class Email < ActiveRecord::Base include Sortable belongs_to :user validates :user_id, presence: true validates :email, presence: true, uniqueness: true, email: true validate :unique_email, if: ->(email) { email.email_changed? } before_validation :cleanup_email def cleanup_email self.email = self.email.downcase.strip end def unique_email self.errors.add(:email, 'has already been taken') if User.exists?(email: self.email) end end