--- stage: Enablement group: Database info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#assignments --- # Strings and the Text data type > [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/30453) in GitLab 13.0. When adding new columns that will be used to store strings or other textual information: 1. We always use the `text` data type instead of the `string` data type. 1. `text` columns should always have a limit set, either by using the `create_table` with the `#text ... limit: 100` helper (see below) when creating a table, or by using the `add_text_limit` when altering an existing table. The standard Rails `text` column type can not be defined with a limit, but we extend `create_table` to add a `limit: 255` option. Outside of `create_table`, `add_text_limit` can be used to add a [check constraint](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/ddl-constraints.html) to an already existing column. ## Background information The reason we always want to use `text` instead of `string` is that `string` columns have the disadvantage that if you want to update their limit, you have to run an `ALTER TABLE ...` command. While a limit is added, the `ALTER TABLE ...` command requires an `EXCLUSIVE LOCK` on the table, which is held throughout the process of updating the column and while validating all existing records, a process that can take a while for large tables. On the other hand, texts are [more or less equivalent to strings](https://www.depesz.com/2010/03/02/charx-vs-varcharx-vs-varchar-vs-text/) in PostgreSQL, while having the additional advantage that adding a limit on an existing column or updating their limit does not require the very costly `EXCLUSIVE LOCK` to be held throughout the validation phase. We can start by updating the constraint with the valid option off, which requires an `EXCLUSIVE LOCK` but only for updating the declaration of the columns. We can then validate it at a later step using `VALIDATE CONSTRAINT`, which requires only a `SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE LOCK` (only conflicts with other validations and index creation while it allows reads and writes). NOTE: Don't use text columns for `attr_encrypted` attributes. Use a [`:binary` column](../migration_style_guide.md#encrypted-attributes) instead. ## Create a new table with text columns When adding a new table, the limits for all text columns should be added in the same migration as the table creation. We add a `limit:` attribute to Rails' `#text` method, which allows adding a limit for this column. For example, consider a migration that creates a table with two text columns, `db/migrate/20200401000001_create_db_guides.rb`: ```ruby class CreateDbGuides < Gitlab::Database::Migration[1.0] def change create_table :db_guides do |t| t.bigint :stars, default: 0, null: false t.text :title, limit: 128 t.text :notes, limit: 1024 end end end ``` ## Add a text column to an existing table Adding a column to an existing table requires an exclusive lock for that table. Even though that lock is held for a brief amount of time, the time `add_column` needs to complete its execution can vary depending on how frequently the table is accessed. For example, acquiring an exclusive lock for a very frequently accessed table may take minutes in GitLab.com and requires the use of `with_lock_retries`. For these reasons, it is advised to add the text limit on a separate migration than the `add_column` one. For example, consider a migration that adds a new text column `extended_title` to table `sprints`, `db/migrate/20200501000001_add_extended_title_to_sprints.rb`: ```ruby class AddExtendedTitleToSprints < Gitlab::Database::Migration[1.0] # rubocop:disable Migration/AddLimitToTextColumns # limit is added in 20200501000002_add_text_limit_to_sprints_extended_title def change add_column :sprints, :extended_title, :text end # rubocop:enable Migration/AddLimitToTextColumns end ``` A second migration should follow the first one with a limit added to `extended_title`, `db/migrate/20200501000002_add_text_limit_to_sprints_extended_title.rb`: ```ruby class AddTextLimitToSprintsExtendedTitle < Gitlab::Database::Migration[1.0] disable_ddl_transaction! def up add_text_limit :sprints, :extended_title, 512 end def down # Down is required as `add_text_limit` is not reversible remove_text_limit :sprints, :extended_title end end ``` ## Add a text limit constraint to an existing column Adding text limits to existing database columns requires multiple steps split into at least two different releases: 1. Release `N.M` (current release) - Add a post-deployment migration to add the limit to the text column with `validate: false`. - Add a post-deployment migration to fix the existing records. NOTE: Depending on the size of the table, a background migration for cleanup could be required in the next release. See [text limit constraints on large tables](strings_and_the_text_data_type.md#text-limit-constraints-on-large-tables) for more information. - Create an issue for the next milestone to validate the text limit. 1. Release `N.M+1` (next release) - Validate the text limit using a post-deployment migration. ### Example Let's assume we want to add a `1024` limit to `issues.title_html` for a given release milestone, such as 13.0. Issues is a pretty busy and large table with more than 25 million rows, so we don't want to lock all other processes that try to access it while running the update. Also, after checking our production database, we know that there are `issues` with more characters in their title than the 1024 character limit, so we can not add and validate the constraint in one step. NOTE: Even if we did not have any record with a title larger than the provided limit, another instance of GitLab could have such records, so we would follow the same process either way. #### Prevent new invalid records (current release) We first add the limit as a `NOT VALID` check constraint to the table, which enforces consistency when new records are inserted or current records are updated. In the example above, the existing issues with more than 1024 characters in their title will not be affected and you'll be still able to update records in the `issues` table. However, when you'd try to update the `title_html` with a title that has more than 1024 characters, the constraint causes a database error. Adding or removing a constraint to an existing attribute requires that any application changes are deployed _first_, [otherwise servers still in the old version of the application may try to update the attribute with invalid values](../multi_version_compatibility.md#ci-artifact-uploads-were-failing). For these reasons, `add_text_limit` should run in a post-deployment migration. Still in our example, for the 13.0 milestone (current), consider that the following validation has been added to model `Issue`: ```ruby validates :title_html, length: { maximum: 1024 } ``` We can also update the database in the same milestone by adding the text limit with `validate: false` in a post-deployment migration, `db/post_migrate/20200501000001_add_text_limit_migration.rb`: ```ruby class AddTextLimitMigration < Gitlab::Database::Migration[1.0] disable_ddl_transaction! def up # This will add the constraint WITHOUT validating it add_text_limit :issues, :title_html, 1024, validate: false end def down # Down is required as `add_text_limit` is not reversible remove_text_limit :issues, :title_html end end ``` #### Data migration to fix existing records (current release) The approach here depends on the data volume and the cleanup strategy. The number of records that must be fixed on GitLab.com is a nice indicator that will help us decide whether to use a post-deployment migration or a background data migration: - If the data volume is less than `1,000` records, then the data migration can be executed within the post-migration. - If the data volume is higher than `1,000` records, it's advised to create a background migration. When unsure about which option to use, please contact the Database team for advice. Back to our example, the issues table is considerably large and frequently accessed, so we are going to add a background migration for the 13.0 milestone (current), `db/post_migrate/20200501000002_schedule_cap_title_length_on_issues.rb`: ```ruby class ScheduleCapTitleLengthOnIssues < Gitlab::Database::Migration[1.0] # Info on how many records will be affected on GitLab.com # time each batch needs to run on average, etc ... BATCH_SIZE = 5000 DELAY_INTERVAL = 2.minutes.to_i # Background migration will update issues whose title is longer than 1024 limit ISSUES_BACKGROUND_MIGRATION = 'CapTitleLengthOnIssues'.freeze disable_ddl_transaction! class Issue < ActiveRecord::Base include EachBatch self.table_name = 'issues' end def up queue_background_migration_jobs_by_range_at_intervals( Issue.where('char_length(title_html) > 1024'), ISSUES_MIGRATION, DELAY_INTERVAL, batch_size: BATCH_SIZE ) end def down # no-op : the part of the title_html after the limit is lost forever end end ``` To keep this guide short, we skipped the definition of the background migration and only provided a high level example of the post-deployment migration that is used to schedule the batches. You can find more information on the guide about [background migrations](../background_migrations.md) #### Validate the text limit (next release) Validating the text limit will scan the whole table and make sure that each record is correct. Still in our example, for the 13.1 milestone (next), we run the `validate_text_limit` migration helper in a final post-deployment migration, `db/post_migrate/20200601000001_validate_text_limit_migration.rb`: ```ruby class ValidateTextLimitMigration < Gitlab::Database::Migration[1.0] disable_ddl_transaction! def up validate_text_limit :issues, :title_html end def down # no-op end end ``` ## Text limit constraints on large tables If you have to clean up a text column for a really [large table](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/rubocop/rubocop-migrations.yml#L3) (for example, the `artifacts` in `ci_builds`), your background migration will go on for a while and it will need an additional [background migration cleaning up](../background_migrations.md#cleaning-up) in the release after adding the data migration. In that rare case you will need 3 releases end-to-end: 1. Release `N.M` - Add the text limit and the background migration to fix the existing records. 1. Release `N.M+1` - Cleanup the background migration. 1. Release `N.M+2` - Validate the text limit.