gitlab-org--gitlab-foss/doc/university/training/user_training.md

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# GitLab Git Workshop

## Agenda

1. Brief history of Git.
1. GitLab walkthrough.
1. Configure your environment.
1. Workshop.

## Git introduction

<https://git-scm.com/about>

- Distributed version control.
  - Does not rely on connection to a central server.
  - Many copies of the complete history.
- Powerful branching and merging.
- Adapts to nearly any workflow.
- Fast, reliable and stable file format.

## Help

Use the tools at your disposal when you get stuck.

- Use '`git help <command>`' command.
- Use Google.
- Read documentation at <https://git-scm.com>.

## GitLab Walkthrough

![fit](logo.png)

## Configure your environment

- Windows: Install 'Git for Windows'

> <https://gitforwindows.org>

- Mac: Type '`git`' in the Terminal application.

> If it's not installed, it prompts you to install it.

- Debian: '`sudo apt-get install git-all`' or Red Hat '`sudo yum install git-all`'

## Git Workshop

### Overview

1. Configure Git.
1. Configure SSH Key.
1. Create a project.
1. Committing.
1. Feature branching.
1. Merge requests.
1. Feedback and Collaboration.

## Configure Git

One-time configuration of the Git client:

```shell
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email you@example.com
```

## Configure SSH Key

```shell
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "you@computer-name"
```

```shell
# You will be prompted for the following information. Press enter to accept the defaults. Defaults appear in parentheses.
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/Users/you/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /Users/you/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /Users/you/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
39:fc:ce:94:f4:09:13:95:64:9a:65:c1:de:05:4d:01 you@computer-name
```

Copy your public key and add it to your GitLab profile:

```shell
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
```

```shell
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQEL17Ufacg8cDhlQMS5NhV8z3GHZdhCrZbl4gz you@example.com
```

## Create a project

- Create a project in your user namespace.
  - Choose to import from **Any Repository by URL** and use <https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/training-examples.git>.
- Create a '`development`' or '`workspace`' directory in your home directory.
- Clone the '`training-examples`' project.

## Commands (project)

```shell
mkdir ~/development
cd ~/development

-or-

mkdir ~/workspace
cd ~/workspace

git clone git@gitlab.example.com:<username>/training-examples.git
cd training-examples
```

## Git concepts

### Untracked files

New files that Git has not been told to track previously.

### Working area

Files that have been modified but are not committed.

### Staging area

Modified files that have been marked to go in the next commit.

## Committing

1. Edit '`edit_this_file.rb`' in '`training-examples`'.
1. See it listed as a changed file (working area).
1. View the differences.
1. Stage the file.
1. Commit.
1. Push the commit to the remote.
1. View the Git log.

## Commands (committing)

```shell
# Edit `edit_this_file.rb`
git status
git diff
git add <file>
git commit -m 'My change'
git push origin master
git log
```

## Feature branching

- Efficient parallel workflow for teams.
- Develop each feature in a branch.
- Keeps changes isolated.
- Consider a 1-to-1 link to issues.
- Push branches to the server frequently.
  - Hint: This is a cheap backup for your work-in-progress code.

## Feature branching steps

1. Create a new feature branch called 'squash_some_bugs'.
1. Edit '`bugs.rb`' and remove all the bugs.
1. Commit.
1. Push.

## Commands (feature branching)

```shell
git checkout -b squash_some_bugs
# Edit `bugs.rb`
git status
git add bugs.rb
git commit -m 'Fix some buggy code'
git push origin squash_some_bugs
```

## Merge requests

- When you want feedback create a merge request.
- Target is the 'default' branch (usually master).
- Assign or mention the person you would like to review.
- Add `[Draft]` to the title if it's a work in progress.
- When accepting, always delete the branch.
- Anyone can comment, not just the assignee.
- Push corrections to the same branch.

## Merge requests steps

Create your first merge request:

1. Use the blue button in the activity feed.
1. View the diff (changes) and leave a comment.
1. Push a new commit to the same branch.
1. Review the changes again and notice the update.

## Feedback and Collaboration

- Merge requests are a time for feedback and collaboration.
- Giving feedback is hard.
- Be as kind as possible.
- Receiving feedback is hard.
- Be as receptive as possible.
- Feedback is about the best code, not the person. You are not your code.

## Feedback and Collaboration resources

<!-- vale gitlab.Spelling = NO -->

Review the Thoughtbot code-review guide for suggestions to follow when reviewing merge requests:
<https://github.com/thoughtbot/guides/tree/master/code-review>.

<!-- vale gitlab.Spelling = YES -->

See GitLab merge requests for examples: <https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/merge_requests>.

## Explore GitLab projects

![fit](logo.png)

- Dashboard
- User Preferences
- README, Changelog, License shortcuts
- Issues
- Milestones and Labels
- Manage project members
- Project settings

## Tags

- Useful for marking deployments and releases.
- Annotated tags are an unchangeable part of Git history.
- Soft/lightweight tags can be set and removed at any time.
- Many projects combine an annotated release tag with a stable branch.
- Consider setting deployment/release tags automatically.

## Tags steps

1. Create a lightweight tag.
1. Create an annotated tag.
1. Push the tags to the remote repository.

Additional resources: <https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Tagging>.

## Commands (tags)

```shell
git checkout master

# Lightweight tag
git tag my_lightweight_tag

# Annotated tag
git tag -a v1.0 -m 'Version 1.0'
git tag

git push origin --tags
```

## Merge conflicts

- Happen often.
- Learning to fix conflicts is hard.
- Practice makes perfect.
- Force push after fixing conflicts. Be careful!

## Merge conflicts steps

1. Checkout a new branch and edit `conflicts.rb`. Add 'Line4' and 'Line5'.
1. Commit and push.
1. Checkout master and edit `conflicts.rb`. Add 'Line6' and 'Line7' below 'Line3'.
1. Commit and push to master.
1. Create a merge request.

## Merge conflicts commands

After creating a merge request you should notice that conflicts exist. Resolve
the conflicts locally by rebasing.

```shell
git rebase master

# Fix conflicts by editing the files.

git add conflicts.rb
git commit -m 'Fix conflicts'
git rebase --continue
git push origin <branch> -f
```

## Rebase with squash

You may end up with a commit log that looks like this:

```plaintext
Fix issue #13
Test
Fix
Fix again
Test
Test again
Does this work?
```

Squash these in to meaningful commits using an interactive rebase.

## Rebase with squash commands

Squash the commits on the same branch we used for the merge conflicts step.

```shell
git rebase -i master
```

In the editor, leave the first commit as `pick` and set others to `fixup`.

## Questions?

![fit](logo.png)

Thank you for your hard work!

## Additional Resources

See [additional resources](index.md#additional-resources).

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