2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
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Sortix User Guide
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=================
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Thanks for your interest in Sortix! This document will describe how to use it
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and what features are available. Sortix is a small self-compiling Unix-like
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Operating System developed since 2011. The system is free software licensed
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under the GNU General Public License and other licenses.
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Introduction
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------------
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If you are using a Sortix live medium or a prebuilt harddisk image, you will
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likely be met with a bootloader. Normally, GNU GRUB is used as the Sortix
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bootloader. In that case, simply pick Sortix from the boot menu. If you have
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installed Sortix manually, you will have to configure your bootloader to boot
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Sortix.
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The bootloader will then load the Sortix kernel and start the system. The
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initialization process will spawn a shell shortly. The command line is similar
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to those of Unix systems and many common Unix commands are available.
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Keyboard Layout
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---------------
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Only the US Keyboard layout is supported at this time. The whole system uses
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UTF-8 as the standard text encoding. However, the console has limited font data
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at this time and it is not possible to enter many characters. A full keyboard
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layout system has been implemented but was not merged in time for this release.
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Changing the Video Mode
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-----------------------
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After boot, the screen resolution will be default be in VGA text mode. This only
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allows 80 columns and 25 rows of 16 color ASCII text. Naturally, this is very
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limited but works on most systems.
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You can change the display resolution using the `chvideomode` program. However,
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you need a suitable kernel driver to do the mode setting. The current release
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only has a simple BGA driver, which works in virtual machines such as Qemu,
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VirtualBox or Bochs.
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The BGA driver can support virtually any resolution, but since the interface
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fails to report which resolutions are appropriate in the current context, I have
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simply hard-coded whatever resolutions I found reasonable when I wrote it.
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Powering Off
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------------
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Unless you are using a harddisk image or your initrd has been specially
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configured to mount a permanent root filesystem, then this environment is
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entirely temporary. You will loose all modifications when powering off the
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current system.
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The system automatically reboots when the initial shell exits. You can exit the
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current shell by entering `exit`, which if entered from the initial shell will
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reboot the entire system (losing any changes if the root filesystem is not
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permanent). Additionally, you can press Control-D ('^D') to exit the current
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shell, but the initial shell will require you to enter a literal `exit` before
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it exits and the system reboots.
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The init process will restart the shell in the event that it crashes or dies
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from a signal. You can use the `kill $$` command to kill the current shell, and
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if it is the initial shell, you will get a new shell.
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More Documentation
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------------------
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The system documentation (at least what has been documented so far) is installed
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in the `/share/doc` directory. You can view these documents (well, the ones that
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are plain text, there is no `man` program yet) using the `editor` program, which
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you exit by pressing Control-Q ('^Q'). It is probably a good idea to change
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the resolution using the `chvideomode` program if drivers are available.
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If your release contains third party software, then this directory may also
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contain documentation for this software, which may or may not be easily
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viewable using the editor.
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Filesystem Structure
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--------------------
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This as an incomplete list of the common top level directories in Sortix.
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* `/boot` - Kernel images, initrd images.
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* `/dev` - Device filesystem.
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* `/etc` - System-wide configuration.
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* `/home` - User directories.
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* `/include` - Header files.
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* `/root` - Directory of the root user.
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* `/share` - Architecture independent files.
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* `/share/doc` - Documentation.
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* `/src` - System source code.
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* `/tmp` - Temporary files.
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* `/$cputype` - Files for $cputype.
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* `/$cputype/bin` - Programs for $cputype.
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* `/$cputype/lib` - Shared libaries for $cputype.
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* `/$cputype/libexec` - Non-user programs for $cputype.
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Some of these directories not be present or empty on your installation.
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Using the Shell
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---------------
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Sortix features a homemade shell, which at best can be described as hacky.
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Despite that, it does have some key features. Here are the features that are
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supported:
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* Processes can be started in the usual Unix manner.
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* Tab-completion.
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* Line editing.
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* History.
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* Background tasks ('&').
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* Standard output redirection ('>').
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* Piping stdout from a task to stdin of another ('|').
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* Stopping the currently running task (Control-C, '^C').
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* Waiting for a task to complete and executing the next (';').
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* Setting environmental variables ('FOO=bar').
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* Using $FOO to insert an environmental variable.
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* Listing all environmental variable ('env').
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* Changing the current directory ('cd /home').
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* Removing an environmental variable ('unset FOO').
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* Clearing all enviromental variables ('clearenv').
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* Executing shell scripts ('sh script.sh param1 param2').
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* Escaping some special characters ('\').
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* Comments ('#').
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* Exiting the shell ('exit') ('exit 42').
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* Basic wildcards ('foo*.bar').
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* Clearing the screen (Control-L, '^L').
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* Deleting the last typed word (Control-W, '^W').
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* Deleting everything before the cursor (Control-U, '^U').
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* Deleting everything after the cursor (Control-K, '^K').
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* Go to start of line (Control-A, '^A', Home).
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* Go to end of line (Control-E, '^E', End).
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* Move between words (Control-arrows).
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These features are missing from the shell:
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* Input redirection ('<') ('<<').
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* Quotes (''') ('"').
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* Proper shell wildcard support ('*/*.foo').
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* Escaping newline characters.
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* And much more; the shell remains hacky.
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If a better shell is installed, and the shell is non-interactive, then the sh
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program will automatically run the superior shell transparently.
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Included Programs
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-----------------
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Sortix comes with a number of home-made programs. Here is an overview:
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* `asteroids` - remake of the classic asteroids game
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* `basename` - strip directory from filenames
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* `benchctxswitch` - useless benchmark
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* `benchsyscall` - slightly less useless benchmark
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* `carray` - convert a binary file to a C array
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* `cat` - display file on terminal
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* `chmod` - change file mode bits
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* `chroot` - change the root directory
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* `chvideomode` - change display resolution
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* `clear` - clear terminal
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* `colormake` - colorful version of make (if make is available)
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* `column` - format lines nicely in columns
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* `cp` - copy file
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* `date` - display current time and date
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* `dirname` - strip last component from file name
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* `dispd` - non-existent display server
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* `du` - report file and directory disk usage
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* `echo` - print command line arguments
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* `editor` - text editor
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* `env` - run a program in a modified environment
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* `expr` - evaluate expressions
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* `extfs` - ext2 filesystem server
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* `false` - exit with an error status
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* `find` - recursively list files
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* `head` - display start of file
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* `help` - show list of available programs
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* `init` - system management deamon
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* `initrdfs` - tool for examining initrds
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* `install` - installs a program into a system directory
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* `kernelinfo` - display kernel information
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* `kill` - send signal to process
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* `ln` - create filesystem links
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* `ls` - list contents of directory
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* `mbrfs` - create partitions for master boot record block device
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* `memstat` - print memory information
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* `mkdir` - create directory
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* `mkinitrd` - create an initrd
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* `mv` - move a file
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* `pager` - display file page by page
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* `pwd` - print current directory path
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* `regress` - run system tests
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* `rm` - remove file
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* `rmdir` - remove empty directory
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* `sh` - command shell
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* `sleep` - delay for a specified amount of time
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* `sort` - sort lines of text files
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* `tail` - display end of file
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* `time` - measure program running time
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* `tr` - translate, squeeze and/or delete characters
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* `true` - exit with a success status
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* `type` - type raw characters directly into the terminal
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* `uname` - system information
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* `uniq` - report or omit repeated lines
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* `unmount` - unmount filesystem
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* `uptime` - time since initialization
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* `wc` - count words and lines
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* `which` - find path to command
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* `yes` - repeatedly output a line
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Third Party Software
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--------------------
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In addition, a selection of third-party software has been ported and may be
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present on your installation. In particular, the following software packages are
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known to work at some level of stability:
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* binutils
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* bison
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* bochs
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* bzip2
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* dash
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* diffutils
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* gawk
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* gcc
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* gettext (GNU)
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* git
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* grep (GNU)
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* groff
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* gzip (GNU)
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* hello (GNU)
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* libassuan
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* libatk
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* libav
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* libcairo
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* libdaala
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* libdbus
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* libexpat
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* libffi
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* libfontconfig
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* libfreetype
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* libgcrypt
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* libgdk-pixbuf
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* libglib
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* libGL (Mesa)
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* libgmp
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* libgnutls
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* libgpg-error
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* libgtk
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* libharfbuzz
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* libiconv
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* libjpeg
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* libksba
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* libmpc
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* libmpfr
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* libnettle
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* libogg
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* libpango
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* libpixman
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* libpng
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* libSDL
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* libssl (LibreSSL)
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* libstdc++
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* libtheora
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* libvorbis
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* libwayland
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* libxkbcommon
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* libz (Sortix)
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* m4 (GNU)
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* make (GNU)
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* patch (GNU)
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* python
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* quake
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* sed (GNU)
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* tar (GNU)
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* xz
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* (and more)
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More software will be ported in the future as the system matures. Your release
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may not contain all the ported software because of disk space constraints or
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the stability/usefulness of the package or the difficulty to build.
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Included Games
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--------------
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The system comes with a number of small casual games. Note that some games
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require running in the correct display mode before they will function.
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### Asteroids ###
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Mine for crystals in an asteroid field! Start the `asteroids` program and if you
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have the needed driver support, you can explore space in a gloriously rendered
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asteroid field of bitmap graphics. Use the arrow keys to navigate. Avoid the
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white asteroids as they will destroy your space ship. Use the `space` key to
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fire a laser beam that breaks the asteroid apart, but beware that the fragments
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will accelerate. Alternatively, use the `Left Control` key to shoot a fireworks
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of laser beams, but it doesn't reach as far and may split a big asteroid into
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many small dangerous asteroids. Your goal is to collect as many blue crystals as
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possible without dying. You can use the `B` key to spawn a bot that will
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cluelessly follow you and shoot whatever asteroids it deems dangerous. You can
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use the `A` key to spawn a black hole (or just a big attracting thing).
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System Source Code
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------------------
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The entire system source code (except third party components) is installed into
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the `/src` directory. You can use the `editor` program to view and edit the
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system source code. If your release contains the GNU compiler collection (gcc),
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you can even modify the system and compile custom programs.
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Editing Files
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-------------
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You can use the `editor` program to edit files. The editor itself is fairly
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simple to use. It currently supports these keyboard commands:
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* `Ctrl-C` - Copy
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* `Ctrl-I` - Go to line
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* `Ctrl-K` - Cut
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
* `Ctrl-O` - Open a file
|
2014-08-23 15:26:38 -04:00
|
|
|
* `Ctrl-Q` - Exit
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
* `Ctrl-S` - Save a file
|
2014-08-23 15:26:38 -04:00
|
|
|
* `Ctrl-V` - Paste
|
|
|
|
* `Ctrl-X` - Cut
|
|
|
|
* `ESC language <c or c++>` - enable syntax highlighting
|
2014-08-01 06:12:54 -04:00
|
|
|
* `ESC line-numbering <on or off>` - enable line numbering
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
* `ESC margin <column>` - add right margin at column
|
|
|
|
* `ESC popen <command>` - open command output
|
2014-08-23 15:26:38 -04:00
|
|
|
* `ESC tabsize <desired-tab-size>` - change tab size
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
It is not currently possible to port third party editors because the terminal
|
|
|
|
implementation is not standards-compliant enough and is seriously lacking.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Partitions
|
|
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the initialization code didn't automatically create block devices for your
|
|
|
|
partitions, but the harddisk block device itself is supported, you can use the
|
|
|
|
`mbrfs` program to create block devices for the partitions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mbrfs /dev/ata0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The program will output the names of the new block devices.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mounting Filesystems
|
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The `extfs` filesystem server translates a block device formatted with the
|
|
|
|
second extended filesystem and mounts it at an empty directory. The filesystem
|
|
|
|
may need to be carefully configured as not all ext2 features are currently
|
|
|
|
supported. In particular, only the `large_file` and `filetype` features are
|
|
|
|
supported. There is no support for formatting or checking filesystems yet, this
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
will have to be done from an external system. If the device `/dev/ata0p1`
|
|
|
|
contains an ext2 filesystem, then it can be mounted using:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mkdir /mnt
|
|
|
|
extfs /dev/ata0 /mnt
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can then access the filesystem at `/fs`. You can unmount it safely when you
|
|
|
|
are done using it:
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
unmount /mnt
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
This will safely shut down the filesystem process and sync to disk. Beware how
|
|
|
|
init doesn't know about your personal mount points and powering off the system
|
|
|
|
will cause all processes to be destroyed, and such mount points will not be
|
|
|
|
shut down gracefully at the moment.
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Graphical User Interface
|
|
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The `dispd` display server is still under development. Sortix does not feature
|
|
|
|
any documented graphical user interface at the moment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Network
|
|
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Network support is still under development and is not documented at this point.
|
|
|
|
Unix sockets are available.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Building Sortix under Sortix
|
|
|
|
----------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
You can build Sortix under itself and make modifications to it. It is not yet
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
possible to build all the the third party software used to build itself, but you
|
|
|
|
can use the system to improve it until it is possible to build third party
|
|
|
|
software under it.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
You need a version of Sortix that ships its own source code in `/src` and
|
|
|
|
contains a copy of the GNU Compiler Collection (gcc). Additionally, you should
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
be booting from a harddisk so that the new kernel is used after a reboot.
|
|
|
|
Otherwise you can only update to a new user-land.
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can use the `colormake` program instead of regular `make` if you want
|
|
|
|
colored output, which eases spotting compile warnings and errors. This program
|
|
|
|
simply invokes the real `make` and colors its output.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
The `/src` directory contains a makefile that eases rebuilding the entire system
|
|
|
|
automatically. To rebuild the entire system simply run:
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
cd /src
|
|
|
|
make
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
chroot /src/sysroot init # to test the new user-land
|
|
|
|
make sysmerge # to update to the new user-land
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This will recompile the entire operating system and install it into the staging
|
|
|
|
area `/src/sysroot`. This is a full usable image of the root filesystem for a
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
Sortix installation and you can chroot into it if desired.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The sysmerge target merges the image in `/src/sysroot` onto the current root
|
|
|
|
filesystem without changing local files, as opposed to a make install that
|
|
|
|
indiscriminately overwrites everything.
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
You will be running a new version of everything upon completion, except the
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
kernel and existing processes will continue to run the old programs. If the root
|
|
|
|
filesystem is permanent and the computer has been configured to boot from it,
|
|
|
|
then you can reboot the system by exiting the initial shell. You will then be
|
|
|
|
running an entirely new system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Building System Components ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
The projects that are part of the core system can be easily built and installed
|
|
|
|
with the provided makefiles. They can be built with this simple sequence:
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
cd /src/${package}
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
make
|
|
|
|
make install
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you wish to install the package somewhere than the default location, you can
|
|
|
|
use the `PREFIX` (and, depending on your needs, `EXEC_PREFIX`, `BINDIR`,
|
|
|
|
`LIBDIR`, ...) environmental variable to specify where the program will be
|
|
|
|
installed:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
make PREFIX=/local
|
|
|
|
make PREFIX=/local install
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Additionally, should you require that the package should be installed into a
|
|
|
|
temporary location before it is fully installed, use the `DESTDIR` environmental
|
|
|
|
variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
make PREFIX=/local
|
|
|
|
make PREFIX=/local DESTDIR=/temporary-location
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This will effectively install the package into `/temporary-location/local`, but
|
|
|
|
the package will expect that it is installed into `/local` when it is run. This
|
|
|
|
is useful for package management purposes to capture a copy of all the installed
|
|
|
|
files before they are installed for real.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### The C library ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The C library (libc) implements the common functions, data types and constants
|
|
|
|
required by the C programming language standard, POSIX, other standards, and
|
|
|
|
various Sortix-specific extensions. Most programs for Sortix directly or
|
|
|
|
indirectly rely on this core library for basic functionality and system calls.
|
|
|
|
The build process builds a regular user-space C library as well as a
|
|
|
|
freestanding C library designed for inclusion into the Sortix kernel. After
|
|
|
|
rebuilding the C library, you may wish to rebuild the entire user-land since
|
|
|
|
those programs have an older libc version statically linked into them.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### The Math Library ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Math Library (libm) provides useful mathematical functions for manipulating
|
|
|
|
floating-point numbers of various sizes. This implements the <math.h> header as
|
|
|
|
known from standard C. Like the C library, you will likely want to recompile
|
|
|
|
large parts of user-land if you update this library.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### The Pthread Library ###
|
2013-08-31 07:15:53 -04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Pthread Library (libpthread) provides a threading implementation through the
|
|
|
|
standard header <pthread.h> as known from POSIX. Like the C library, you will
|
|
|
|
likely want to recompile large parts of user-land if you update this library.
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### The Display Daemon ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The dispd library allows processes to communicate with the dispd server that
|
|
|
|
handles window management and graphical output. Currently, there is no such
|
|
|
|
server and the library calls the kernel interface itself. This library allows
|
2014-06-11 12:33:47 -04:00
|
|
|
games such as asteroids to detect the current resolution and request whatever
|
|
|
|
resolution they need to function.
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### Utility Collection ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The utility collection contains common programs such as `ls`, `cp`, `mkdir` and
|
|
|
|
more. These programs allow the basic operation from the command line.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### Benchmarks ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The system comes with some small and outdated benchmark programs. They don't
|
|
|
|
currently give any meaningful values, so you should not use them for anything.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### Games ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The games directory contains the source code for the above mentioned games.
|
|
|
|
These depend on libdispd.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### mbrfs ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The `mbrfs` program creates block devices for every partition in the master boot
|
|
|
|
record in a block device.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### extfs ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The `extfs` program translates a block device formatted with the second extended
|
|
|
|
filesystem and mounts it at an empty directory.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### mkinitrd ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This program produces a Sortix compatible initrd, the file that contains the
|
|
|
|
initial filesystem used to bootstrap the real root filesystem.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### regress ###
|
2014-02-20 09:48:20 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is a collection of operating system test cases run using the `regress`
|
|
|
|
driver program.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-28 10:10:20 -04:00
|
|
|
### carray ###
|
2014-04-21 16:37:44 -04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This program converts a binary file to an C array.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-12-04 11:39:41 -05:00
|
|
|
### sh ###
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is the Sortix shell. Currently the `sh` program is a wrapper that looks for
|
|
|
|
a better non-interactive shell if running a script, otherwise it invokes the
|
|
|
|
hacky `sortix-sh` program.
|
|
|
|
|
2014-12-27 21:05:09 -05:00
|
|
|
### Kernel ###
|
2012-12-21 15:22:09 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Sortix kernel is the core of the Sortix operating system. It provides all
|
|
|
|
the primitives libc needs to implement a Unix-like environment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that you need to reboot the system to use the new kernel and that you need
|
|
|
|
a permanent root filesystem or your local changes will be lost.
|