rails--rails/guides/source/testing.md

A Guide to Testing Rails Applications

This guide covers built-in mechanisms offered by Rails to test your application.

After reading this guide, you will know:

• Rails testing terminology.
• How to write unit, functional, and integration tests for your application.
• Other popular testing approaches and plugins.

---

Why Write Tests for your Rails Applications?

Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code while you are creating your models and controllers.

By simply running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring.

Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser.

Introduction to Testing

Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany. Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.

The Test Environment

By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in config/database.yml.

A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. Tests can mangle test data with confidence, that won't touch the data in the development or production databases.

Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go

Rails creates a test folder for you as soon as you create a Rails project using rails new application_name. If you list the contents of this folder then you shall see:

$ ls -F test

fixtures/  functional/  integration/  test_helper.rb  unit/

The unit directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the functional directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the integration directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting.

Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the fixtures folder.

The test_helper.rb file holds the default configuration for your tests.

The Low-Down on Fixtures

For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.

What Are Fixtures?

Fixtures is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model.

You'll find fixtures under your test/fixtures directory. When you run rails generate model to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory.

YAML

YAML-formatted fixtures are a very human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the .yml file extension (as in users.yml).

Here's a sample YAML fixture file:

# lo & behold!  I am a YAML comment!
david:
 name: David Heinemeier Hansson
 birthday: 1979-10-15
 profession: Systems development

steve:
 name: Steve Ross Kellock
 birthday: 1974-09-27
 profession: guy with keyboard

Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. Keys which resemble YAML keywords such as 'yes' and 'no' are quoted so that the YAML Parser correctly interprets them.

ERB'in It Up

ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:

<% 1000.times do |n| %>
user_<%= n %>:
  username: <%= "user%03d" % n %>
  email: <%= "user%03d@example.com" % n %>
<% end %>

Fixtures in Action

Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the test/fixtures folder for your unit and functional test. Loading involves three steps:

• Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
• Load the fixture data into the table
• Dump the fixture data into a variable in case you want to access it directly

Fixtures are Active Record objects

Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically setup as a local variable of the test case. For example:

# this will return the User object for the fixture named david
users(:david)

# this will return the property for david called id
users(:david).id

# one can also access methods available on the User class
email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight)

Unit Testing your Models

In Rails, unit tests are what you write to test your models.

For this guide we will be using Rails scaffolding. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practices. I will be using examples from this generated code and will be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary.

NOTE: For more information on Rails scaffolding, refer to Getting Started with Rails

When you use rails generate scaffold, for a resource among other things it creates a test stub in the test/models folder:

$ rails generate scaffold post title:string body:text
...
create  app/models/post.rb
create  test/models/post_test.rb
create  test/fixtures/posts.yml
...

The default test stub in test/models/post_test.rb looks like this:

require 'test_helper'

class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  # Replace this with your real tests.
  test "the truth" do
    assert true
  end
end

A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails testing code and terminology.

require 'test_helper'

As you know by now, test_helper.rb specifies the default configuration to run our tests. This is included with all the tests, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.

class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase

The PostTest class defines a test case because it inherits from ActiveSupport::TestCase. PostTest thus has all the methods available from ActiveSupport::TestCase. You'll see those methods a little later in this guide.

Any method defined within a Test::Unit test case that begins with test (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, test_password, test_valid_password and testValidPassword all are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.

Rails adds a test method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal Test::Unit test with method names prefixed with test_. So,

test "the truth" do
  assert true
end

acts as if you had written

def test_the_truth
  assert true
end

only the test macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though.

NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. Odd ones need define_method and send calls, but formally there's no restriction.

assert true

This line of code is called an assertion. An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:

• does this value = that value?
• is this object nil?
• does this line of code throw an exception?
• is the user's password greater than 5 characters?

Every test contains one or more assertions. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.

Preparing your Application for Testing

Before you can run your tests, you need to ensure that the test database structure is current. For this you can use the following rake commands:

$ rake db:migrate
...
$ rake db:test:load

The rake db:migrate above runs any pending migrations on the development environment and updates db/schema.rb. The rake db:test:load recreates the test database from the current db/schema.rb. On subsequent attempts, it is a good idea to first run db:test:prepare, as it first checks for pending migrations and warns you appropriately.

NOTE: db:test:prepare will fail with an error if db/schema.rb doesn't exist.

Rake Tasks for Preparing your Application for Testing

Tasks	Description
rake db:test:clone	Recreate the test database from the current environment's database schema
rake db:test:clone_structure	Recreate the test database from the development structure
rake db:test:load	Recreate the test database from the current schema.rb
rake db:test:prepare	Check for pending migrations and load the test schema
rake db:test:purge	Empty the test database.

TIP: You can see all these rake tasks and their descriptions by running rake --tasks --describe

Running Tests

Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through Ruby:

$ ruby -Itest test/models/post_test.rb

Loaded suite models/post_test
Started
.
Finished in 0.023513 seconds.

1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors

This will run all the test methods from the test case. Note that test_helper.rb is in the test directory, hence this directory needs to be added to the load path using the -I switch.

You can also run a particular test method from the test case by using the -n switch with the test method name.

$ ruby -Itest test/models/post_test.rb -n test_the_truth

Loaded suite models/post_test
Started
.
Finished in 0.023513 seconds.

1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors

The . (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an F; when a test throws an error you see an E in its place. The last line of the output is the summary.

To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the post_test.rb test case.

test "should not save post without title" do
  post = Post.new
  assert !post.save
end

Let us run this newly added test.

$ ruby unit/post_test.rb -n test_should_not_save_post_without_title
Loaded suite -e
Started
F
Finished in 0.102072 seconds.

  1) Failure:
test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [/test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
<false> is not true.

1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors

In the output, F denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under 1) along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message which mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:

test "should not save post without title" do
  post = Post.new
  assert !post.save, "Saved the post without a title"
end

Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:

  1) Failure:
test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [/test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
Saved the post without a title.
<false> is not true.

Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the title field.

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :title, presence: true
end

Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:

$ ruby unit/post_test.rb -n test_should_not_save_post_without_title
Loaded suite unit/post_test
Started
.
Finished in 0.193608 seconds.

1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors

Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as Test-Driven Development (TDD).

TIP: Many Rails developers practice Test-Driven Development (TDD). This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with 15 TDD steps to create a Rails application.

To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error:

test "should report error" do
  # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case
  some_undefined_variable
  assert true
end

Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:

$ ruby unit/post_test.rb -n test_should_report_error
Loaded suite -e
Started
E
Finished in 0.082603 seconds.

  1) Error:
test_should_report_error(PostTest):
NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<PostTest:0x249d354>
    /test/models/post_test.rb:6:in `test_should_report_error'

1 tests, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors

Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error.

NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in alphabetical order.

What to Include in Your Unit Tests

Ideally, you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly break. It's a good practice to have at least one test for each of your validations and at least one test for every method in your model.

Assertions Available

By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.

There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use. Here's the complete list of assertions that ship with test/unit, the default testing library used by Rails. The [msg] parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required.

Assertion	Purpose
assert( boolean, [msg] )	Ensures that the object/expression is true.
assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )	Ensures that expected == actual is true.
assert_not_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )	Ensures that expected != actual is true.
assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] )	Ensures that expected.equal?(actual) is true.
assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )	Ensures that !expected.equal?(actual) is true.
assert_nil( obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj.nil? is true.
assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )	Ensures that !obj.nil? is true.
assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )	Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.
assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )	Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.
assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, delta, [msg] )	Ensures that the numbers expecting and actual are within delta of each other.
assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }	Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.
assert_raise( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }	Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.
assert_nothing_raised( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }	Ensures that the given block doesn't raise one of the given exceptions.
assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is of the class type.
assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )	Ensures that obj is or descends from class.
assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )	Ensures that obj has a method called symbol.
assert_operator( obj1, operator, obj2, [msg] )	Ensures that obj1.operator(obj2) is true.
assert_send( array, [msg] )	Ensures that executing the method listed in array[1] on the object in array[0] with the parameters of array[2 and up] is true. This one is weird eh?
flunk( [msg] )	Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.

Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.

NOTE: Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won't cover in this tutorial.

Rails Specific Assertions

Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the test/unit framework:

Assertion	Purpose
assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...}	Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.
assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)	Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.
assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)	Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.
assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)	Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.
assert_response(type, message = nil)	Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify :success to indicate 200-299, :redirect to indicate 300-399, :missing to indicate 404, or :error to match the 500-599 range
assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)	Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog") will also match the redirection of redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show") and so on.
assert_template(expected = nil, message=nil)	Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file.

You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.

Functional Tests for Your Controllers

In Rails, testing the various actions of a single controller is called writing functional tests for that controller. Controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view.

What to Include in your Functional Tests

You should test for things such as:

• was the web request successful?
• was the user redirected to the right page?
• was the user successfully authenticated?
• was the correct object stored in the response template?
• was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view?

Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our Post resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file posts_controller_test.rb in the test/controllers directory.

Let me take you through one such test, test_should_get_index from the file posts_controller_test.rb.

test "should get index" do
  get :index
  assert_response :success
  assert_not_nil assigns(:posts)
end

In the test_should_get_index test, Rails simulates a request on the action called index, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid posts instance variable.

The get method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments:

• The action of the controller you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a symbol.
• An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or post variables).
• An optional hash of session variables to pass along with the request.
• An optional hash of flash values.

Example: Calling the :show action, passing an id of 12 as the params and setting a user_id of 5 in the session:

get(:show, {'id' => "12"}, {'user_id' => 5})

Another example: Calling the :view action, passing an id of 12 as the params, this time with no session, but with a flash message.

get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'})

NOTE: If you try running test_should_create_post test from posts_controller_test.rb it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.

Let us modify test_should_create_post test in posts_controller_test.rb so that all our test pass:

test "should create post" do
  assert_difference('Post.count') do
    post :create, post: {title: 'Some title'}
  end

  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
end

Now you can try running all the tests and they should pass.

Available Request Types for Functional Tests

If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that get is a type of request. There are 6 request types supported in Rails functional tests:

• get
• post
• patch
• put
• head
• delete

All of request types are methods that you can use, however, you'll probably end up using the first two more often than the others.

NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type should be accepted by the action. Request types in this context exist to make your tests more descriptive.

The Four Hashes of the Apocalypse

After a request has been made by using one of the 5 methods (get, post, etc.) and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use:

• assigns - Any objects that are stored as instance variables in actions for use in views.
• cookies - Any cookies that are set.
• flash - Any objects living in the flash.
• session - Any object living in session variables.

As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name, except for assigns. For example:

flash["gordon"]               flash[:gordon]
session["shmession"]          session[:shmession]
cookies["are_good_for_u"]     cookies[:are_good_for_u]

# Because you can't use assigns[:something] for historical reasons:
assigns["something"]          assigns(:something)

Instance Variables Available

You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests:

• @controller - The controller processing the request
• @request - The request
• @response - The response

Testing Templates and Layouts

If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the assert_template method:

test "index should render correct template and layout" do
  get :index
  assert_template :index
  assert_template layout: "layouts/application"
end

Note that you cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with one call to assert_template method. Also, for the layout test, you can give a regular expression instead of a string, but using the string, makes things clearer. On the other hand, you have to include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout file in this standard layout directory. Hence,

assert_template layout: "application"

will not work.

If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you have to assert for the partial at the same time. Otherwise, assertion will fail.

Hence:

test "new should render correct layout" do
  get :new
  assert_template layout: "layouts/application", partial: "_form"
end

is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with name _form. Omitting the :partial key in your assert_template call will complain.

A Fuller Functional Test Example

Here's another example that uses flash, assert_redirected_to, and assert_difference:

test "should create post" do
  assert_difference('Post.count') do
    post :create, post: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first post.'}
  end
  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
  assert_equal 'Post was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
end

Testing Views

Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a useful way to test the views of your application. The assert_select assertion allows you to do this by using a simple yet powerful syntax.

NOTE: You may find references to assert_tag in other documentation, but this is now deprecated in favor of assert_select.

There are two forms of assert_select:

assert_select(selector, [equality], [message]) ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression with substitution values, or an HTML::Selector object.

assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message]) ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the element (instance of HTML::Node) and its descendants.

For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:

assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"

You can also use nested assert_select blocks. In this case the inner assert_select runs the assertion on the complete collection of elements selected by the outer assert_select block:

assert_select 'ul.navigation' do
  assert_select 'li.menu_item'
end

Alternatively the collection of elements selected by the outer assert_select may be iterated through so that assert_select may be called separately for each element. Suppose for example that the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then the following tests will both pass.

assert_select "ol" do |elements|
  elements.each do |element|
    assert_select element, "li", 4
  end
end

assert_select "ol" do
  assert_select "li", 8
end

The assert_select assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its documentation.

Additional View-Based Assertions

There are more assertions that are primarily used in testing views:

Assertion	Purpose
assert_select_email	Allows you to make assertions on the body of an e-mail.
assert_select_encoded	Allows you to make assertions on encoded HTML. It does this by un-encoding the contents of each element and then calling the block with all the un-encoded elements.
css_select(selector) or css_select(element, selector)	Returns an array of all the elements selected by the selector. In the second variant it first matches the base element and tries to match the selector expression on any of its children. If there are no matches both variants return an empty array.

Here's an example of using assert_select_email:

assert_select_email do
  assert_select 'small', 'Please click the "Unsubscribe" link if you want to opt-out.'
end

Integration Testing

Integration tests are used to test the interaction among any number of controllers. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application.

Unlike Unit and Functional tests, integration tests have to be explicitly created under the 'test/integration' folder within your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.

$ rails generate integration_test user_flows
      exists  test/integration/
      create  test/integration/user_flows_test.rb

Here's what a freshly-generated integration test looks like:

require 'test_helper'

class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  fixtures :all

  # Replace this with your real tests.
  test "the truth" do
    assert true
  end
end

Integration tests inherit from ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests. Also you need to explicitly include the fixtures to be made available to the test.

Helpers Available for Integration Tests

In addition to the standard testing helpers, there are some additional helpers available to integration tests:

Helper	Purpose
https?	Returns true if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.
https!	Allows you to mimic a secure HTTPS request.
host!	Allows you to set the host name to use in the next request.
redirect?	Returns true if the last request was a redirect.
follow_redirect!	Follows a single redirect response.
request_via_redirect(http_method, path, [parameters], [headers])	Allows you to make an HTTP request and follow any subsequent redirects.
post_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])	Allows you to make an HTTP POST request and follow any subsequent redirects.
get_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])	Allows you to make an HTTP GET request and follow any subsequent redirects.
patch_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])	Allows you to make an HTTP PATCH request and follow any subsequent redirects.
put_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])	Allows you to make an HTTP PUT request and follow any subsequent redirects.
delete_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])	Allows you to make an HTTP DELETE request and follow any subsequent redirects.
open_session	Opens a new session instance.

Integration Testing Examples

A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:

require 'test_helper'

class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  fixtures :users

  test "login and browse site" do
    # login via https
    https!
    get "/login"
    assert_response :success

    post_via_redirect "/login", username: users(:avs).username, password: users(:avs).password
    assert_equal '/welcome', path
    assert_equal 'Welcome avs!', flash[:notice]

    https!(false)
    get "/posts/all"
    assert_response :success
    assert assigns(:products)
  end
end

As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application.

Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test

require 'test_helper'

class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  fixtures :users

  test "login and browse site" do

    # User avs logs in
    avs = login(:avs)
    # User guest logs in
    guest = login(:guest)

    # Both are now available in different sessions
    assert_equal 'Welcome avs!', avs.flash[:notice]
    assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice]

    # User avs can browse site
    avs.browses_site
    # User guest can browse site as well
    guest.browses_site

    # Continue with other assertions
  end

  private

  module CustomDsl
    def browses_site
      get "/products/all"
      assert_response :success
      assert assigns(:products)
    end
  end

  def login(user)
    open_session do |sess|
      sess.extend(CustomDsl)
      u = users(user)
      sess.https!
      sess.post "/login", username: u.username, password: u.password
      assert_equal '/welcome', path
      sess.https!(false)
    end
  end
end

Rake Tasks for Running your Tests

You don't need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis. Rails comes with a number of rake tasks to help in testing. The table below lists all rake tasks that come along in the default Rakefile when you initiate a Rails project.

Tasks	Description
rake test	Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run rake as the test target is the default.
rake test:controllers	Runs all the controller tests from test/controllers
rake test:functionals	Runs all the functional tests from test/controllers, test/mailers, and test/functional
rake test:helpers	Runs all the helper tests from test/helpers
rake test:integration	Runs all the integration tests from test/integration
rake test:mailers	Runs all the mailer tests from test/mailers
rake test:models	Runs all the model tests from test/models
rake test:recent	Tests recent changes
rake test:uncommitted	Runs all the tests which are uncommitted. Supports Subversion and Git
rake test:units	Runs all the unit tests from test/models, test/helpers, and test/unit

Brief Note About Test::Unit

Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. Ruby 1.8 provides Test::Unit, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in Test::Unit::Assertions. The class ActiveSupport::TestCase which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends Test::Unit::TestCase, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.

Ruby 1.9 introduced MiniTest, an updated version of Test::Unit which provides a backwards compatible API for Test::Unit. You could also use MiniTest in Ruby 1.8 by installing the minitest gem.

NOTE: For more information on Test::Unit, refer to test/unit Documentation For more information on MiniTest, refer to Minitest

Setup and Teardown

If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in Posts controller:

require 'test_helper'

class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase

  # called before every single test
  def setup
    @post = posts(:one)
  end

  # called after every single test
  def teardown
    # as we are re-initializing @post before every test
    # setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope
    # you understand how you can use the teardown method
    @post = nil
  end

  test "should show post" do
    get :show, id: @post.id
    assert_response :success
  end

  test "should destroy post" do
    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
    end

    assert_redirected_to posts_path
  end

end

Above, the setup method is called before each test and so @post is available for each of the tests. Rails implements setup and teardown as ActiveSupport::Callbacks. Which essentially means you need not only use setup and teardown as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using:

• a block
• a method (like in the earlier example)
• a method name as a symbol
• a lambda

Let's see the earlier example by specifying setup callback by specifying a method name as a symbol:

require 'test_helper'

class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase

  # called before every single test
  setup :initialize_post

  # called after every single test
  def teardown
    @post = nil
  end

  test "should show post" do
    get :show, id: @post.id
    assert_response :success
  end

  test "should update post" do
    patch :update, id: @post.id, post: {}
    assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
  end

  test "should destroy post" do
    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
    end

    assert_redirected_to posts_path
  end

  private

  def initialize_post
    @post = posts(:one)
  end

end

Testing Routes

Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. An example test for a route in the default show action of Posts controller above should look like:

test "should route to post" do
  assert_routing '/posts/1', {controller: "posts", action: "show", id: "1"}
end

Testing Your Mailers

Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job.

Keeping the Postman in Check

Your mailer classes — like every other part of your Rails application — should be tested to ensure that it is working as expected.

The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that:

• emails are being processed (created and sent)
• the email content is correct (subject, sender, body, etc)
• the right emails are being sent at the right times

From All Sides

There are two aspects of testing your mailer, the unit tests and the functional tests. In the unit tests, you run the mailer in isolation with tightly controlled inputs and compare the output to a known value (a fixture.) In the functional tests you don't so much test the minute details produced by the mailer; instead, we test that our controllers and models are using the mailer in the right way. You test to prove that the right email was sent at the right time.

Unit Testing

In order to test that your mailer is working as expected, you can use unit tests to compare the actual results of the mailer with pre-written examples of what should be produced.

Revenge of the Fixtures

For the purposes of unit testing a mailer, fixtures are used to provide an example of how the output should look. Because these are example emails, and not Active Record data like the other fixtures, they are kept in their own subdirectory apart from the other fixtures. The name of the directory within test/fixtures directly corresponds to the name of the mailer. So, for a mailer named UserMailer, the fixtures should reside in test/fixtures/user_mailer directory.

When you generated your mailer, the generator creates stub fixtures for each of the mailers actions. If you didn't use the generator you'll have to make those files yourself.

The Basic Test Case

Here's a unit test to test a mailer named UserMailer whose action invite is used to send an invitation to a friend. It is an adapted version of the base test created by the generator for an invite action.

require 'test_helper'

class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
  tests UserMailer
  test "invite" do
    @expected.from    = 'me@example.com'
    @expected.to      = 'friend@example.com'
    @expected.subject = "You have been invited by #{@expected.from}"
    @expected.body    = read_fixture('invite')
    @expected.date    = Time.now

    assert_equal @expected.encoded, UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com', 'friend@example.com', @expected.date).encoded
  end

end

In this test, @expected is an instance of TMail::Mail that you can use in your tests. It is defined in ActionMailer::TestCase. The test above uses @expected to construct an email, which it then asserts with email created by the custom mailer. The invite fixture is the body of the email and is used as the sample content to assert against. The helper read_fixture is used to read in the content from this file.

Here's the content of the invite fixture:

Hi friend@example.com,

You have been invited.

Cheers!

This is the right time to understand a little more about writing tests for your mailers. The line ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test in config/environments/test.rb sets the delivery method to test mode so that email will not actually be delivered (useful to avoid spamming your users while testing) but instead it will be appended to an array (ActionMailer::Base.deliveries).

This way, emails are not actually sent, simply constructed. The precise content of the email can then be checked against what is expected, as in the example above.

Functional Testing

Functional testing for mailers involves more than just checking that the email body, recipients and so forth are correct. In functional mail tests you call the mail deliver methods and check that the appropriate emails have been appended to the delivery list. It is fairly safe to assume that the deliver methods themselves do their job. You are probably more interested in whether your own business logic is sending emails when you expect them to go out. For example, you can check that the invite friend operation is sending an email appropriately:

require 'test_helper'

class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
  test "invite friend" do
    assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do
      post :invite_friend, email: 'friend@example.com'
    end
    invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last

    assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", invite_email.subject
    assert_equal 'friend@example.com', invite_email.to[0]
    assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body)
  end
end

Other Testing Approaches

The built-in test/unit based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:

• NullDB, a way to speed up testing by avoiding database use.
• Factory Girl, a replacement for fixtures.
• Machinist, another replacement for fixtures.
• Shoulda, an extension to test/unit with additional helpers, macros, and assertions.
• RSpec, a behavior-driven development framework