass" }
    user
  end

  # user factory without associated posts
  factory :user do
    name { "John Doe" }

    # user_with_posts will create post data after the user has been created
    factory :user_with_posts do
      # posts_count is declared as a transient attribute and available in
      # attributes on the factory, as well as the callback via the evaluator
      transient do
        posts_count { 5 }
      end

      # the after(:create) yields two values; the user instance itself and the
      # evaluator, which stores all values from the factory, including transient
      # attributes; `create_list`'s second argument is the number of records
      # to create and we make sure the user is associated properly to the post
      after(:create) do |user, evaluator|
        create_list(:post, evaluator.posts_count, user: user)
      end
    end
  end
end
```

This allows us to do:

```ruby
create(:user).posts.length # 0
create(:user_with_posts).posts.length # 5
create(:user_with_posts, posts_count: 15).posts.length # 15
```

Generating data for a `has_and_belongs_to_many` relationship is very similar
to the above `has_many` relationship, with a small change, you need to pass an
array of objects to the model's pluralized attribute name rather than a single
object to the singular version of the attribute name.

Here's an example with two models that are related via
 `has_and_belongs_to_many`:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do

  # language factory with a `belongs_to` association for the profile
  factory :language do
    title { "Through the Looking Glass" }
    profile
  end

  # profile factory without associated languages
  factory :profile do
    name { "John Doe" }

    # profile_with_languages will create language data after the profile has
    # been created
    factory :profile_with_languages do
      # languages_count is declared as an ignored attribute and available in
      # attributes on the factory, as well as the callback via the evaluator
      transient do
        languages_count { 5 }
      end

      # the after(:create) yields two values; the profile instance itself and
      # the evaluator, which stores all values from the factory, including
      # ignored attributes; `create_list`'s second argument is the number of
      # records to create and we make sure the profile is associated properly
      # to the language
      after(:create) do |profile, evaluator|
        create_list(:language, evaluator.languages_count, profiles: [profile])
      end
    end
  end
end
```

This allows us to do:

```ruby
create(:profile).languages.length # 0
create(:profile_with_languages).languages.length # 5
create(:profile_with_languages, languages_count: 15).languages.length # 15
```

Polymorphic associations can be handled with traits:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :video
  factory :photo

  factory :comment do
    for_photo # default to the :for_photo trait if none is specified

    trait :for_video do
      association :commentable, factory: :video
    end

    trait :for_photo do
      association :commentable, factory: :photo
    end
  end
end
```

This allows us to do:

```ruby
create(:comment)
create(:comment, :for_video)
create(:comment, :for_photo)
```


Sequences
---------

Unique values in a specific format (for example, e-mail addresses) can be
generated using sequences. Sequences are defined by calling `sequence` in a
definition block, and values in a sequence are generated by calling
`generate`:

```ruby
# Defines a new sequence
FactoryBot.define do
  sequence :email do |n|
    "person#{n}@example.com"
  end
end

generate :email
# => "person1@example.com"

generate :email
# => "person2@example.com"
```

Sequences can be used in dynamic attributes:

```ruby
factory :invite do
  invitee { generate(:email) }
end
```

Or as implicit attributes:

```ruby
factory :user do
  email # Same as `email { generate(:email) }`
end
```

Note that defining sequences as implicit attributes will not work if you have a
factory with the same name as the sequence.

And it's also possible to define an in-line sequence that is only used in
a particular factory:

```ruby
factory :user do
  sequence(:email) { |n| "person#{n}@example.com" }
end
```

You can also override the initial value:

```ruby
factory :user do
  sequence(:email, 1000) { |n| "person#{n}@example.com" }
end
```

Without a block, the value will increment itself, starting at its initial value:

```ruby
factory :post do
  sequence(:position)
end
```

Sequences can also have aliases. The sequence aliases share the same counter:

```ruby
factory :user do
  sequence(:email, 1000, aliases: [:sender, :receiver]) { |n| "person#{n}@example.com" }
end

# will increase value counter for :email which is shared by :sender and :receiver
generate(:sender)
```

Define aliases and use default value (1) for the counter

```ruby
factory :user do
  sequence(:email, aliases: [:sender, :receiver]) { |n| "person#{n}@example.com" }
end
```

Setting the value:

```ruby
factory :user do
  sequence(:email, 'a', aliases: [:sender, :receiver]) { |n| "person#{n}@example.com" }
end
```

The value just needs to support the `#next` method. Here the next value will be 'a', then 'b', etc.

Sequences can also be rewound with `FactoryBot.rewind_sequences`:

```ruby
sequence(:email) {|n| "person#{n}@example.com" }

generate(:email) # "person1@example.com"
generate(:email) # "person2@example.com"
generate(:email) # "person3@example.com"

FactoryBot.rewind_sequences

generate(:email) # "person1@example.com"
```

This rewinds all registered sequences.

Traits
------

Traits allow you to group attributes together and then apply them
to any factory.

```ruby
factory :user, aliases: [:author]

factory :story do
  title { "My awesome story" }
  author

  trait :published do
    published { true }
  end

  trait :unpublished do
    published { false }
  end

  trait :week_long_publishing do
    start_at { 1.week.ago }
    end_at { Time.now }
  end

  trait :month_long_publishing do
    start_at { 1.month.ago }
    end_at { Time.now }
  end

  factory :week_long_published_story,    traits: [:published, :week_long_publishing]
  factory :month_long_published_story,   traits: [:published, :month_long_publishing]
  factory :week_long_unpublished_story,  traits: [:unpublished, :week_long_publishing]
  factory :month_long_unpublished_story, traits: [:unpublished, :month_long_publishing]
end
```

Traits can be used as implicit attributes:

```ruby
factory :week_long_published_story_with_title, parent: :story do
  published
  week_long_publishing
  title { "Publishing that was started at #{start_at}" }
end
```

Note that defining traits as implicit attributes will not work if you have a
factory or sequence with the same name as the trait.

Traits that define the same attributes won't raise AttributeDefinitionErrors;
the trait that defines the attribute latest gets precedence.

```ruby
factory :user do
  name { "Friendly User" }
  login { name }

  trait :male do
    name { "John Doe" }
    gender { "Male" }
    login { "#{name} (M)" }
  end

  trait :female do
    name { "Jane Doe" }
    gender { "Female" }
    login { "#{name} (F)" }
  end

  trait :admin do
    admin { true }
    login { "admin-#{name}" }
  end

  factory :male_admin,   traits: [:male, :admin]   # login will be "admin-John Doe"
  factory :female_admin, traits: [:admin, :female] # login will be "Jane Doe (F)"
end
```

You can also override individual attributes granted by a trait in subclasses.

```ruby
factory :user do
  name { "Friendly User" }
  login { name }

  trait :male do
    name { "John Doe" }
    gender { "Male" }
    login { "#{name} (M)" }
  end

  factory :brandon do
    male
    name { "Brandon" }
  end
end
```

Traits can also be passed in as a list of symbols when you construct an instance from factory_bot.

```ruby
factory :user do
  name { "Friendly User" }

  trait :male do
    name { "John Doe" }
    gender { "Male" }
  end

  trait :admin do
    admin { true }
  end
end

# creates an admin user with gender "Male" and name "Jon Snow"
create(:user, :admin, :male, name: "Jon Snow")
```

This ability works with `build`, `build_stubbed`, `attributes_for`, and `create`.

`create_list` and `build_list` methods are supported as well. Just remember to pass
the number of instances to create/build as second parameter, as documented in the
"Building or Creating Multiple Records" section of this file.

```ruby
factory :user do
  name { "Friendly User" }

  trait :admin do
    admin { true }
  end
end

# creates 3 admin users with gender "Male" and name "Jon Snow"
create_list(:user, 3, :admin, :male, name: "Jon Snow")
```

Traits can be used with associations easily too:

```ruby
factory :user do
  name { "Friendly User" }

  trait :admin do
    admin { true }
  end
end

factory :post do
  association :user, :admin, name: 'John Doe'
end

# creates an admin user with name "John Doe"
create(:post).user
```

When you're using association names that're different than the factory:

```ruby
factory :user do
  name { "Friendly User" }

  trait :admin do
    admin { true }
  end
end

factory :post do
  association :author, :admin, factory: :user, name: 'John Doe'
  # or
  association :author, factory: [:user, :admin], name: 'John Doe'
end

# creates an admin user with name "John Doe"
create(:post).author
```

Traits can be used within other traits to mix in their attributes.

```ruby
factory :order do
  trait :completed do
    completed_at { 3.days.ago }
  end

  trait :refunded do
    completed
    refunded_at { 1.day.ago }
  end
end
```

Finally, traits can accept transient attributes.

```ruby
factory :invoice do
  trait :with_amount do
    transient do
      amount { 1 }
    end

    after(:create) do |invoice, evaluator|
      create :line_item, invoice: invoice, amount: evaluator.amount
    end
  end
end

create :invoice, :with_amount, amount: 2
```

Callbacks
---------

factory\_bot makes available four callbacks for injecting some code:

* after(:build)   - called after a factory is built   (via `FactoryBot.build`, `FactoryBot.create`)
* before(:create) - called before a factory is saved  (via `FactoryBot.create`)
* after(:create)  - called after a factory is saved   (via `FactoryBot.create`)
* after(:stub)    - called after a factory is stubbed (via `FactoryBot.build_stubbed`)

Examples:

```ruby
# Define a factory that calls the generate_hashed_password method after it is built
factory :user do
  after(:build) { |user| generate_hashed_password(user) }
end
```

Note that you'll have an instance of the user in the block. This can be useful.

You can also define multiple types of callbacks on the same factory:

```ruby
factory :user do
  after(:build)  { |user| do_something_to(user) }
  after(:create) { |user| do_something_else_to(user) }
end
```

Factories can also define any number of the same kind of callback.  These callbacks will be executed in the order they are specified:

```ruby
factory :user do
  after(:create) { this_runs_first }
  after(:create) { then_this }
end
```

Calling `create` will invoke both `after_build` and `after_create` callbacks.

Also, like standard attributes, child factories will inherit (and can also define) callbacks from their parent factory.

Multiple callbacks can be assigned to run a block; this is useful when building various strategies that run the same code (since there are no callbacks that are shared across all strategies).

```ruby
factory :user do
  callback(:after_stub, :before_create) { do_something }
  after(:stub, :create) { do_something_else }
  before(:create, :custom) { do_a_third_thing }
end
```

To override callbacks for all factories, define them within the
`FactoryBot.define` block:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  after(:build) { |object| puts "Built #{object}" }
  after(:create) { |object| AuditLog.create(attrs: object.attributes) }

  factory :user do
    name { "John Doe" }
  end
end
```

You can also call callbacks that rely on `Symbol#to_proc`:

```ruby
# app/models/user.rb
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  def confirm!
    # confirm the user account
  end
end

# spec/factories.rb
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    after :create, &:confirm!
  end
end

create(:user) # creates the user and confirms it
```

Modifying factories
-------------------

If you're given a set of factories (say, from a gem developer) but want to change them to fit into your application better, you can
modify that factory instead of creating a child factory and adding attributes there.

If a gem were to give you a User factory:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    full_name { "John Doe" }
    sequence(:username) { |n| "user#{n}" }
    password { "password" }
  end
end
```

Instead of creating a child factory that added additional attributes:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :application_user, parent: :user do
    full_name { "Jane Doe" }
    date_of_birth { 21.years.ago }
    gender { "Female" }
    health { 90 }
  end
end
```

You could modify that factory instead.

```ruby
FactoryBot.modify do
  factory :user do
    full_name { "Jane Doe" }
    date_of_birth { 21.years.ago }
    gender { "Female" }
    health { 90 }
  end
end
```

When modifying a factory, you can change any of the attributes you want (aside from callbacks).

`FactoryBot.modify` must be called outside of a `FactoryBot.define` block as it operates on factories differently.

A caveat: you can only modify factories (not sequences or traits) and callbacks *still compound as they normally would*. So, if
the factory you're modifying defines an `after(:create)` callback, you defining an `after(:create)` won't override it, it'll just get run after the first callback.

Building or Creating Multiple Records
-------------------------------------

Sometimes, you'll want to create or build multiple instances of a factory at once.

```ruby
built_users   = build_list(:user, 25)
created_users = create_list(:user, 25)
```

These methods will build or create a specific amount of factories and return them as an array.
To set the attributes for each of the factories, you can pass in a hash as you normally would.

```ruby
twenty_year_olds = build_list(:user, 25, date_of_birth: 20.years.ago)
```

`build_stubbed_list` will give you fully stubbed out instances:

```ruby
stubbed_users = build_stubbed_list(:user, 25) # array of stubbed users
```

There's also a set of `*_pair` methods for creating two records at a time:

```ruby
built_users   = build_pair(:user) # array of two built users
created_users = create_pair(:user) # array of two created users
```

If you need multiple attribute hashes, `attributes_for_list` will generate them:

```ruby
users_attrs = attributes_for_list(:user, 25) # array of attribute hashes
```

Linting Factories
-----------------

factory_bot allows for linting known factories:

```ruby
FactoryBot.lint
```

`FactoryBot.lint` creates each factory and catches any exceptions raised
during the creation process. `FactoryBot::InvalidFactoryError` is raised with
a list of factories (and corresponding exceptions) for factories which could
not be created.

Recommended usage of `FactoryBot.lint`
is to run this in a task
before your test suite is executed.
Running it in a `before(:suite)`,
will negatively impact the performance
of your tests
when running single tests.

Example Rake task:

```ruby
# lib/tasks/factory_bot.rake
namespace :factory_bot do
  desc "Verify that all FactoryBot factories are valid"
  task lint: :environment do
    if Rails.env.test?
      conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
      conn.transaction do
        FactoryBot.lint
        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
      end
    else
      system("bundle exec rake factory_bot:lint RAILS_ENV='test'")
      fail if $?.exitstatus.nonzero?
    end
  end
end
```

After calling `FactoryBot.lint`, you'll likely want to clear out the
database, as records will most likely be created. The provided example above
uses an sql transaction and rollback to leave the database clean.

You can lint factories selectively by passing only factories you want linted:

```ruby
factories_to_lint = FactoryBot.factories.reject do |factory|
  factory.name =~ /^old_/
end

FactoryBot.lint factories_to_lint
```

This would lint all factories that aren't prefixed with `old_`.

Traits can also be linted. This option verifies that each
and every trait of a factory generates a valid object on its own.
This is turned on by passing `traits: true` to the `lint` method:

```ruby
FactoryBot.lint traits: true
```

This can also be combined with other arguments:

```ruby
FactoryBot.lint factories_to_lint, traits: true
```

You can also specify the strategy used for linting:

```ruby
FactoryBot.lint strategy: :build
```

Verbose linting will include full backtraces for each error, which can be
helpful for debugging:

```ruby
FactoryBot.lint verbose: true
```

Custom Construction
-------------------

If you want to use factory_bot to construct an object where some attributes
are passed to `initialize` or if you want to do something other than simply
calling `new` on your build class, you can override the default behavior by
defining `initialize_with` on your factory. Example:

```ruby
# user.rb
class User
  attr_accessor :name, :email

  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end
end

# factories.rb
sequence(:email) { |n| "person#{n}@example.com" }

factory :user do
  name { "Jane Doe" }
  email

  initialize_with { new(name) }
end

build(:user).name # Jane Doe
```

Although factory_bot is written to work with ActiveRecord out of the box, it
can also work with any Ruby class. For maximum compatibility with ActiveRecord,
the default initializer builds all instances by calling `new` on your build class
without any arguments. It then calls attribute writer methods to assign all the
attribute values. While that works fine for ActiveRecord, it actually doesn't
work for almost any other Ruby class.

You can override the initializer in order to:

* Build non-ActiveRecord objects that require arguments to `initialize`
* Use a method other than `new` to instantiate the instance
* Do crazy things like decorate the instance after it's built

When using `initialize_with`, you don't have to declare the class itself when
calling `new`; however, any other class methods you want to call will have to
be called on the class explicitly.

For example:

```ruby
factory :user do
  name { "John Doe" }

  initialize_with { User.build_with_name(name) }
end
```

You can also access all public attributes within the `initialize_with` block
by calling `attributes`:

```ruby
factory :user do
  transient do
    comments_count { 5 }
  end

  name "John Doe"

  initialize_with { new(attributes) }
end
```

This will build a hash of all attributes to be passed to `new`. It won't
include transient attributes, but everything else defined in the factory will be
passed (associations, evaluated sequences, etc.)

You can define `initialize_with` for all factories by including it in the
`FactoryBot.define` block:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  initialize_with { new("Awesome first argument") }
end
```

When using `initialize_with`, attributes accessed from within the `initialize_with`
block are assigned *only* in the constructor; this equates to roughly the
following code:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    initialize_with { new(name) }

    name { 'value' }
  end
end

build(:user)
# runs
User.new('value')
```

This prevents duplicate assignment; in versions of factory_bot before 4.0, it
would run this:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    initialize_with { new(name) }

    name { 'value' }
  end
end

build(:user)
# runs
user = User.new('value')
user.name = 'value'
```

Custom Strategies
-----------------

There are times where you may want to extend behavior of factory\_bot by
adding a custom build strategy.

Strategies define two methods: `association` and `result`. `association`
receives a `FactoryBot::FactoryRunner` instance, upon which you can call
`run`, overriding the strategy if you want. The second method, `result`,
receives a `FactoryBot::Evaluation` instance. It provides a way to trigger
callbacks (with `notify`), `object` or `hash` (to get the result instance or a
hash based on the attributes defined in the factory), and `create`, which
executes the `to_create` callback defined on the factory.

To understand how factory\_bot uses strategies internally, it's probably
easiest to just view the source for each of the four default strategies.

Here's an example of composing a strategy using
`FactoryBot::Strategy::Create` to build a JSON representation of your model.

```ruby
class JsonStrategy
  def initialize
    @strategy = FactoryBot.strategy_by_name(:create).new
  end

  delegate :association, to: :@strategy

  def result(evaluation)
    @strategy.result(evaluation).to_json
  end
end
```

For factory\_bot to recognize the new strategy, you can register it:

```ruby
FactoryBot.register_strategy(:json, JsonStrategy)
```

This allows you to call

```ruby
FactoryBot.json(:user)
```

Finally, you can override factory\_bot's own strategies if you'd like by
registering a new object in place of the strategies.

Custom Callbacks
----------------

Custom callbacks can be defined if you're using custom strategies:

```ruby
class JsonStrategy
  def initialize
    @strategy = FactoryBot.strategy_by_name(:create).new
  end

  delegate :association, to: :@strategy

  def result(evaluation)
    result = @strategy.result(evaluation)
    evaluation.notify(:before_json, result)

    result.to_json.tap do |json|
      evaluation.notify(:after_json, json)
      evaluation.notify(:make_json_awesome, json)
    end
  end
end

FactoryBot.register_strategy(:json, JsonStrategy)

FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    before(:json)                { |user| do_something_to(user) }
    after(:json)                 { |user_json| do_something_to(user_json) }
    callback(:make_json_awesome) { |user_json| do_something_to(user_json) }
  end
end
```

Custom Methods to Persist Objects
---------------------------------

By default, creating a record will call `save!` on the instance; since this
may not always be ideal, you can override that behavior by defining
`to_create` on the factory:

```ruby
factory :different_orm_model do
  to_create { |instance| instance.persist! }
end
```

To disable the persistence method altogether on create, you can `skip_create`
for that factory:

```ruby
factory :user_without_database do
  skip_create
end
```

To override `to_create` for all factories, define it within the
`FactoryBot.define` block:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  to_create { |instance| instance.persist! }


  factory :user do
    name { "John Doe" }
  end
end
```

ActiveSupport Instrumentation
-----------------------------

In order to track what factories are created (and with what build strategy),
`ActiveSupport::Notifications` are included to provide a way to subscribe to
factories being run. One example would be to track factories based on a
threshold of execution time.

```ruby
ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("factory_bot.run_factory") do |name, start, finish, id, payload|
  execution_time_in_seconds = finish - start

  if execution_time_in_seconds >= 0.5
    $stderr.puts "Slow factory: #{payload[:name]} using strategy #{payload[:strategy]}"
  end
end
```

Another example would be tracking all factories and how they're used
throughout your test suite. If you're using RSpec, it's as simple as adding a
`before(:suite)` and `after(:suite)`:

```ruby
factory_bot_results = {}
config.before(:suite) do
  ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("factory_bot.run_factory") do |name, start, finish, id, payload|
    factory_name = payload[:name]
    strategy_name = payload[:strategy]
    factory_bot_results[factory_name] ||= {}
    factory_bot_results[factory_name][strategy_name] ||= 0
    factory_bot_results[factory_name][strategy_name] += 1
  end
end

config.after(:suite) do
  puts factory_bot_results
end
```

Rails Preloaders and RSpec
--------------------------

When running RSpec with a Rails preloader such as `spring` or `zeus`, it's possible
to encounter an `ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch` error when creating a factory
with associations, as below:

```ruby
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :united_states, class: "Location" do
    name { 'United States' }
    association :location_group, factory: :north_america
  end

  factory :north_america, class: "LocationGroup" do
    name { 'North America' }
  end
end
```

The error occurs during the run of the test suite:

```
Failure/Error: united_states = create(:united_states)
ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch:
  LocationGroup(#70251250797320) expected, got LocationGroup(#70251200725840)
```

The two possible solutions are to either run the suite without the preloader, or
to add `FactoryBot.reload` to the RSpec configuration, like so:

```ruby
RSpec.configure do |config|
  config.before(:suite) { FactoryBot.reload }
end
```

Using Without Bundler
---------------------

If you're not using Bundler, be sure to have the gem installed and call:

```ruby
require 'factory_bot'
```

Once required, assuming you have a directory structure of `spec/factories` or
`test/factories`, all you'll need to do is run:

```ruby
FactoryBot.find_definitions
```

If you're using a separate directory structure for your factories, you can
change the definition file paths before trying to find definitions:

```ruby
FactoryBot.definition_file_paths = %w(custom_factories_directory)
FactoryBot.find_definitions
```

If you don't have a separate directory of factories and would like to define
them inline, that's possible as well:

```ruby
require 'factory_bot'

FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    name { 'John Doe' }
    date_of_birth { 21.years.ago }
  end
end
```