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Merge branch 'docs/refactor-environments' into 'master' 

Refactor environments documentation

## What does this MR do?

Refactor environments docs.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/23484

See merge request !7107
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Achilleas Pipinellis 2016-11-17 11:23:35 +00:00
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doc/ci/environments.md
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@ -3,18 +3,470 @@
>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab 8.9.
## Environments
During the development of software, there can be many stages until it's ready
for public consumption. You sure want to first test your code and then deploy it
in a testing or staging environment before you release it to the public. That
way you can prevent bugs not only in your software, but in the deployment
process as well.
Environments are places where code gets deployed, such as staging or production.
CI/CD [Pipelines] usually have one or more [jobs] that deploy to an environment.
Defining environments in a project's `.gitlab-ci.yml` lets developers track
[deployments] to these environments.
GitLab CI is capable of not only testing or building your projects, but also
deploying them in your infrastructure, with the added benefit of giving you a
way to track your deployments. In other words, you can always know what is
currently being deployed or has been deployed on your servers.
## Deployments
## Overview
Deployments are created when [jobs] deploy versions of code to [environments].
With environments, you can control the Continuous Deployment of your software
all within GitLab. All you need to do is define them in your project's
[`.gitlab-ci.yml`][yaml] as we will explore below. GitLab provides a full
history of your deployments per every environment.
### Checkout deployments locally
Environments are like tags for your CI jobs, describing where code gets deployed.
Deployments are created when [jobs] deploy versions of code to environments,
so every environment can have one or more deployments. GitLab keeps track of
your deployments, so you always know what is currently being deployed on your
servers.
To better understand how environments and deployments work, let's consider an
example. We assume that you have already created a project in GitLab and set up
a Runner. The example will cover the following:
- We are developing an application
- We want to run tests and build our app on all branches
- Our default branch is `master`
- We deploy the app only when a pipeline on `master` branch is run
Let's see how it all ties together.
## Defining environments
Let's consider the following `.gitlab-ci.yml` example:
```yaml
stages:
- test
- build
- deploy
test:
stage: test
script: echo "Running tests"
build:
stage: build
script: echo "Building the app"
deploy_staging:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy to staging server"
environment:
name: staging
url: https://staging.example.com
only:
- master
```
We have defined 3 [stages](yaml/README.md#stages):
- test
- build
- deploy
The jobs assigned to these stages will run in this order. If a job fails, then
the builds that are assigned to the next stage won't run, rendering the pipeline
as failed. In our case, the `test` job will run first, then the `build` and
lastly the `deploy_staging`. With this, we ensure that first the tests pass,
then our app is able to be built successfully, and lastly we deploy to the
staging server.
The `environment` keyword is just a hint for GitLab that this job actually
deploys to this environment's `name`. It can also have a `url` which, as we
will later see, is exposed in various places within GitLab. Each time a job that
has an environment specified and succeeds, a deployment is recorded, remembering
the Git SHA and environment name.
To sum up, with the above `.gitlab-ci.yml` we have achieved that:
- All branches will run the `test` and `build` jobs.
- The `deploy_staging` job will run [only](yaml/README.md#only) on the `master`
branch which means all merge requests that are created from branches don't
get to deploy to the staging server
- When a merge request is merged, all jobs will run and the `deploy_staging`
in particular will deploy our code to a staging server while the deployment
will be recorded in an environment named `staging`.
Let's now see how that information is exposed within GitLab.
## Viewing the current status of an environment
The environment list under your project's **Pipelines ➔ Environments**, is
where you can find information of the last deployment status of an environment.
Here's how the Environments page looks so far.
![Staging environment view](img/environments_available_staging.png)
There's a bunch of information there, specifically you can see:
- The environment's name with a link to its deployments
- The last deployment ID number and who performed it
- The build ID of the last deployment with its respective job name
- The commit information of the last deployment such as who committed, to what
branch and the Git SHA of the commit
- The exact time the last deployment was performed
- A button that takes you to the URL that you have defined under the
`environment` keyword in `.gitlab-ci.yml`
- A button that re-deploys the latest deployment, meaning it runs the job
defined by the environment name for that specific commit
>**Notes:**
- While you can create environments manually in the web interface, we recommend
that you define your environments in `.gitlab-ci.yml` first. They will
be automatically created for you after the first deploy.
- The environments page can only be viewed by Reporters and above. For more
information on the permissions, see the [permissions documentation][permissions].
- Only deploys that happen after your `.gitlab-ci.yml` is properly configured
will show up in the "Environment" and "Last deployment" lists.
The information shown in the Environments page is limited to the latest
deployments, but as you may have guessed an environment can have multiple
deployments.
## Viewing the deployment history of an environment
GitLab keeps track of your deployments, so you always know what is currently
being deployed on your servers. That way you can have the full history of your
deployments per every environment right in your browser. Clicking on an
environment will show the history of its deployments. Assuming you have deployed
multiple times already, here's how a specific environment's page looks like.
![Deployments](img/deployments_view.png)
We can see the same information as when in the Environments page, but this time
all deployments are shown. As you may have noticed, apart from the **Re-deploy**
button there are now **Rollback** buttons for each deployment. Let's see how
that works.
## Rolling back changes
You can't control everything, so sometimes things go wrong. When that unfortunate
time comes GitLab has you covered. Simply by clicking the **Rollback** button
that can be found in the deployments page
(**Pipelines ➔ Environments ➔ `environment name`**) you can relaunch the
job with the commit associated with it.
>**Note:**
Bare in mind that your mileage will vary and it's entirely up to how you define
the deployment process in the job's `script` whether the rollback succeeds or not.
GitLab CI is just following orders.
Thankfully that was the staging server that we had to rollback, and since we
learn from our mistakes, we decided to not make the same again when we deploy
to the production server. Enter manual actions for deployments.
## Manually deploying to environments
Turning a job from running automatically to a manual action is as simple as
adding `when: manual` to it. To expand on our previous example, let's add
another job that this time deploys our app to a production server and is
tracked by a `production` environment. The `.gitlab-ci.yml` looks like this
so far:
```yaml
stages:
- test
- build
- deploy
test:
stage: test
script: echo "Running tests"
build:
stage: build
script: echo "Building the app"
deploy_staging:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy to staging server"
environment:
name: staging
url: https://staging.example.com
only:
- master
deploy_prod:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy to production server"
environment:
name: production
url: https://example.com
when: manual
only:
- master
```
The `when: manual` action exposes a play button in GitLab's UI and the
`deploy_prod` job will only be triggered if and when we click that play button.
You can find it in the pipeline, build, environment, and deployment views.
| Pipelines | Single pipeline | Environments | Deployments | Builds |
| --------- | ----------------| ------------ | ----------- | -------|
| ![Pipelines manual action](img/environments_manual_action_pipelines.png) | ![Pipelines manual action](img/environments_manual_action_single_pipeline.png) | ![Environments manual action](img/environments_manual_action_environments.png) | ![Deployments manual action](img/environments_manual_action_deployments.png) | ![Builds manual action](img/environments_manual_action_builds.png) |
Clicking on the play button in either of these places will trigger the
`deploy_prod` job, and the deployment will be recorded under a new
environment named `production`.
>**Note:**
Remember that if your environment's name is `production` (all lowercase), then
it will get recorded in [Cycle Analytics](../user/project/cycle_analytics.md).
Double the benefit!
While this is fine for deploying to some stable environments like staging or
production, what happens for branches? So far we haven't defined anything
regarding deployments for branches other than `master`. Dynamic environments
will help us achieve that.
## Dynamic environments
As the name suggests, it is possible to create environments on the fly by just
declaring their names dynamically in `.gitlab-ci.yml`. Dynamic environments is
the base of [Review apps](review_apps.md).
GitLab Runner exposes various [environment variables][variables] when a job runs,
and as such, you can use them as environment names. Let's add another job in
our example which will deploy to all branches except `master`:
```yaml
deploy_review:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy a review app"
environment:
name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
url: https://$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME.example.com
only:
- branches
except:
- master
```
Let's break it down in pieces. The job's name is `deploy_review` and it runs
on the `deploy` stage. The `script` at this point is fictional, you'd have to
use your own based on your deployment. Then, we set the `environment` with the
`environment:name` being `review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME`. Now that's an interesting
one. Since the [environment name][env-name] can contain also slashes (`/`), we
can use this pattern to distinguish between dynamic environments and the regular
ones.
So, the first part is `review`, followed by a `/` and then `$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME`
which takes the value of the branch name. We also use the same
`$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME` value in the `environment:url` so that the environment
can get a specific and distinct URL for each branch. Again, the way you set up
the webserver to serve these requests is based on your setup.
Last but not least, we tell the job to run [`only`][only] on branches
[`except`][only] master.
>**Note:**
You are not bound to use the same prefix or only slashes in the dynamic
environments' names (`/`), but as we will see later, this will enable the
[grouping similar environments](#grouping-similar-environments) feature.
The whole `.gitlab-ci.yml` looks like this so far:
```yaml
stages:
- test
- build
- deploy
test:
stage: test
script: echo "Running tests"
build:
stage: build
script: echo "Building the app"
deploy_review:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy a review app"
environment:
name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
url: https://$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME.example.com
only:
- branches
except:
- master
deploy_staging:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy to staging server"
environment:
name: staging
url: https://staging.example.com
only:
- master
deploy_prod:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy to production server"
environment:
name: production
url: https://example.com
when: manual
only:
- master
```
A more realistic example would include copying files to a location where a
webserver (NGINX) could then read and serve. The example below will copy the
`public` directory to `/srv/nginx/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME/public`:
```yaml
review_app:
stage: deploy
script:
- rsync -av --delete public /srv/nginx/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
environment:
name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
url: https://$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME.example.com
```
It is assumed that the user has already setup NGINX and GitLab Runner in the
server this job will run on.
---
The development workflow would now be:
- Developer creates a branch locally
- Developer makes changes, commits and pushes the branch to GitLab
- Developer creates a merge request
Behind the scenes:
- GitLab Runner picks up the changes and starts running the jobs
- The jobs run sequentially as defined in `stages`
- First, the tests pass
- Then, the build begins and successfully also passes
- Lastly, the app is deployed to an environment with a name specific to the
branch
So now, every branch gets its own environment and is deployed to its own place
with the added benefit of having a [history of deployments](#viewing-the-deployment-history-of-an-environment)
and also being able to [rollback changes](#rolling-back-changes) if needed.
Let's briefly see where URL that's defined in the environments is exposed.
## Making use of the environment URL
The environment URL is exposed in a few places within GitLab.
| In a merge request widget as a link | In the Environments view as a button | In the Deployments view as a button |
| -------------------- | ------------ | ----------- |
| ![Environment URL in merge request](img/environments_mr_review_app.png) | ![Environment URL in environments](img/environments_link_url.png) | ![Environment URL in deployments](img/environments_link_url_deployments.png) |
If a merge request is eventually merged to the default branch (in our case
`master`) and that branch also deploys to an environment (in our case `staging`
and/or `production`) you can see this information in the merge request itself.
![Environment URLs in merge request](img/environments_link_url_mr.png)
---
We now have a full development cycle, where our app is tested, built, deployed
as a Review app, deployed to a staging server once the merge request is merged,
and finally manually deployed to the production server. What we just described
is a single workflow, but imagine tens of developers working on a project
at the same time. They each push to their branches, and dynamic environments are
created all the time. In that case, we probably need to do some clean up. Read
next how environments can be stopped.
## Stopping an environment
By stopping an environment, you are effectively terminating its recording of the
deployments that happen in it.
A branch is associated with an environment when the CI pipeline that is created
for this branch, was recently deployed to this environment. You can think of
the CI pipeline as the glue between the branch and the environment:
`branch ➔ CI pipeline ➔ environment`.
There is a special case where environments can be manually stopped. That can
happen if you provide another job for that matter. The syntax is a little
tricky since a job calls another job to do the job.
Consider the following example where the `deploy_review` calls the `stop_review`
to clean up and stop the environment:
```yaml
deploy_review:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy a review app"
environment:
name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
url: https://$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME.example.com
on_stop: stop_review
only:
- branches
except:
- master
stop_review:
script:
- echo "Remove review app"
when: manual
environment:
name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
action: stop
```
>**Note:**
Starting with GitLab 8.14, dynamic environments will be stopped automatically
when their associated branch is deleted.
When you have an environment that has a stop action defined (typically when
the environment describes a review app), GitLab will automatically trigger a
stop action when the associated branch is deleted.
You can read more in the [`.gitlab-ci.yml` reference][onstop].
## Grouping similar environments
> [Introduced][ce-7015] in GitLab 8.14.
As we've seen in the [dynamic environments](#dynamic-environments), you can
In short, environments that are named like `type/foo` are presented under a
group named `type`.
In our minimal example, we name the environments `review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME`
where `$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME` is the branch name:
```yaml
deploy_review:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy a review app"
environment:
name: review/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME
```
In that case, if you visit the Environments page, and provided the branches
exist, you should see something like:
![Environment groups](img/environments_dynamic_groups.png)
## Checkout deployments locally
Since 8.13, a reference in the git repository is saved for each deployment. So
knowing what the state is of your current environments is only a `git fetch`
@ -27,45 +479,22 @@ fetch line:
fetch = +refs/environments/*:refs/remotes/origin/environments/*
```
## Defining environments
## Further reading
You can create and delete environments manually in the web interface, but we
recommend that you define your environments in `.gitlab-ci.yml` first, which
will automatically create environments for you after the first deploy.
Below are some links you may find interesting:
The `environment` is just a hint for GitLab that this job actually deploys to
this environment. Each time the job succeeds, a deployment is recorded,
remembering the git SHA and environment.
Add something like this to your `.gitlab-ci.yml`:
```
production:
stage: deploy
script: dpl...
environment: production
```
See full [documentation](yaml/README.md#environment).
## Seeing environment status
You can find the environment list under **Pipelines > Environments** for your
project. You'll see the git SHA and date of the last deployment to each
environment defined.
>**Note:**
Only deploys that happen after your `.gitlab-ci.yml` is properly configured will
show up in the environments and deployments lists.
## Seeing deployment history
Clicking on an environment will show the history of deployments.
>**Note:**
Only deploys that happen after your `.gitlab-ci.yml` is properly configured will
show up in the environments and deployments lists.
- [The `.gitlab-ci.yml` definition of environments](yaml/README.md#environment)
- [A blog post on Deployments & Environments](https://about.gitlab.com/2016/08/26/ci-deployment-and-environments/)
- [Review Apps](review_apps.md) Expand dynamic environments to deploy your code for every branch
[Pipelines]: pipelines.md
[jobs]: yaml/README.md#jobs
[yaml]: yaml/README.md
[environments]: #environments
[deployments]: #deployments
[permissions]: ../user/permissions.md
[variables]: variables/README.md
[env-name]: yaml/README.md#environment-name
[only]: yaml/README.md#only-and-except
[onstop]: yaml/README.md#environment-on_stop
[ce-7015]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/merge_requests/7015

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doc/ci/yaml/README.md
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@ -552,6 +552,28 @@ An example usage of manual actions is deployment to production.
If `environment` is specified and no environment under that name exists, a new
one will be created automatically.
In its simplest form, the `environment` keyword can be defined like:
```
deploy to production:
stage: deploy
script: git push production HEAD:master
environment:
name: production
```
In the above example, the `deploy to production` job will be marked as doing a
deployment to the `production` environment.
#### environment:name
> Introduced in GitLab 8.11.
>**Note:**
Before GitLab 8.11, the name of an environment could be defined as a string like
`environment: production`. The recommended way now is to define it under the
`name` keyword.
The `environment` name can contain:
- letters
@ -567,27 +589,6 @@ The `environment` name can contain:
Common names are `qa`, `staging`, and `production`, but you can use whatever
name works with your workflow.
In its simplest form, the `environment` keyword can be defined like:
```
deploy to production:
stage: deploy
script: git push production HEAD:master
environment: production
```
In the above example, the `deploy to production` job will be marked as doing a
deployment to the `production` environment.
#### environment:name
> Introduced in GitLab 8.11.
>**Note:**
Before GitLab 8.11, the name of an environment could be defined as a string like
`environment: production`. The recommended way now is to define it under the
`name` keyword.
Instead of defining the name of the environment right after the `environment`
keyword, it is also possible to define it as a separate value. For that, use
the `name` keyword under `environment`:
@ -626,7 +627,12 @@ deploy to production:
#### environment:on_stop
> [Introduced][ce-6669] in GitLab 8.13.
>
**Notes:**
- [Introduced][ce-6669] in GitLab 8.13.
- Starting with GitLab 8.14, when you have an environment that has a stop action
defined, GitLab will automatically trigger a stop action when the associated
branch is deleted.
Closing (stoping) environments can be achieved with the `on_stop` keyword defined under
`environment`. It declares a different job that runs in order to close

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doc/user/permissions.md
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@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ The following table depicts the various user permission levels in a project.
| See a commit status | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| See a container registry | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| See environments | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Create new environments | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Stop environments | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| See a list of merge requests | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Manage/Accept merge requests | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Create new merge request | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
@ -45,7 +47,6 @@ The following table depicts the various user permission levels in a project.
| Create or update commit status | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Update a container registry | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Remove a container registry image | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Create new environments | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Create new milestones | | | | ✓ | ✓ |
| Add new team members | | | | ✓ | ✓ |
| Push to protected branches | | | | ✓ | ✓ |
@ -58,7 +59,6 @@ The following table depicts the various user permission levels in a project.
| Manage runners | | | | ✓ | ✓ |
| Manage build triggers | | | | ✓ | ✓ |
| Manage variables | | | | ✓ | ✓ |
| Delete environments | | | | ✓ | ✓ |
| Switch visibility level | | | | | ✓ |
| Transfer project to another namespace | | | | | ✓ |
| Remove project | | | | | ✓ |