allow_value: Inspect values more clearly

Modify descriptions and failure messages for all matchers by way of
allow_value and put small angle brackets around inspected values. This
is to visually distinguish an inspected value from the rest of the text,
and is especially noticeable for complex values such as an array that
contains an object, particularly if the inspected version of the value
wraps onto another line. It's a little easier to see:

    When attempting to set :attr on Example to ‹[#<Child id:
    nil>]›...

rather than:

    When attempting to set :attr on Example to [#<Child id:
    nil>]...

lib/shoulda/matchers/active_model/allow_value_matcher.rb

@@ -463,11 +463,14 @@ module Shoulda
                 end
 
                 if expected_message.is_a?(Regexp)
-                  message << ' matching'
+                  message << ' matching '
+                  message << Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_value(
+                    expected_message
+                  )
+                else
+                  message << " #{expected_message.inspect}"
                 end
 
-                message << " #{expected_message.inspect}"
-
                 unless validator.captured_validation_exception?
                   message << " on :#{attribute_to_check_message_against}"
                 end
@@ -577,14 +580,10 @@ module Shoulda
         end
 
         def inspected_values_to_set
-          if values_to_set.size > 1
+          Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_values(values_to_set).to_sentence(
-            values_to_set.map(&:inspect).to_sentence(
+            two_words_connector: " or ",
-              two_words_connector: " or ",
+            last_word_connector: ", or"
-              last_word_connector: ", or"
+          )
-            )
-          else
-            values_to_set.first.inspect
-          end
         end
 
         def default_expected_message

lib/shoulda/matchers/active_model/allow_value_matcher/attribute_setter.rb

@@ -25,11 +25,13 @@ module Shoulda
           end
 
           def description
-            description = ":#{attribute_name} to #{value_written.inspect}"
+            description = ":#{attribute_name} to "
+            description << Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_value(value_written)
 
             if attribute_changed_value?
               description << " -- which was read back as "
-              description << "#{value_read.inspect} --"
+              description << Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_value(value_read)
+              description << " --"
             end
 
             description

lib/shoulda/matchers/active_model/validate_exclusion_of_matcher.rb

@@ -141,17 +141,15 @@ module Shoulda
 
         def simple_description
           if @range
-            "validate that :#{@attribute} lies outside the range #{@range.inspect}"
+            "validate that :#{@attribute} lies outside the range " +
+              Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_range(@range)
           else
             description = "validate that :#{@attribute}"
 
             if @array.many?
-              description << " is neither " + @array.map(&:inspect).to_sentence(
+              description << " is neither #{inspected_array}"
-                two_words_connector: " nor ",
-                last_word_connector: ", nor "
-              )
             else
-              description << " is not #{@array.first.inspect}"
+              description << " is not #{inspected_array}"
             end
 
             description
@@ -202,6 +200,13 @@ module Shoulda
             @array.inspect
           end
         end
+
+        def inspected_array
+          Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_values(@array).to_sentence(
+            two_words_connector: " nor ",
+            last_word_connector: ", nor "
+          )
+        end
       end
     end
   end

lib/shoulda/matchers/active_model/validate_inclusion_of_matcher.rb

@@ -352,17 +352,15 @@ EOT
 
         def simple_description
           if @range
-            "validate that :#{@attribute} lies inside the range #{@range.inspect}"
+            "validate that :#{@attribute} lies inside the range " +
+              Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_range(@range)
           else
             description = "validate that :#{@attribute}"
 
             if @array.many?
-              description << " is either " + @array.map(&:inspect).to_sentence(
+              description << " is either #{inspected_array}"
-                two_words_connector: " or ",
-                last_word_connector: ", or "
-              )
             else
-              description << " is #{@array.first.inspect}"
+              description << " is #{inspected_array}"
             end
 
             description
@@ -552,6 +550,13 @@ EOT
             else :unknown
           end
         end
+
+        def inspected_array
+          Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_values(@array).to_sentence(
+            two_words_connector: " or ",
+            last_word_connector: ", or "
+          )
+        end
       end
     end
   end

lib/shoulda/matchers/active_record/validate_uniqueness_of_matcher.rb

@@ -682,27 +682,35 @@ module Shoulda
 
           if @existing_record_created
             prefix << "After taking the given #{model.name},"
-            prefix << " setting its :#{attribute} to"
+            prefix << " setting its :#{attribute} to "
-            prefix << " #{existing_value.inspect},"
+            prefix << Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_value(existing_value)
-            prefix << " and saving it as the existing record,"
+            prefix << ", and saving it as the existing record,"
             prefix << " then"
           elsif @original_existing_value != existing_value
             prefix << "Given an existing #{model.name},"
-            prefix << " after setting its :#{attribute} to"
+            prefix << " after setting its :#{attribute} to "
-            prefix << " #{existing_value.inspect}, then"
+            prefix << Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_value(existing_value)
+            prefix << ", then"
           else
             prefix << "Given an existing #{model.name} whose :#{attribute}"
-            prefix << " is #{existing_value.inspect}, after"
+            prefix << " is "
+            prefix << Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_value(existing_value)
+            prefix << ", after"
           end
 
           prefix << " making a new #{model.name} and setting its"
-          prefix << " :#{attribute} to"
+          prefix << " :#{attribute} to "
 
           if last_value_set_on_new_record == existing_value
-            prefix << " #{last_value_set_on_new_record.inspect} as well"
+            prefix << Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_value(
+              last_value_set_on_new_record
+            )
+            prefix << " as well"
           else
-            prefix << " a different value,"
+            prefix << " a different value, "
-            prefix << " #{last_value_set_on_new_record.inspect}"
+            prefix << Shoulda::Matchers::Util.inspect_value(
+              last_value_set_on_new_record
+            )
           end
 
           prefix << ", the matcher expected the new #{model.name} to be"

lib/shoulda/matchers/util.rb

@@ -38,6 +38,18 @@ module Shoulda
           "a #{next_word}"
         end
       end
+
+      def self.inspect_value(value)
+        "‹#{value.inspect}›"
+      end
+
+      def self.inspect_values(values)
+        values.map { |value| inspect_value(value) }
+      end
+
+      def self.inspect_range(range)
+        "#{inspect_value(range.first)} to #{inspect_value(range.last)}"
+      end
     end
   end
 end

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/allow_value_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::AllowValueMatcher, type: :model do
       matcher = allow_value('foo', 'bar').for(:baz)
 
       expect(matcher.description).to eq(
-        'allow :baz to be "foo" or "bar"'
+        'allow :baz to be ‹"foo"› or ‹"bar"›'
       )
     end
 
     it 'describes itself with a single value' do
       matcher = allow_value('foo').for(:baz)
 
-      expect(matcher.description).to eq 'allow :baz to be "foo"'
+      expect(matcher.description).to eq 'allow :baz to be ‹"foo"›'
     end
 
     if active_model_3_2?
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::AllowValueMatcher, type: :model do
         strict_matcher = allow_value('xyz').for(:attr).strict
 
         expect(strict_matcher.description).to eq(
-          'allow :attr to be "xyz", raising a validation exception on failure'
+          'allow :attr to be ‹"xyz"›, raising a validation exception on failure'
         )
       end
     end
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::AllowValueMatcher, type: :model do
 
     it 'rejects a bad value with an appropriate failure message' do
       message = <<-MESSAGE
-After setting :attr to "xyz", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"xyz"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
 * attr: ["is invalid"]
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
       it 'produces an appropriate failure message' do
         message = <<-MESSAGE
-After setting :attr to "zyx", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"zyx"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
 * attr: ["is invalid"]
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
     it 'rejects a bad value with an appropriate failure message' do
       message = <<-MESSAGE
-After setting :attr to "xyz", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"xyz"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
 * attr: ["bad value"]
@@ -127,10 +127,10 @@ valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
     context 'when the custom messages do not match' do
       it 'rejects with an appropriate failure message' do
         message = <<-MESSAGE
-After setting :attr to "xyz", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"xyz"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
-invalid and to produce a validation error matching /different/ on :attr.
+invalid and to produce a validation error matching ‹/different/› on
-The record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation errors
+:attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation
-instead:
+errors instead:
 
 * attr: ["bad value"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ instead:
           end
 
           message = <<-MESSAGE
-After setting :attr to "xyz", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"xyz"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 invalid and to produce the validation error "must be greater than 2" on
 :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation
 errors instead:
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ errors instead:
             end
 
             message = <<-MESSAGE
-After setting :#{builder.attribute_to_validate} to "#{invalid_value}", the
+After setting :#{builder.attribute_to_validate} to ‹"#{invalid_value}"›, the
 matcher expected the #{builder.model.name} to be invalid and to produce the validation
 error "some error" on :#{builder.attribute_that_receives_error}. The record was
 indeed invalid, but it produced these validation errors instead:
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ indeed invalid, but it produced these validation errors instead:
 
     it "does not match given good values along with bad values" do
       message = <<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc
-After setting :attr to "12345", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"12345"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ invalid, but it was valid instead.
       context 'when qualified with strict' do
         it 'rejects a bad value, providing the correct failure message' do
           message = <<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc
-After setting :attr to "xyz", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"xyz"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 valid, but it was invalid instead, raising a validation exception with
 the message "Attr is invalid".
           MESSAGE
@@ -391,10 +391,10 @@ the message "Attr is invalid".
         context 'qualified with a custom message' do
           it 'rejects a bad value when the failure messages do not match' do
             message = <<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc
-After setting :attr to "xyz", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"xyz"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
-invalid and to raise a validation exception with message matching /abc/.
+invalid and to raise a validation exception with message matching
-The record was indeed invalid, but the exception message was "Attr is
+‹/abc/›. The record was indeed invalid, but the exception message was
-invalid" instead.
+"Attr is invalid" instead.
             MESSAGE
 
             assertion = lambda do

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/numericality_matchers/even_number_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::NumericalityMatchers::EvenNumberMatcher
       end
 
       message = <<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc
-After setting :attr to "1", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"1"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/numericality_matchers/odd_number_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::NumericalityMatchers::OddNumberMatcher
       end
 
       message = <<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc
-After setting :attr to "2", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"2"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/numericality_matchers/only_integer_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::NumericalityMatchers::OnlyIntegerMatche
       end
 
       message = <<-MESSAGE
-After setting :attr to "0.1", the matcher expected the Example to be
+After setting :attr to ‹"0.1"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
 invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/validate_absence_of_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateAbsenceOfMatcher, type: :model
 
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is empty/falsy.
-  After setting :attr to "an arbitrary value", the matcher expected the
+  After setting :attr to ‹"an arbitrary value"›, the matcher expected
-  Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         assertion = lambda do
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr is empty/falsy.
       it 'rejects with the correct failure message' do
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is empty/falsy.
-  After setting :attr to "an arbitrary value", the matcher expected the
+  After setting :attr to ‹"an arbitrary value"›, the matcher expected
-  Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         assertion = lambda do
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr is empty/falsy.
 
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Parent did not properly validate that :children is empty/falsy.
-  After setting :children to [#<Child id: nil>], the matcher expected
+  After setting :children to ‹[#<Child id: nil>]›, the matcher expected
   the Parent to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/validate_confirmation_of_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ on the Example, but that attribute does not exist.
       message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that
 :attribute_to_confirm_confirmation matches :attribute_to_confirm.
-  After setting :attribute_to_confirm_confirmation to "some value", then
+  After setting :attribute_to_confirm_confirmation to ‹"some value"›,
-  setting :attribute_to_confirm to "different value", the matcher
+  then setting :attribute_to_confirm to ‹"different value"›, the matcher
   expected the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/validate_exclusion_of_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateExclusionOfMatcher, type: :mode
       matcher = validate_exclusion_of(:attr).in_range(1..10)
 
       expect(matcher.description).to eq(
-        'validate that :attr lies outside the range 1..10'
+        'validate that :attr lies outside the range ‹1› to ‹10›'
       )
     end
   end
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateExclusionOfMatcher, type: :mode
     context 'when there is one value' do
       it 'has correct description' do
         expect(validate_exclusion_of(:attr).in_array([true]).description).
-          to eq 'validate that :attr is not true'
+          to eq 'validate that :attr is not ‹true›'
       end
     end
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateExclusionOfMatcher, type: :mode
         matcher = validate_exclusion_of(:attr).in_array([true, 'dog'])
 
         expect(matcher.description).to eq(
-          'validate that :attr is neither true nor "dog"'
+          'validate that :attr is neither ‹true› nor ‹"dog"›'
         )
       end
     end
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateExclusionOfMatcher, type: :mode
         matcher = validate_exclusion_of(:attr).in_array([true, 'dog', 'cat'])
 
         expect(matcher.description).to eq(
-          'validate that :attr is neither true, "dog", nor "cat"'
+          'validate that :attr is neither ‹true›, ‹"dog"›, nor ‹"cat"›'
         )
       end
     end

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/validate_inclusion_of_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateInclusionOfMatcher, type: :mode
           matcher = validate_inclusion_of(:attr).in_array([true])
 
           expect(matcher.description).to eq(
-            'validate that :attr is true'
+            'validate that :attr is ‹true›'
           )
         end
       end
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateInclusionOfMatcher, type: :mode
           matcher = validate_inclusion_of(:attr).in_array([true, 'dog'])
 
           expect(matcher.description).to eq(
-            'validate that :attr is either true or "dog"'
+            'validate that :attr is either ‹true› or ‹"dog"›'
           )
         end
       end
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateInclusionOfMatcher, type: :mode
           matcher = validate_inclusion_of(:attr).in_array([true, 'dog', 'cat'])
 
           expect(matcher.description).to eq(
-            'validate that :attr is either true, "dog", or "cat"'
+            'validate that :attr is either ‹true›, ‹"dog"›, or ‹"cat"›'
           )
         end
       end
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateInclusionOfMatcher, type: :mode
         matcher = validate_inclusion_of(:attr).in_range(1..10)
 
         expect(matcher.description).to eq(
-          'validate that :attr lies inside the range 1..10'
+          'validate that :attr lies inside the range ‹1› to ‹10›'
         )
       end
     end

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/validate_numericality_of_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidateNumericalityOfMatcher, type: :m
 
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number.
-  After setting :attr to "abcd", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"abcd"›, the matcher expected the Example to
-  invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number, but
 only if it is not nil.
-  In checking that Example allows :attr to be nil, after setting :attr
+  In checking that Example allows :attr to be ‹nil›, after setting :attr
-  to nil, the matcher expected the Example to be valid, but it was
+  to ‹nil›, the matcher expected the Example to be valid, but it was
   invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
   * attr: ["is not a number"]
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ only if it is not nil.
 
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer.
-  After setting :attr to "0.1", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"0.1"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer.
 
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an odd number.
-  After setting :attr to "2", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"2"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an odd number.
 
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an even number.
-  After setting :attr to "1", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"1"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an even number.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number less
 than or equal to 18.
-  After setting :attr to "19", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"19"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ than or equal to 18.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number less
 than 18.
-  After setting :attr to "19", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"19"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ than 18.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number equal
 to 18.
-  After setting :attr to "19", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"19"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ to 18.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number greater
 than or equal to 18.
-  After setting :attr to "17", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"17"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ than or equal to 18.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number greater
 than 18.
-  After setting :attr to "18", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"18"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -706,10 +706,10 @@ than 18.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number,
 producing a custom validation error on failure.
-  After setting :attr to "abcd", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"abcd"›, the matcher expected the Example to
-  invalid and to produce a validation error matching /wrong/ on :attr.
+  be invalid and to produce a validation error matching ‹/wrong/› on
-  The record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation errors
+  :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation
-  instead:
+  errors instead:
 
   * attr: ["custom"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -736,8 +736,8 @@ producing a custom validation error on failure.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number,
 producing a custom validation error on failure.
-  After setting :attr to "abcd", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"abcd"›, the matcher expected the Example to
-  invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -764,9 +764,9 @@ producing a custom validation error on failure.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number,
 raising a validation exception on failure.
-  After setting :attr to "abcd", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"abcd"›, the matcher expected the Example to
-  invalid and to raise a validation exception, but the record produced
+  be invalid and to raise a validation exception, but the record
-  validation errors instead.
+  produced validation errors instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -798,8 +798,8 @@ raising a validation exception on failure.
 
       message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number.
-  After setting :attr to "abcd", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹"abcd"›, the matcher expected the Example to
-  invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  be invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 
       expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like a number.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer
 greater than 18.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a decimal number,
-  after setting :attr to "0.1", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  after setting :attr to ‹"0.1"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid and to produce the validation error "must be an integer" on
   :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation
   errors instead:
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ greater than 18.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer
 greater than 18.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a decimal number,
-  after setting :attr to "0.1", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  after setting :attr to ‹"0.1"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid and to produce the validation error "must be an integer" on
   :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation
   errors instead:
@@ -890,8 +890,8 @@ greater than 18.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an even number
 greater than 18.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to "18", the matcher expected
+  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to ‹"18"›, the matcher
-  the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  expected the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ greater than 18.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an even number
 greater than 18.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being an odd number,
-  after setting :attr to "1", the matcher expected the Example to be
+  after setting :attr to ‹"1"›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid and to produce the validation error "must be even" on :attr.
   The record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation errors
   instead:
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ greater than 18.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an odd number
 less than or equal to 99.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not less than or equal to 99, after setting :attr to "101", the
+  not less than or equal to 99, after setting :attr to ‹"101"›, the
   matcher expected the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -968,8 +968,8 @@ less than or equal to 99.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer
 greater than 18 and less than 99.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to "18", the matcher expected
+  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to ‹"18"›, the matcher
-  the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  expected the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -995,10 +995,10 @@ greater than 18 and less than 99.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer
 greater than 18.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to "18", the matcher expected
+  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to ‹"18"›, the matcher
-  the Example to be invalid and to produce the validation error "must be
+  expected the Example to be invalid and to produce the validation error
-  greater than 18" on :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it
+  "must be greater than 18" on :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but
-  produced these validation errors instead:
+  it produced these validation errors instead:
 
   * attr: ["must be greater than 19"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -1023,8 +1023,8 @@ greater than 18.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer
 greater than 18.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to "18", the matcher expected
+  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to ‹"18"›, the matcher
-  the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  expected the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -1048,10 +1048,10 @@ greater than 18.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an even number
 greater than 18.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to "18", the matcher expected
+  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to ‹"18"›, the matcher
-  the Example to be invalid and to produce the validation error "must be
+  expected the Example to be invalid and to produce the validation error
-  greater than 18" on :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it
+  "must be greater than 18" on :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but
-  produced these validation errors instead:
+  it produced these validation errors instead:
 
   * attr: ["must be greater than 20"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -1076,8 +1076,8 @@ greater than 18.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an even number
 greater than 18.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to "18", the matcher expected
+  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to ‹"18"›, the matcher
-  the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  expected the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ greater than 18.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an odd number
 less than or equal to 99.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not less than or equal to 99, after setting :attr to "101", the
+  not less than or equal to 99, after setting :attr to ‹"101"›, the
   matcher expected the Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ less than or equal to 99.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an odd number
 less than or equal to 99.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not less than or equal to 99, after setting :attr to "101", the
+  not less than or equal to 99, after setting :attr to ‹"101"›, the
   matcher expected the Example to be invalid and to produce the
   validation error "must be less than or equal to 99" on :attr. The
   record was indeed invalid, but it produced these validation errors
@@ -1156,10 +1156,10 @@ less than or equal to 99.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer
 greater than 18 and less than 99.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to "18", the matcher expected
+  not greater than 18, after setting :attr to ‹"18"›, the matcher
-  the Example to be invalid and to produce the validation error "must be
+  expected the Example to be invalid and to produce the validation error
-  greater than 18" on :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it
+  "must be greater than 18" on :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but
-  produced these validation errors instead:
+  it produced these validation errors instead:
 
   * attr: ["must be greater than 19"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ greater than 18 and less than 99.
 Example did not properly validate that :attr looks like an integer
 greater than 18 and less than 99.
   In checking that Example disallows :attr from being a number that is
-  not less than 99, after setting :attr to "100", the matcher expected
+  not less than 99, after setting :attr to ‹"100"›, the matcher expected
   the Example to be invalid and to produce the validation error "must be
   less than 99" on :attr. The record was indeed invalid, but it produced
   these validation errors instead:

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_model/validate_presence_of_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe Shoulda::Matchers::ActiveModel::ValidatePresenceOfMatcher, type: :model
 
       message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr cannot be empty/falsy.
-  After setting :attr to nil, the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹nil›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr cannot be empty/falsy.
 
       message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr cannot be empty/falsy.
-  After setting :attr to nil, the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹nil›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr cannot be empty/falsy.
 
       message = <<-MESSAGE
 Parent did not properly validate that :children cannot be empty/falsy.
-  After setting :children to [], the matcher expected the Parent to be
+  After setting :children to ‹[]›, the matcher expected the Parent to be
   invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Parent did not properly validate that :children cannot be empty/falsy.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr cannot be empty/falsy,
 raising a validation exception on failure.
-  After setting :attr to nil, the matcher expected the Example to be
+  After setting :attr to ‹nil›, the matcher expected the Example to be
   invalid and to raise a validation exception, but the record produced
   validation errors instead.
         MESSAGE

spec/unit/shoulda/matchers/active_record/validate_uniqueness_of_matcher_spec.rb

@@ -247,9 +247,9 @@ within the scope of :non_existent1 and :non_existent2.
 
       message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique.
-  Given an existing Example whose :attr is "value", after making a new
+  Given an existing Example whose :attr is ‹"value"›, after making a new
-  Example and setting its :attr to "value" as well, the matcher expected
+  Example and setting its :attr to ‹"value"› as well, the matcher
-  the new Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
+  expected the new Example to be invalid, but it was valid instead.
       MESSAGE
 
       expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -347,9 +347,9 @@ within the scope of :other.
 
           message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique.
-  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to "an arbitrary
+  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to ‹"an arbitrary
-  value", and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
+  value"›, and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
-  Example and setting its :attr to "an arbitrary value" as well, the
+  Example and setting its :attr to ‹"an arbitrary value"› as well, the
   matcher expected the new Example to be invalid and to produce the
   validation error "has already been taken" on :attr. The record was
   indeed invalid, but it produced these validation errors instead:
@@ -377,9 +377,9 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique.
             message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique,
 producing a custom validation error on failure.
-  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to "an arbitrary
+  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to ‹"an arbitrary
-  value", and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
+  value"›, and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
-  Example and setting its :attr to "an arbitrary value" as well, the
+  Example and setting its :attr to ‹"an arbitrary value"› as well, the
   matcher expected the new Example to be invalid and to produce the
   validation error "some message" on :attr. The record was indeed
   invalid, but it produced these validation errors instead:
@@ -419,11 +419,11 @@ producing a custom validation error on failure.
             message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique,
 producing a custom validation error on failure.
-  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to "an arbitrary
+  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to ‹"an arbitrary
-  value", and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
+  value"›, and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
-  Example and setting its :attr to "an arbitrary value" as well, the
+  Example and setting its :attr to ‹"an arbitrary value"› as well, the
   matcher expected the new Example to be invalid and to produce a
-  validation error matching /some message/ on :attr. The record was
+  validation error matching ‹/some message/› on :attr. The record was
   indeed invalid, but it produced these validation errors instead:
 
   * attr: ["something else entirely"]
@@ -672,11 +672,11 @@ within the scope of :scope1.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-insensitively
 unique.
-  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to "an arbitrary
+  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to ‹"an arbitrary
-  value", and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
+  value"›, and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
-  Example and setting its :attr to a different value, "AN ARBITRARY
+  Example and setting its :attr to a different value, ‹"AN ARBITRARY
-  VALUE", the matcher expected the new Example to be invalid, but it was
+  VALUE"›, the matcher expected the new Example to be invalid, but it
-  valid instead.
+  was valid instead.
         MESSAGE
 
         expect(&assertion).to fail_with_message(message)
@@ -698,10 +698,10 @@ unique.
 
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique.
-  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to "an arbitrary
+  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to ‹"an arbitrary
-  value", and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
+  value"›, and saving it as the existing record, then making a new
-  Example and setting its :attr to a different value, "AN ARBITRARY
+  Example and setting its :attr to a different value, ‹"AN ARBITRARY
-  VALUE", the matcher expected the new Example to be valid, but it was
+  VALUE"›, the matcher expected the new Example to be valid, but it was
   invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
   * attr: ["has already been taken"]
@@ -775,9 +775,9 @@ Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique,
 but only if it is not nil.
-  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to nil, and saving
+  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to ‹nil›, and saving
   it as the existing record, then making a new Example and setting its
-  :attr to nil as well, the matcher expected the new Example to be
+  :attr to ‹nil› as well, the matcher expected the new Example to be
   valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
   * attr: ["has already been taken"]
@@ -799,10 +799,10 @@ but only if it is not nil.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique,
 but only if it is not nil.
-  Given an existing Example whose :attr is nil, after making a new
+  Given an existing Example whose :attr is ‹nil›, after making a new
-  Example and setting its :attr to nil as well, the matcher expected the
+  Example and setting its :attr to ‹nil› as well, the matcher expected
-  new Example to be valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these
+  the new Example to be valid, but it was invalid instead, producing
-  validation errors:
+  these validation errors:
 
   * attr: ["has already been taken"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -904,10 +904,10 @@ but only if it is not nil.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique,
 but only if it is not blank.
-  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to "", and saving it
+  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to ‹""›, and saving
-  as the existing record, then making a new Example and setting its
+  it as the existing record, then making a new Example and setting its
-  :attr to "" as well, the matcher expected the new Example to be valid,
+  :attr to ‹""› as well, the matcher expected the new Example to be
-  but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
+  valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
   * attr: ["has already been taken"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -928,10 +928,10 @@ but only if it is not blank.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique,
 but only if it is not blank.
-  Given an existing Example, after setting its :attr to "", then making
+  Given an existing Example, after setting its :attr to ‹""›, then
-  a new Example and setting its :attr to "" as well, the matcher
+  making a new Example and setting its :attr to ‹""› as well, the
-  expected the new Example to be valid, but it was invalid instead,
+  matcher expected the new Example to be valid, but it was invalid
-  producing these validation errors:
+  instead, producing these validation errors:
 
   * attr: ["has already been taken"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -954,10 +954,10 @@ but only if it is not blank.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique,
 but only if it is not blank.
-  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to "", and saving it
+  After taking the given Example, setting its :attr to ‹""›, and saving
-  as the existing record, then making a new Example and setting its
+  it as the existing record, then making a new Example and setting its
-  :attr to "" as well, the matcher expected the new Example to be valid,
+  :attr to ‹""› as well, the matcher expected the new Example to be
-  but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
+  valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these validation errors:
 
   * attr: ["has already been taken"]
         MESSAGE
@@ -980,10 +980,10 @@ but only if it is not blank.
         message = <<-MESSAGE
 Example did not properly validate that :attr is case-sensitively unique,
 but only if it is not blank.
-  Given an existing Example whose :attr is "", after making a new
+  Given an existing Example whose :attr is ‹""›, after making a new
-  Example and setting its :attr to "" as well, the matcher expected the
+  Example and setting its :attr to ‹""› as well, the matcher expected
-  new Example to be valid, but it was invalid instead, producing these
+  the new Example to be valid, but it was invalid instead, producing
-  validation errors:
+  these validation errors:
 
   * attr: ["has already been taken"]
         MESSAGE