moby--moby/experimental/userns.md

Experimental: User namespace support

Linux kernel user namespace support provides additional security by enabling a process--and therefore a container--to have a unique range of user and group IDs which are outside the traditional user and group range utilized by the host system. Potentially the most important security improvement is that, by default, container processes running as the root user will have expected administrative privilege (with some restrictions) inside the container but will effectively be mapped to an unprivileged uid on the host.

In this experimental phase, the Docker daemon creates a single daemon-wide mapping for all containers running on the same engine instance. The mappings will utilize the existing subordinate user and group ID feature available on all modern Linux distributions. The /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid files will be read for the user, and optional group, specified to the --userns-remap parameter. If you do not wish to specify your own user and/or group, you can provide default as the value to this flag, and a user will be created on your behalf and provided subordinate uid and gid ranges. This default user will be named dockremap, and entries will be created for it in /etc/passwd and /etc/group using your distro's standard user and group creation tools.

Note

: The single mapping per-daemon restriction exists for this experimental phase because Docker shares image layers from its local cache across all containers running on the engine instance. Since file ownership must be the same for all containers sharing the same layer content, the decision was made to map the file ownership on docker pull to the daemon's user and group mappings so that there is no delay for running containers once the content is downloaded--exactly the same performance characteristics as with user namespaces disabled.

Starting the daemon with user namespaces enabled

To enable this experimental user namespace support for a Docker daemon instance, start the daemon with the aforementioned --userns-remap flag, which accepts values in the following formats:

• uid
• uid:gid
• username
• username:groupname

If numeric IDs are provided, translation back to valid user or group names will occur so that the subordinate uid and gid information can be read, given these resources are name-based, not id-based. If the numeric ID information provided does not exist as entries in /etc/passwd or /etc/group, daemon startup will fail with an error message.

An example: starting with default Docker user management:

     $ docker daemon --userns-remap=default

In this case, Docker will create--or find the existing--user and group named dockremap. If the user is created, and the Linux distribution has appropriate support, the /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid files will be populated with a contiguous 65536 length range of subordinate user and group IDs, starting at an offset based on prior entries in those files. For example, Ubuntu will create the following range, based on an existing user already having the first 65536 range:

     $ cat /etc/subuid
     user1:100000:65536
     dockremap:165536:65536

Note: On a fresh Fedora install, we found that we had to touch the /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid files to have ranges assigned when users were created. Once these files existed, range assignment on user creation worked properly.

If you have a preferred/self-managed user with subordinate ID mappings already configured, you can provide that username or uid to the --userns-remap flag. If you have a group that doesn't match the username, you may provide the gid or group name as well; otherwise the username will be used as the group name when querying the system for the subordinate group ID range.

Detailed information on subuid/subgid ranges

Given there may be advanced use of the subordinate ID ranges by power users, we will describe how the Docker daemon uses the range entries within these files under the current experimental user namespace support.

The simplest case exists where only one contiguous range is defined for the provided user or group. In this case, Docker will use that entire contiguous range for the mapping of host uids and gids to the container process. This means that the first ID in the range will be the remapped root user, and the IDs above that initial ID will map host ID 1 through the end of the range.

From the example /etc/subid content shown above, that means the remapped root user would be uid 165536.

If the system administrator has set up multiple ranges for a single user or group, the Docker daemon will read all the available ranges and use the following algorithm to create the mapping ranges:

1. The ranges will be sorted by start ID ascending
2. Maps will be created from each range with where the host ID will increment starting at 0 for the first range, 0+range1 length for the second, and so on. This means that the lowest range start ID will be the remapped root, and all further ranges will map IDs from 1 through the uid or gid that equals the sum of all range lengths.
3. Ranges segments above five will be ignored as the kernel ignores any ID maps after five (in /proc/self/{u,g}id_map)

User namespace known restrictions

The following standard Docker features are currently incompatible when running a Docker daemon with experimental user namespaces enabled:

• sharing namespaces with the host (--pid=host, --net=host, etc.)
• sharing namespaces with other containers (--net=container:other)
• A --readonly container filesystem (a Linux kernel restriction on remount with new flags of a currently mounted filesystem when inside a user namespace)
• external (volume/graph) drivers which are unaware/incapable of using daemon user mappings
• Using --privileged mode containers
• volume use without pre-arranging proper file ownership in mounted volumes

Additionally, while the root user inside a user namespaced container process has many of the privileges of the administrative root user, the following operations will fail:

• Use of mknod - permission is denied for device creation by the container root
• others will be listed here when fully tested