rails--rails/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.md

AJAX on Rails

This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails (and more); it will enable you to create rich and dynamic AJAX applications with ease! We will cover the following topics:

• Quick introduction to AJAX and related technologies
• Unobtrusive JavaScript helpers with drivers for Prototype, jQuery etc
• Testing JavaScript functionality

---

Hello AJAX - a Quick Intro

AJAX is about updating parts of a web page without reloading the page. An AJAX call happens as a response to an event, like when the page finished loading or when a user clicks on an element. For example, let say you click on a link, which would usually take you to a new page, but instead of doing that, an asynchronous HTTP request is made and the response is evaluated with JavaScript. That way the page is not reloaded and new information can be dynamically included in the page. The way that happens is by inserting, removing or changing parts of the DOM. The DOM, or Document Object Model, is a convention to represent the HTML document as a set of nodes that contain other nodes. For example, a list of names is represented as a ul element node containing several li element nodes. An AJAX call can be made to obtain a new list item to include, and append it inside a li node to the ul node.

Asynchronous JavaScript + XML

AJAX means Asynchronous JavaScript + XML. Asynchronous means that the page is not reloaded, the request made is separate from the regular page request. JavaScript is used to evaluate the response and the XML part is a bit misleading as XML is not required, you respond to the HTTP request with JSON or regular HTML as well.

The DOM

The DOM (Document Object Model) is a convention to represent HTML (or XML) documents, as a set of nodes that act as objects and contain other nodes. You can have a div element that contains other div elements as well as p elements that contain text.

Standard HTML communication vs AJAX

In regular HTML comunications, when you click on a link, the browser makes an HTTP GET request, the server responds with a new HTML document that the browsers renders and then replaces the previous one. The same thing happens when you click a button to submit a form, except that you make and HTTP POST request, but you also get a new HTML document that the browser renders and replaces the current one. In AJAX communications, the request is separate, and the response is evaluated in JavaScript instead of rendered by the browser. That way you can have more control over the content that gets returned, and the page is not reloaded.

Built-in Rails Helpers

Rails 4.0 ships with jQuery as the default JavaScript library. The Gemfile contains gem 'jquery-rails' which provides the jquery.js and jquery_ujs.js files via the asset pipeline.

You will have to use the require directive to tell Sprockets to load jquery.js and jquery.js. For example, a new Rails application includes a default app/assets/javascripts/application.js file which contains the following lines:

// ...
//= require jquery
//= require jquery_ujs
// ...

The application.js file acts like a manifest and is used to tell Sprockets the files that you wish to require. In this case, you are requiring the files jquery.js and jquery_ujs.js provided by the jquery-rails gem.

If the application is not using the asset pipeline, this can be accessed as:

javascript_include_tag :defaults

By default, :defaults loads jQuery.

You can also choose to use Prototype instead of jQuery and specify the option using -j switch while generating the application.

rails new app_name -j prototype

This will add the prototype-rails gem to the Gemfile and modify the app/assets/javascripts/application.js file:

// ...
//= require prototype
//= require prototype_ujs
// ...

You are ready to add some AJAX love to your Rails app!

Examples

To make them working with AJAX, simply pass the remote: true option to the original non-remote method.

button_to 'New', action: 'new', form_class: 'new-thing'

will produce

<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="new-thing">
  <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
</form>

button_to 'Create', action: 'create', remote: true, form: { 'data-type' => 'json' }

will produce

<form method="post" action="/images/create" class="button_to" data-remote="true" data-type="json">
  <div><input value="Create" type="submit" /></div>
</form>

button_to 'Delete Image', { action: 'delete', id: @image.id },
             method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' }

will produce

<form method="post" action="/images/delete/1" class="button_to">
  <div>
    <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
    <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete" type="submit" />
 </div>
</form>

button_to 'Destroy', 'http://www.example.com',
             method: 'delete', remote: true, data: { disable_with: 'loading...', confirm: 'Are you sure?' }

will produce

<form class='button_to' method='post' action='http://www.example.com' data-remote='true'>
  <div>
    <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
    <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
  </div>
</form>

The Quintessential AJAX Rails Helper: link_to_remote

Let's start with what is probably the most often used helper: link_to_remote. It has an interesting feature from the documentation point of view: the options supplied to link_to_remote are shared by all other AJAX helpers, so learning the mechanics and options of link_to_remote is a great help when using other helpers.

The signature of link_to_remote function is the same as that of the standard link_to helper:

def link_to_remote(name, options = {}, html_options = nil)

And here is a simple example of link_to_remote in action:

link_to_remote "Add to cart",
  :url => add_to_cart_url(product.id),
  :update => "cart"

• The very first parameter, a string, is the text of the link which appears on the page.

• The second parameter, the options hash is the most interesting part as it has the AJAX specific stuff:

  • :url This is the only parameter that is always required to generate the simplest remote link (technically speaking, it is not required, you can pass an empty options hash to link_to_remote - but in this case the URL used for the POST request will be equal to your current URL which is probably not your intention). This URL points to your AJAX action handler. The URL is typically specified by Rails REST view helpers, but you can use the url_for format too.

  • :update Specifying a DOM id of the element we would like to update. The above example demonstrates the simplest way of accomplishing this - however, we are in trouble if the server responds with an error message because that will be injected into the page too! However, Rails has a solution for this situation:

    link_to_remote "Add to cart",
      :url => add_to_cart_url(product),
      :update => { :success => "cart", :failure => "error" }
    

    If the server returns 200, the output of the above example is equivalent to our first, simple one. However, in case of error, the element with the DOM id error is updated rather than the cart element.

  • position By default (i.e. when not specifying this option, like in the examples before) the response is injected into the element with the specified DOM id, replacing the original content of the element (if there was any). You might want to alter this behavior by keeping the original content - the only question is where to place the new content? This can specified by the position parameter, with four possibilities:

    • :before Inserts the response text just before the target element. More precisely, it creates a text node from the response and inserts it as the left sibling of the target element.

    • :after Similar behavior to :before, but in this case the response is inserted after the target element.

    • :top Inserts the text into the target element, before its original content. If the target element was empty, this is equivalent with not specifying :position at all.

    • :bottom The counterpart of :top: the response is inserted after the target element's original content.

      A typical example of using `:bottom` is inserting a new \<li> element into an existing list:
      
      ```ruby
      link_to_remote "Add new item",
        :url => items_url,
        :update => 'item_list',
        :position => :bottom
      ```
      

  • :method Most typically you want to use a POST request when adding a remote link to your view so this is the default behavior. However, sometimes you'll want to update (PATCH/PUT) or delete/destroy (DELETE) something and you can specify this with the :method option. Let's see an example for a typical AJAX link for deleting an item from a list:

    link_to_remote "Delete the item",
      :url => item_url(item),
      :method => :delete
    

    Note that if we wouldn't override the default behavior (POST), the above snippet would route to the create action rather than destroy.

  • JavaScript filters You can customize the remote call further by wrapping it with some JavaScript code. Let's say in the previous example, when deleting a link, you'd like to ask for a confirmation by showing a simple modal text box to the user. This is a typical example what you can accomplish with these options - let's see them one by one:

    • :condition => code Evaluates code (which should evaluate to a boolean) and proceeds if it's true, cancels the request otherwise.

    • :before => code Evaluates the code just before launching the request. The output of the code has no influence on the execution. Typically used show a progress indicator (see this in action in the next example).

    • :after => code Evaluates the code after launching the request. Note that this is different from the :success or :complete callback (covered in the next section) since those are triggered after the request is completed, while the code snippet passed to :after is evaluated after the remote call is made. A common example is to disable elements on the page or otherwise prevent further action while the request is completed.

    • :submit => dom_id This option does not make sense for link_to_remote, but we'll cover it for the sake of completeness. By default, the parent element of the form elements the user is going to submit is the current form - use this option if you want to change the default behavior. By specifying this option you can change the parent element to the element specified by the DOM id dom_id.

    • :with > code The JavaScript code snippet in code is evaluated and added to the request URL as a parameter (or set of parameters). Therefore, code should return a valid URL query string (like "item_type=8" or "item_type=8&sort=true"). Usually you want to obtain some value(s) from the page - let's see an example:

      link_to_remote "Update record",
        :url => record_url(record),
        :method => :patch,
        :with => "'status=' + 'encodeURIComponent($('status').value) + '&completed=' + $('completed')"
      

      This generates a remote link which adds 2 parameters to the standard URL generated by Rails, taken from the page (contained in the elements matched by the 'status' and 'completed' DOM id).

  • Callbacks Since an AJAX call is typically asynchronous, as its name suggests (this is not a rule, and you can fire a synchronous request - see the last option, :type) your only way of communicating with a request once it is fired is via specifying callbacks. There are six options at your disposal (in fact 508, counting all possible response types, but these six are the most frequent and therefore specified by a constant):

    • :loading: => code The request is in the process of receiving the data, but the transfer is not completed yet.

    • :loaded: => code The transfer is completed, but the data is not processed and returned yet

    • :interactive: => code One step after :loaded: The data is fully received and being processed

    • :success: => code The data is fully received, parsed and the server responded with "200 OK"

    • :failure: => code The data is fully received, parsed and the server responded with anything but "200 OK" (typically 404 or 500, but in general with any status code ranging from 100 to 509)

    • :complete: => code The combination of the previous two: The request has finished receiving and parsing the data, and returned a status code (which can be anything).

    • Any other status code ranging from 100 to 509: Additionally you might want to check for other HTTP status codes, such as 404. In this case simply use the status code as a number:

      ```ruby
      link_to_remote "Add new item",
        :url => items_url,
        :update => "item_list",
        404 => "alert('Item not found!')"
      ```
      
      Let's see a typical example for the most frequent callbacks, `:success`, `:failure` and `:complete` in action:
      
      ```ruby
      link_to_remote "Add new item",
        :url => items_url,
        :update => "item_list",
        :before => "$('progress').show()",
        :complete => "$('progress').hide()",
        :success => "display_item_added(request)",
        :failure => "display_error(request)"
      ```
      

  • :type If you want to fire a synchronous request for some obscure reason (blocking the browser while the request is processed and doesn't return a status code), you can use the :type option with the value of :synchronous.

• Finally, using the html_options parameter you can add HTML attributes to the generated tag. It works like the same parameter of the link_to helper. There are interesting side effects for the href and onclick parameters though:

  • If you specify the href parameter, the AJAX link will degrade gracefully, i.e. the link will point to the URL even if JavaScript is disabled in the client browser
  • link_to_remote gains its AJAX behavior by specifying the remote call in the onclick handler of the link. If you supply html_options[:onclick] you override the default behavior, so use this with care!

We are finished with link_to_remote. I know this is quite a lot to digest for one helper function, but remember, these options are common for all the rest of the Rails view helpers, so we will take a look at the differences / additional parameters in the next sections.

AJAX Forms

There are three different ways of adding AJAX forms to your view using Rails Prototype helpers. They are slightly different, but striving for the same goal: instead of submitting the form using the standard HTTP request/response cycle, it is submitted asynchronously, thus not reloading the page. These methods are the following:

• remote_form_for (and its alias form_remote_for) is tied to Rails most tightly of the three since it takes a resource, model or array of resources (in case of a nested resource) as a parameter.
• form_remote_tag AJAXifies the form by serializing and sending its data in the background
• submit_to_remote and button_to_remote is more rarely used than the previous two. Rather than creating an AJAX form, you add a button/input

Let's see them in action one by one!

remote_form_for

form_remote_tag

submit_to_remote

Serving JavaScript

First we'll check out how to send JavaScript to the server manually. You are practically never going to need this, but it's interesting to understand what's going on under the hood.

def javascript_test
  render :text => "alert('Hello, world!')",
         :content_type => "text/javascript"
end

(Note: if you want to test the above method, create a link_to_remote with a single parameter - :url, pointing to the javascript_test action)

What happens here is that by specifying the Content-Type header variable, we instruct the browser to evaluate the text we are sending over (rather than displaying it as plain text, which is the default behavior).

Testing JavaScript

JavaScript testing reminds me the definition of the world 'classic' by Mark Twain: "A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read." It's similar with JavaScript testing: everyone would like to have it, yet it's not done by too much developers as it is tedious, complicated, there is a proliferation of tools and no consensus/accepted best practices, but we will nevertheless take a stab at it:

• (Fire)Watir
• Selenium
• Celerity/Culerity
• Cucumber+Webrat
• Mention stuff like screw.unit/jsSpec

Note to self: check out the RailsConf JS testing video