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Markdown
546 lines
24 KiB
Markdown
page_title: Working with Docker Images
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page_description: How to work with Docker images.
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page_keywords: documentation, docs, the docker guide, docker guide, docker, docker platform, virtualization framework, docker.io, Docker images, Docker image, image management, Docker repos, Docker repositories, docker, docker tag, docker tags, Docker Hub, collaboration
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# Working with Docker Images
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In the [introduction](/introduction/) we've discovered that Docker
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images are the basis of containers. In the
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[previous](/userguide/dockerizing/) [sections](/userguide/usingdocker/)
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we've used Docker images that already exist, for example the `ubuntu`
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image and the `training/webapp` image.
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We've also discovered that Docker stores downloaded images on the Docker
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host. If an image isn't already present on the host then it'll be
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downloaded from a registry: by default the
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[Docker Hub Registry](https://registry.hub.docker.com).
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In this section we're going to explore Docker images a bit more
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including:
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* Managing and working with images locally on your Docker host;
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* Creating basic images;
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* Uploading images to [Docker Hub Registry](https://registry.hub.docker.com).
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## Listing images on the host
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Let's start with listing the images we have locally on our host. You can
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do this using the `docker images` command like so:
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$ sudo docker images
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REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE
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training/webapp latest fc77f57ad303 3 weeks ago 280.5 MB
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ubuntu 13.10 5e019ab7bf6d 4 weeks ago 180 MB
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ubuntu saucy 5e019ab7bf6d 4 weeks ago 180 MB
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ubuntu 12.04 74fe38d11401 4 weeks ago 209.6 MB
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ubuntu precise 74fe38d11401 4 weeks ago 209.6 MB
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ubuntu 12.10 a7cf8ae4e998 4 weeks ago 171.3 MB
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ubuntu quantal a7cf8ae4e998 4 weeks ago 171.3 MB
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ubuntu 14.04 99ec81b80c55 4 weeks ago 266 MB
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ubuntu latest 99ec81b80c55 4 weeks ago 266 MB
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ubuntu trusty 99ec81b80c55 4 weeks ago 266 MB
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ubuntu 13.04 316b678ddf48 4 weeks ago 169.4 MB
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ubuntu raring 316b678ddf48 4 weeks ago 169.4 MB
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ubuntu 10.04 3db9c44f4520 4 weeks ago 183 MB
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ubuntu lucid 3db9c44f4520 4 weeks ago 183 MB
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We can see the images we've previously used in our [user guide](/userguide/).
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Each has been downloaded from [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com) when we
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launched a container using that image.
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We can see three crucial pieces of information about our images in the listing.
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* What repository they came from, for example `ubuntu`.
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* The tags for each image, for example `14.04`.
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* The image ID of each image.
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A repository potentially holds multiple variants of an image. In the case of
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our `ubuntu` image we can see multiple variants covering Ubuntu 10.04, 12.04,
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12.10, 13.04, 13.10 and 14.04. Each variant is identified by a tag and you can
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refer to a tagged image like so:
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ubuntu:14.04
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So when we run a container we refer to a tagged image like so:
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$ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:14.04 /bin/bash
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If instead we wanted to run an Ubuntu 12.04 image we'd use:
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$ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:12.04 /bin/bash
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If you don't specify a variant, for example you just use `ubuntu`, then Docker
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will default to using the `ubuntu:latest` image.
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> **Tip:**
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> We recommend you always use a specific tagged image, for example
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> `ubuntu:12.04`. That way you always know exactly what variant of an image is
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> being used.
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## Getting a new image
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So how do we get new images? Well Docker will automatically download any image
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we use that isn't already present on the Docker host. But this can potentially
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add some time to the launch of a container. If we want to pre-load an image we
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can download it using the `docker pull` command. Let's say we'd like to
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download the `centos` image.
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$ sudo docker pull centos
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Pulling repository centos
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b7de3133ff98: Pulling dependent layers
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5cc9e91966f7: Pulling fs layer
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511136ea3c5a: Download complete
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ef52fb1fe610: Download complete
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. . .
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Status: Downloaded newer image for centos
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We can see that each layer of the image has been pulled down and now we
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can run a container from this image and we won't have to wait to
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download the image.
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$ sudo docker run -t -i centos /bin/bash
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bash-4.1#
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## Finding images
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One of the features of Docker is that a lot of people have created Docker
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images for a variety of purposes. Many of these have been uploaded to
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[Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com). We can search these images on the
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[Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com) website.
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We can also search for images on the command line using the `docker search`
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command. Let's say our team wants an image with Ruby and Sinatra installed on
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which to do our web application development. We can search for a suitable image
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by using the `docker search` command to find all the images that contain the
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term `sinatra`.
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$ sudo docker search sinatra
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NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
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training/sinatra Sinatra training image 0 [OK]
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marceldegraaf/sinatra Sinatra test app 0
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mattwarren/docker-sinatra-demo 0 [OK]
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luisbebop/docker-sinatra-hello-world 0 [OK]
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bmorearty/handson-sinatra handson-ruby + Sinatra for Hands on with D... 0
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subwiz/sinatra 0
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bmorearty/sinatra 0
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. . .
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We can see we've returned a lot of images that use the term `sinatra`. We've
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returned a list of image names, descriptions, Stars (which measure the social
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popularity of images - if a user likes an image then they can "star" it), and
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the Official and Automated build statuses. Official repositories are built and
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maintained by the [Stackbrew](https://github.com/docker/stackbrew) project,
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and Automated repositories are [Automated Builds](
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/userguide/dockerrepos/#automated-builds) that allow you to validate the source
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and content of an image.
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We've reviewed the images available to use and we decided to use the
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`training/sinatra` image. So far we've seen two types of images repositories,
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images like `ubuntu`, which are called base or root images. These base images
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are provided by Docker Inc and are built, validated and supported. These can be
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identified by their single word names.
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We've also seen user images, for example the `training/sinatra` image we've
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chosen. A user image belongs to a member of the Docker community and is built
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and maintained by them. You can identify user images as they are always
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prefixed with the user name, here `training`, of the user that created them.
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## Pulling our image
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We've identified a suitable image, `training/sinatra`, and now we can download it using the `docker pull` command.
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$ sudo docker pull training/sinatra
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The team can now use this image by running their own containers.
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$ sudo docker run -t -i training/sinatra /bin/bash
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root@a8cb6ce02d85:/#
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## Creating our own images
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The team has found the `training/sinatra` image pretty useful but it's not quite what
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they need and we need to make some changes to it. There are two ways we can
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update and create images.
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1. We can update a container created from an image and commit the results to an image.
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2. We can use a `Dockerfile` to specify instructions to create an image.
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### Updating and committing an image
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To update an image we first need to create a container from the image
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we'd like to update.
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$ sudo docker run -t -i training/sinatra /bin/bash
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root@0b2616b0e5a8:/#
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> **Note:**
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> Take note of the container ID that has been created, `0b2616b0e5a8`, as we'll
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> need it in a moment.
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Inside our running container let's add the `json` gem.
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root@0b2616b0e5a8:/# gem install json
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Once this has completed let's exit our container using the `exit`
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command.
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Now we have a container with the change we want to make. We can then
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commit a copy of this container to an image using the `docker commit`
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command.
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$ sudo docker commit -m "Added json gem" -a "Kate Smith" \
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0b2616b0e5a8 ouruser/sinatra:v2
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4f177bd27a9ff0f6dc2a830403925b5360bfe0b93d476f7fc3231110e7f71b1c
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Here we've used the `docker commit` command. We've specified two flags: `-m`
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and `-a`. The `-m` flag allows us to specify a commit message, much like you
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would with a commit on a version control system. The `-a` flag allows us to
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specify an author for our update.
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We've also specified the container we want to create this new image from,
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`0b2616b0e5a8` (the ID we recorded earlier) and we've specified a target for
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the image:
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ouruser/sinatra:v2
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Let's break this target down. It consists of a new user, `ouruser`, that we're
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writing this image to. We've also specified the name of the image, here we're
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keeping the original image name `sinatra`. Finally we're specifying a tag for
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the image: `v2`.
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We can then look at our new `ouruser/sinatra` image using the `docker images`
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command.
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$ sudo docker images
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REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE
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training/sinatra latest 5bc342fa0b91 10 hours ago 446.7 MB
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ouruser/sinatra v2 3c59e02ddd1a 10 hours ago 446.7 MB
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ouruser/sinatra latest 5db5f8471261 10 hours ago 446.7 MB
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To use our new image to create a container we can then:
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$ sudo docker run -t -i ouruser/sinatra:v2 /bin/bash
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root@78e82f680994:/#
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### Building an image from a `Dockerfile`
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Using the `docker commit` command is a pretty simple way of extending an image
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but it's a bit cumbersome and it's not easy to share a development process for
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images amongst a team. Instead we can use a new command, `docker build`, to
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build new images from scratch.
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To do this we create a `Dockerfile` that contains a set of instructions that
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tell Docker how to build our image.
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Let's create a directory and a `Dockerfile` first.
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$ mkdir sinatra
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$ cd sinatra
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$ touch Dockerfile
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Each instruction creates a new layer of the image. Let's look at a simple
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example now for building our own Sinatra image for our development team.
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# This is a comment
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FROM ubuntu:14.04
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MAINTAINER Kate Smith <ksmith@example.com>
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RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y ruby ruby-dev
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RUN gem install sinatra
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Let's look at what our `Dockerfile` does. Each instruction prefixes a statement and is capitalized.
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INSTRUCTION statement
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> **Note:**
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> We use `#` to indicate a comment
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The first instruction `FROM` tells Docker what the source of our image is, in
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this case we're basing our new image on an Ubuntu 14.04 image.
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Next we use the `MAINTAINER` instruction to specify who maintains our new image.
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Lastly, we've specified three `RUN` instructions. A `RUN` instruction executes
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a command inside the image, for example installing a package. Here we're
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updating our APT cache, installing Ruby and RubyGems and then installing the
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Sinatra gem.
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> **Note:**
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> There are [a lot more instructions available to us in a Dockerfile](/reference/builder).
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Now let's take our `Dockerfile` and use the `docker build` command to build an image.
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$ sudo docker build -t ouruser/sinatra:v2 .
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Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kB
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Sending build context to Docker daemon
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Step 0 : FROM ubuntu:14.04
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---> e54ca5efa2e9
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Step 1 : MAINTAINER Kate Smith <ksmith@example.com>
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---> Using cache
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---> 851baf55332b
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Step 2 : RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y ruby ruby-dev
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---> Running in 3a2558904e9b
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Selecting previously unselected package libasan0:amd64.
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Setting up libgcc-4.8-dev:amd64 (4.8.2-19ubuntu1) ...
|
|
Setting up gcc-4.8 (4.8.2-19ubuntu1) ...
|
|
Setting up gcc (4:4.8.2-1ubuntu6) ...
|
|
Setting up libc-dev-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6) ...
|
|
Setting up linux-libc-dev:amd64 (3.13.0-30.55) ...
|
|
Setting up libc6-dev:amd64 (2.19-0ubuntu6) ...
|
|
Setting up manpages-dev (3.54-1ubuntu1) ...
|
|
Setting up libruby1.9.1 (1.9.3.484-2ubuntu1) ...
|
|
Setting up ruby1.9.1-dev (1.9.3.484-2ubuntu1) ...
|
|
Setting up ruby-dev (1:1.9.3.4) ...
|
|
Setting up ruby (1:1.9.3.4) ...
|
|
Setting up ruby1.9.1 (1.9.3.484-2ubuntu1) ...
|
|
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6) ...
|
|
Processing triggers for ca-certificates (20130906ubuntu2) ...
|
|
Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs... 164 added, 0 removed; done.
|
|
Running hooks in /etc/ca-certificates/update.d....done.
|
|
---> c55c31703134
|
|
Removing intermediate container 3a2558904e9b
|
|
Step 3 : RUN gem install sinatra
|
|
---> Running in 6b81cb6313e5
|
|
unable to convert "\xC3" to UTF-8 in conversion from ASCII-8BIT to UTF-8 to US-ASCII for README.rdoc, skipping
|
|
unable to convert "\xC3" to UTF-8 in conversion from ASCII-8BIT to UTF-8 to US-ASCII for README.rdoc, skipping
|
|
Successfully installed rack-1.5.2
|
|
Successfully installed tilt-1.4.1
|
|
Successfully installed rack-protection-1.5.3
|
|
Successfully installed sinatra-1.4.5
|
|
4 gems installed
|
|
Installing ri documentation for rack-1.5.2...
|
|
Installing ri documentation for tilt-1.4.1...
|
|
Installing ri documentation for rack-protection-1.5.3...
|
|
Installing ri documentation for sinatra-1.4.5...
|
|
Installing RDoc documentation for rack-1.5.2...
|
|
Installing RDoc documentation for tilt-1.4.1...
|
|
Installing RDoc documentation for rack-protection-1.5.3...
|
|
Installing RDoc documentation for sinatra-1.4.5...
|
|
---> 97feabe5d2ed
|
|
Removing intermediate container 6b81cb6313e5
|
|
Successfully built 97feabe5d2ed
|
|
|
|
We've specified our `docker build` command and used the `-t` flag to identify
|
|
our new image as belonging to the user `ouruser`, the repository name `sinatra`
|
|
and given it the tag `v2`.
|
|
|
|
We've also specified the location of our `Dockerfile` using the `.` to
|
|
indicate a `Dockerfile` in the current directory.
|
|
|
|
> **Note:**
|
|
> You can also specify a path to a `Dockerfile`.
|
|
|
|
Now we can see the build process at work. The first thing Docker does is
|
|
upload the build context: basically the contents of the directory you're
|
|
building in. This is done because the Docker daemon does the actual
|
|
build of the image and it needs the local context to do it.
|
|
|
|
Next we can see each instruction in the `Dockerfile` being executed
|
|
step-by-step. We can see that each step creates a new container, runs
|
|
the instruction inside that container and then commits that change -
|
|
just like the `docker commit` work flow we saw earlier. When all the
|
|
instructions have executed we're left with the `97feabe5d2ed` image
|
|
(also helpfully tagged as `ouruser/sinatra:v2`) and all intermediate
|
|
containers will get removed to clean things up.
|
|
|
|
> **Note:**
|
|
> An image can't have more than 127 layers regardless of the storage driver.
|
|
> This limitation is set globally to encourage optimization of the overall
|
|
> size of images.
|
|
|
|
We can then create a container from our new image.
|
|
|
|
$ sudo docker run -t -i ouruser/sinatra:v2 /bin/bash
|
|
root@8196968dac35:/#
|
|
|
|
> **Note:**
|
|
> This is just a brief introduction to creating images. We've
|
|
> skipped a whole bunch of other instructions that you can use. We'll see more of
|
|
> those instructions in later sections of the Guide or you can refer to the
|
|
> [`Dockerfile`](/reference/builder/) reference for a
|
|
> detailed description and examples of every instruction.
|
|
> To help you write a clear, readable, maintainable `Dockerfile`, we've also
|
|
> written a [`Dockerfile` Best Practices guide](/articles/dockerfile_best-practices).
|
|
|
|
### More
|
|
|
|
To learn more, check out the [Dockerfile tutorial](/userguide/level1).
|
|
|
|
## Setting tags on an image
|
|
|
|
You can also add a tag to an existing image after you commit or build it. We
|
|
can do this using the `docker tag` command. Let's add a new tag to our
|
|
`ouruser/sinatra` image.
|
|
|
|
$ sudo docker tag 5db5f8471261 ouruser/sinatra:devel
|
|
|
|
The `docker tag` command takes the ID of the image, here `5db5f8471261`, and our
|
|
user name, the repository name and the new tag.
|
|
|
|
Let's see our new tag using the `docker images` command.
|
|
|
|
$ sudo docker images ouruser/sinatra
|
|
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE
|
|
ouruser/sinatra latest 5db5f8471261 11 hours ago 446.7 MB
|
|
ouruser/sinatra devel 5db5f8471261 11 hours ago 446.7 MB
|
|
ouruser/sinatra v2 5db5f8471261 11 hours ago 446.7 MB
|
|
|
|
## Push an image to Docker Hub
|
|
|
|
Once you've built or created a new image you can push it to [Docker
|
|
Hub](https://hub.docker.com) using the `docker push` command. This
|
|
allows you to share it with others, either publicly, or push it into [a
|
|
private repository](https://registry.hub.docker.com/plans/).
|
|
|
|
$ sudo docker push ouruser/sinatra
|
|
The push refers to a repository [ouruser/sinatra] (len: 1)
|
|
Sending image list
|
|
Pushing repository ouruser/sinatra (3 tags)
|
|
. . .
|
|
|
|
## Remove an image from the host
|
|
|
|
You can also remove images on your Docker host in a way [similar to
|
|
containers](
|
|
/userguide/usingdocker) using the `docker rmi` command.
|
|
|
|
Let's delete the `training/sinatra` image as we don't need it anymore.
|
|
|
|
$ sudo docker rmi training/sinatra
|
|
Untagged: training/sinatra:latest
|
|
Deleted: 5bc342fa0b91cabf65246837015197eecfa24b2213ed6a51a8974ae250fedd8d
|
|
Deleted: ed0fffdcdae5eb2c3a55549857a8be7fc8bc4241fb19ad714364cbfd7a56b22f
|
|
Deleted: 5c58979d73ae448df5af1d8142436d81116187a7633082650549c52c3a2418f0
|
|
|
|
> **Note:** In order to remove an image from the host, please make sure
|
|
> that there are no containers actively based on it.
|
|
|
|
# Next steps
|
|
|
|
Until now we've seen how to build individual applications inside Docker
|
|
containers. Now learn how to build whole application stacks with Docker
|
|
by linking together multiple Docker containers.
|
|
|
|
Test your Dockerfile knowledge with the
|
|
[Dockerfile tutorial](/userguide/level1).
|
|
|
|
Go to [Linking Containers Together](/userguide/dockerlinks).
|
|
|
|
|