moby--moby/pkg/tarsum/tarsum_spec.md

page_title: TarSum checksum specification page_description: Documentation for algorithms used in the TarSum checksum calculation page_keywords: docker, checksum, validation, tarsum

TarSum Checksum Specification

Abstract

This document describes the algorithms used in performing the TarSum checksum calculation on filesystem layers, the need for this method over existing methods, and the versioning of this calculation.

Warning

This checksum algorithm is for best-effort comparison of file trees with fuzzy logic.

This is not a cryptographic attestation, and should not be considered secure.

Introduction

The transportation of filesystems, regarding Docker, is done with tar(1) archives. There are a variety of tar serialization formats [2], and a key concern here is ensuring a repeatable checksum given a set of inputs from a generic tar archive. Types of transportation include distribution to and from a registry endpoint, saving and loading through commands or Docker daemon APIs, transferring the build context from client to Docker daemon, and committing the filesystem of a container to become an image.

As tar archives are used for transit, but not preserved in many situations, the focus of the algorithm is to ensure the integrity of the preserved filesystem, while maintaining a deterministic accountability. This includes neither constraining the ordering or manipulation of the files during the creation or unpacking of the archive, nor include additional metadata state about the file system attributes.

Intended Audience

This document is outlining the methods used for consistent checksum calculation for filesystems transported via tar archives.

Auditing these methodologies is an open and iterative process. This document should accommodate the review of source code. Ultimately, this document should be the starting point of further refinements to the algorithm and its future versions.

Concept

The checksum mechanism must ensure the integrity and assurance of the filesystem payload.

Checksum Algorithm Profile

A checksum mechanism must define the following operations and attributes:

• Associated hashing cipher - used to checksum each file payload and attribute information.
• Checksum list - each file of the filesystem archive has its checksum calculated from the payload and attributes of the file. The final checksum is calculated from this list, with specific ordering.
• Version - as the algorithm adapts to requirements, there are behaviors of the algorithm to manage by versioning.
• Archive being calculated - the tar archive having its checksum calculated

Elements of TarSum checksum

The calculated sum output is a text string. The elements included in the output of the calculated sum comprise the information needed for validation of the sum (TarSum version and hashing cipher used) and the expected checksum in hexadecimal form.

There are two delimiters used:

• '+' separates TarSum version from hashing cipher
• ':' separates calculation mechanics from expected hash

Example:

	"tarsum.v1+sha256:220a60ecd4a3c32c282622a625a54db9ba0ff55b5ba9c29c7064a2bc358b6a3e"
	|         |       \                                                               |
	|         |        \                                                              |
	|_version_|_cipher__|__                                                           |
	|                      \                                                          |
	|_calculation_mechanics_|______________________expected_sum_______________________|

Versioning

Versioning was introduced [0] to accommodate differences in calculation needed, and ability to maintain reverse compatibility.

The general algorithm will be describe further in the 'Calculation'.

Version0

This is the initial version of TarSum.

Its element in the TarSum checksum string is tarsum.

Version1

Its element in the TarSum checksum is tarsum.v1.

The notable changes in this version:

• Exclusion of file mtime from the file information headers, in each file checksum calculation
• Inclusion of extended attributes (xattrs. Also seen as SCHILY.xattr. prefixed Pax tar file info headers) keys and values in each file checksum calculation

VersionDev

Do not use unless validating refinements to the checksum algorithm

Its element in the TarSum checksum is tarsum.dev.

This is a floating place holder for a next version and grounds for testing changes. The methods used for calculation are subject to change without notice, and this version is for testing and not for production use.

Ciphers

The official default and standard hashing cipher used in the calculation mechanic is sha256. This refers to SHA256 hash algorithm as defined in FIPS 180-4.

Though the TarSum algorithm itself is not exclusively bound to the single hashing cipher sha256, support for alternate hashing ciphers was later added [1]. Use cases for alternate cipher could include future-proofing TarSum checksum format and using faster cipher hashes for tar filesystem checksums.

Calculation

Requirement

As mentioned earlier, the calculation is such that it takes into consideration the lifecycle of the tar archive. In that the tar archive is not an immutable, permanent artifact. Otherwise options like relying on a known hashing cipher checksum of the archive itself would be reliable enough. The tar archive of the filesystem is used as a transportation medium for Docker images, and the archive is discarded once its contents are extracted. Therefore, for consistent validation items such as order of files in the tar archive and time stamps are subject to change once an image is received.

Process

The method is typically iterative due to reading tar info headers from the archive stream, though this is not a strict requirement.

Files

Each file in the tar archive have their contents (headers and body) checksummed individually using the designated associated hashing cipher. The ordered headers of the file are written to the checksum calculation first, and then the payload of the file body.

The resulting checksum of the file is appended to the list of file sums. The sum is encoded as a string of the hexadecimal digest. Additionally, the file name and position in the archive is kept as reference for special ordering.

Headers

The following headers are read, in this order ( and the corresponding representation of its value):

• 'name' - string
• 'mode' - string of the base10 integer
• 'uid' - string of the integer
• 'gid' - string of the integer
• 'size' - string of the integer
• 'mtime' (Version0 only) - string of integer of the seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
• 'typeflag' - string of the char
• 'linkname' - string
• 'uname' - string
• 'gname' - string
• 'devmajor' - string of the integer
• 'devminor' - string of the integer

For >= Version1, the extended attribute headers ("SCHILY.xattr." prefixed pax headers) included after the above list. These xattrs key/values are first sorted by the keys.

Header Format

The ordered headers are written to the hash in the format of

"{.key}{.value}"

with no newline.

Body

After the order headers of the file have been added to the checksum for the file, the body of the file is written to the hash.

List of file sums

The list of file sums is sorted by the string of the hexadecimal digest.

If there are two files in the tar with matching paths, the order of occurrence for that path is reflected for the sums of the corresponding file header and body.

Final Checksum

Begin with a fresh or initial state of the associated hash cipher. If there is additional payload to include in the TarSum calculation for the archive, it is written first. Then each checksum from the ordered list of file sums is written to the hash.

The resulting digest is formatted per the Elements of TarSum checksum, including the TarSum version, the associated hash cipher and the hexadecimal encoded checksum digest.

Security Considerations

The initial version of TarSum has undergone one update that could invalidate handcrafted tar archives. The tar archive format supports appending of files with same names as prior files in the archive. The latter file will clobber the prior file of the same path. Due to this the algorithm now accounts for files with matching paths, and orders the list of file sums accordingly [3].

Footnotes

• [0] Versioning 747f89cd32
• [1] Alternate ciphers 4e9925d780
• [2] Tar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_%28computing%29
• [3] Name collision c5e6362c53

Acknowledgements

Joffrey F (shin-) and Guillaume J. Charmes (creack) on the initial work of the TarSum calculation.