The most complete list of field types appears in the `SchemaStatements` docs rather than the `TableDefinition` docs. The change to link to `SchemaStatements` means that the explanation for the `index` parameter is no longer available on the linked-to page. A brief explanation of the `index` parameter is added directly in the guide to make up for this.
24 KiB
DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.
The Rails Command Line
After reading this guide, you will know:
- How to create a Rails application.
- How to generate models, controllers, database migrations, and unit tests.
- How to start a development server.
- How to experiment with objects through an interactive shell.
NOTE: This tutorial assumes you have basic Rails knowledge from reading the Getting Started with Rails Guide.
Command Line Basics
There are a few commands that are absolutely critical to your everyday usage of Rails. In the order of how much you'll probably use them are:
rails console
rails server
bin/rails
rails generate
rails dbconsole
rails new app_name
All commands can run with -h
or --help
to list more information.
Let's create a simple Rails application to step through each of these commands in context.
rails new
The first thing we'll want to do is create a new Rails application by running the rails new
command after installing Rails.
INFO: You can install the rails gem by typing gem install rails
, if you don't have it already.
$ rails new commandsapp
create
create README.md
create Rakefile
create config.ru
create .gitignore
create Gemfile
create app
...
create tmp/cache
...
run bundle install
Rails will set you up with what seems like a huge amount of stuff for such a tiny command! You've got the entire Rails directory structure now with all the code you need to run our simple application right out of the box.
rails server
The rails server
command launches a web server named Puma which comes bundled with Rails. You'll use this any time you want to access your application through a web browser.
With no further work, rails server
will run our new shiny Rails app:
$ cd commandsapp
$ bin/rails server
=> Booting Puma
=> Rails 5.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options
Puma starting in single mode...
* Version 3.0.2 (ruby 2.3.0-p0), codename: Plethora of Penguin Pinatas
* Min threads: 5, max threads: 5
* Environment: development
* Listening on tcp://localhost:3000
Use Ctrl-C to stop
With just three commands we whipped up a Rails server listening on port 3000. Go to your browser and open http://localhost:3000, you will see a basic Rails app running.
INFO: You can also use the alias "s" to start the server: rails s
.
The server can be run on a different port using the -p
option. The default development environment can be changed using -e
.
$ bin/rails server -e production -p 4000
The -b
option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is localhost. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a -d
option.
rails generate
The rails generate
command uses templates to create a whole lot of things. Running rails generate
by itself gives a list of available generators:
INFO: You can also use the alias "g" to invoke the generator command: rails g
.
$ bin/rails generate
Usage: rails generate GENERATOR [args] [options]
...
...
Please choose a generator below.
Rails:
assets
controller
generator
...
...
NOTE: You can install more generators through generator gems, portions of plugins you'll undoubtedly install, and you can even create your own!
Using generators will save you a large amount of time by writing boilerplate code, code that is necessary for the app to work.
Let's make our own controller with the controller generator. But what command should we use? Let's ask the generator:
INFO: All Rails console utilities have help text. As with most *nix utilities, you can try adding --help
or -h
to the end, for example rails server --help
.
$ bin/rails generate controller
Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
...
...
Description:
...
To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
...
Example:
`rails generate controller CreditCards open debit credit close`
Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_cards/debit.
Controller: app/controllers/credit_cards_controller.rb
Test: test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb
Views: app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...]
Helper: app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb
The controller generator is expecting parameters in the form of generate controller ControllerName action1 action2
. Let's make a Greetings
controller with an action of hello, which will say something nice to us.
$ bin/rails generate controller Greetings hello
create app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb
route get "greetings/hello"
invoke erb
create app/views/greetings
create app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb
invoke test_unit
create test/controllers/greetings_controller_test.rb
invoke helper
create app/helpers/greetings_helper.rb
invoke assets
invoke coffee
create app/assets/javascripts/greetings.coffee
invoke scss
create app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.scss
What all did this generate? It made sure a bunch of directories were in our application, and created a controller file, a view file, a functional test file, a helper for the view, a JavaScript file and a stylesheet file.
Check out the controller and modify it a little (in app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb
):
class GreetingsController < ApplicationController
def hello
@message = "Hello, how are you today?"
end
end
Then the view, to display our message (in app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb
):
<h1>A Greeting for You!</h1>
<p><%= @message %></p>
Fire up your server using rails server
.
$ bin/rails server
=> Booting Puma...
The URL will be http://localhost:3000/greetings/hello.
INFO: With a normal, plain-old Rails application, your URLs will generally follow the pattern of http://(host)/(controller)/(action), and a URL like http://(host)/(controller) will hit the index action of that controller.
Rails comes with a generator for data models too.
$ bin/rails generate model
Usage:
rails generate model NAME [field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]] [options]
...
Active Record options:
[--migration] # Indicates when to generate migration
# Default: true
...
Description:
Create rails files for model generator.
NOTE: For a list of available field types for the type
parameter, refer to the API documentation for the add_column method for the SchemaStatements
module. The index
parameter generates a corresponding index for the column.
But instead of generating a model directly (which we'll be doing later), let's set up a scaffold. A scaffold in Rails is a full set of model, database migration for that model, controller to manipulate it, views to view and manipulate the data, and a test suite for each of the above.
We will set up a simple resource called "HighScore" that will keep track of our highest score on video games we play.
$ bin/rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
invoke active_record
create db/migrate/20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb
create app/models/high_score.rb
invoke test_unit
create test/models/high_score_test.rb
create test/fixtures/high_scores.yml
invoke resource_route
route resources :high_scores
invoke scaffold_controller
create app/controllers/high_scores_controller.rb
invoke erb
create app/views/high_scores
create app/views/high_scores/index.html.erb
create app/views/high_scores/edit.html.erb
create app/views/high_scores/show.html.erb
create app/views/high_scores/new.html.erb
create app/views/high_scores/_form.html.erb
invoke test_unit
create test/controllers/high_scores_controller_test.rb
invoke helper
create app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
invoke jbuilder
create app/views/high_scores/index.json.jbuilder
create app/views/high_scores/show.json.jbuilder
invoke assets
invoke coffee
create app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.coffee
invoke scss
create app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.scss
invoke scss
identical app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss
The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the high_scores
table and fields), takes care of the route for the resource, and new tests for everything.
The migration requires that we migrate, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that 20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb
) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The SQLite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the bin/rails db:migrate
command. We'll talk more about bin/rails in-depth in a little while.
$ bin/rails db:migrate
== CreateHighScores: migrating ===============================================
-- create_table(:high_scores)
-> 0.0017s
== CreateHighScores: migrated (0.0019s) ======================================
INFO: Let's talk about unit tests. Unit tests are code that tests and makes assertions about code. In unit testing, we take a little part of code, say a method of a model, and test its inputs and outputs. Unit tests are your friend. The sooner you make peace with the fact that your quality of life will drastically increase when you unit test your code, the better. Seriously. Please visit the testing guide for an in-depth look at unit testing.
Let's see the interface Rails created for us.
$ bin/rails server
Go to your browser and open http://localhost:3000/high_scores, now we can create new high scores (55,160 on Space Invaders!)
rails console
The console
command lets you interact with your Rails application from the command line. On the underside, rails console
uses IRB, so if you've ever used it, you'll be right at home. This is useful for testing out quick ideas with code and changing data server-side without touching the website.
INFO: You can also use the alias "c" to invoke the console: rails c
.
You can specify the environment in which the console
command should operate.
$ bin/rails console staging
If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by invoking rails console --sandbox
.
$ bin/rails console --sandbox
Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 5.0.0)
Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
irb(main):001:0>
The app and helper objects
Inside the rails console
you have access to the app
and helper
instances.
With the app
method you can access url and path helpers, as well as do requests.
>> app.root_path
=> "/"
>> app.get _
Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-06-19 10:41:57 -0300
...
With the helper
method it is possible to access Rails and your application's helpers.
>> helper.time_ago_in_words 30.days.ago
=> "about 1 month"
>> helper.my_custom_helper
=> "my custom helper"
rails dbconsole
rails dbconsole
figures out which database you're using and drops you into whichever command line interface you would use with it (and figures out the command line parameters to give to it, too!). It supports MySQL (including MariaDB), PostgreSQL and SQLite3.
INFO: You can also use the alias "db" to invoke the dbconsole: rails db
.
rails runner
runner
runs Ruby code in the context of Rails non-interactively. For instance:
$ bin/rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: rails r
.
You can specify the environment in which the runner
command should operate using the -e
switch.
$ bin/rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"
You can even execute ruby code written in a file with runner.
$ bin/rails runner lib/code_to_be_run.rb
rails destroy
Think of destroy
as the opposite of generate
. It'll figure out what generate did, and undo it.
INFO: You can also use the alias "d" to invoke the destroy command: rails d
.
$ bin/rails generate model Oops
invoke active_record
create db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
create app/models/oops.rb
invoke test_unit
create test/models/oops_test.rb
create test/fixtures/oops.yml
$ bin/rails destroy model Oops
invoke active_record
remove db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
remove app/models/oops.rb
invoke test_unit
remove test/models/oops_test.rb
remove test/fixtures/oops.yml
bin/rails
Since Rails 5.0+ has rake commands built into the rails executable, bin/rails
is the new default for running commands.
You can get a list of bin/rails tasks available to you, which will often depend on your current directory, by typing bin/rails --help
. Each task has a description, and should help you find the thing you need.
$ bin/rails --help
Usage: rails COMMAND [ARGS]
The most common rails commands are:
generate Generate new code (short-cut alias: "g")
console Start the Rails console (short-cut alias: "c")
server Start the Rails server (short-cut alias: "s")
...
All commands can be run with -h (or --help) for more information.
In addition to those commands, there are:
about List versions of all Rails ...
assets:clean[keep] Remove old compiled assets
assets:clobber Remove compiled assets
assets:environment Load asset compile environment
assets:precompile Compile all the assets ...
...
db:fixtures:load Loads fixtures into the ...
db:migrate Migrate the database ...
db:migrate:status Display status of migrations
db:rollback Rolls the schema back to ...
db:schema:cache:clear Clears a db/schema_cache.dump file
db:schema:cache:dump Creates a db/schema_cache.dump file
db:schema:dump Creates a db/schema.rb file ...
db:schema:load Loads a schema.rb file ...
db:seed Loads the seed data ...
db:structure:dump Dumps the database structure ...
db:structure:load Recreates the databases ...
db:version Retrieves the current schema ...
...
restart Restart app by touching ...
tmp:create Creates tmp directories ...
INFO: You can also use bin/rails -T
to get the list of tasks.
about
bin/rails about
gives information about version numbers for Ruby, RubyGems, Rails, the Rails subcomponents, your application's folder, the current Rails environment name, your app's database adapter, and schema version. It is useful when you need to ask for help, check if a security patch might affect you, or when you need some stats for an existing Rails installation.
$ bin/rails about
About your application's environment
Rails version 5.0.0
Ruby version 2.2.2 (x86_64-linux)
RubyGems version 2.4.6
Rack version 1.6
JavaScript Runtime Node.js (V8)
Middleware Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, ActionDispatch::Executor, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag
Application root /home/foobar/commandsapp
Environment development
Database adapter sqlite3
Database schema version 20110805173523
assets
You can precompile the assets in app/assets
using bin/rails assets:precompile
, and remove older compiled assets using bin/rails assets:clean
. The assets:clean
task allows for rolling deploys that may still be linking to an old asset while the new assets are being built.
If you want to clear public/assets
completely, you can use bin/rails assets:clobber
.
db
The most common tasks of the db:
bin/rails namespace are migrate
and create
, and it will pay off to try out all of the migration bin/rails tasks (up
, down
, redo
, reset
). bin/rails db:version
is useful when troubleshooting, telling you the current version of the database.
More information about migrations can be found in the Migrations guide.
notes
bin/rails notes
will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension .builder
, .rb
, .rake
, .yml
, .yaml
, .ruby
, .css
, .js
and .erb
for both default and custom annotations.
$ bin/rails notes
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
* [ 20] [TODO] any other way to do this?
* [132] [FIXME] high priority for next deploy
app/models/school.rb:
* [ 13] [OPTIMIZE] refactor this code to make it faster
* [ 17] [FIXME]
You can add support for new file extensions using config.annotations.register_extensions
option, which receives a list of the extensions with its corresponding regex to match it up.
config.annotations.register_extensions("scss", "sass", "less") { |annotation| /\/\/\s*(#{annotation}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
If you are looking for a specific annotation, say FIXME, you can use bin/rails notes:fixme
. Note that you have to lower case the annotation's name.
$ bin/rails notes:fixme
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
* [132] high priority for next deploy
app/models/school.rb:
* [ 17]
You can also use custom annotations in your code and list them using bin/rails notes:custom
by specifying the annotation using an environment variable ANNOTATION
.
$ bin/rails notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
app/models/article.rb:
* [ 23] Have to fix this one before pushing!
NOTE. When using specific annotations and custom annotations, the annotation name (FIXME, BUG etc) is not displayed in the output lines.
By default, rails notes
will look in the app
, config
, db
, lib
and test
directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES
.
$ export SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='spec,vendor'
$ bin/rails notes
(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
app/models/user.rb:
* [ 35] [FIXME] User should have a subscription at this point
spec/models/user_spec.rb:
* [122] [TODO] Verify the user that has a subscription works
routes
rails routes
will list all of your defined routes, which is useful for tracking down routing problems in your app, or giving you a good overview of the URLs in an app you're trying to get familiar with.
test
INFO: A good description of unit testing in Rails is given in A Guide to Testing Rails Applications
Rails comes with a test suite called Minitest. Rails owes its stability to the use of tests. The tasks available in the test:
namespace helps in running the different tests you will hopefully write.
tmp
The Rails.root/tmp
directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like process id files and cached actions.
The tmp:
namespaced tasks will help you clear and create the Rails.root/tmp
directory:
rails tmp:cache:clear
clearstmp/cache
.rails tmp:sockets:clear
clearstmp/sockets
.rails tmp:clear
clears all cache and sockets files.rails tmp:create
creates tmp directories for cache, sockets and pids.
Miscellaneous
rails stats
is great for looking at statistics on your code, displaying things like KLOCs (thousands of lines of code) and your code to test ratio.rails secret
will give you a pseudo-random key to use for your session secret.rails time:zones:all
lists all the timezones Rails knows about.
Custom Rake Tasks
Custom rake tasks have a .rake
extension and are placed in
Rails.root/lib/tasks
. You can create these custom rake tasks with the
bin/rails generate task
command.
desc "I am short, but comprehensive description for my cool task"
task task_name: [:prerequisite_task, :another_task_we_depend_on] do
# All your magic here
# Any valid Ruby code is allowed
end
To pass arguments to your custom rake task:
task :task_name, [:arg_1] => [:prerequisite_1, :prerequisite_2] do |task, args|
argument_1 = args.arg_1
end
You can group tasks by placing them in namespaces:
namespace :db do
desc "This task does nothing"
task :nothing do
# Seriously, nothing
end
end
Invocation of the tasks will look like:
$ bin/rails task_name
$ bin/rails "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
$ bin/rails db:nothing
NOTE: If your need to interact with your application models, perform database queries and so on, your task should depend on the environment
task, which will load your application code.
The Rails Advanced Command Line
More advanced use of the command line is focused around finding useful (even surprising at times) options in the utilities, and fitting those to your needs and specific work flow. Listed here are some tricks up Rails' sleeve.
Rails with Databases and SCM
When creating a new Rails application, you have the option to specify what kind of database and what kind of source code management system your application is going to use. This will save you a few minutes, and certainly many keystrokes.
Let's see what a --git
option and a --database=postgresql
option will do for us:
$ mkdir gitapp
$ cd gitapp
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in .git/
$ rails new . --git --database=postgresql
exists
create app/controllers
create app/helpers
...
...
create tmp/cache
create tmp/pids
create Rakefile
add 'Rakefile'
create README.md
add 'README.md'
create app/controllers/application_controller.rb
add 'app/controllers/application_controller.rb'
create app/helpers/application_helper.rb
...
create log/test.log
add 'log/test.log'
We had to create the gitapp directory and initialize an empty git repository before Rails would add files it created to our repository. Let's see what it put in our database configuration:
$ cat config/database.yml
# PostgreSQL. Versions 9.1 and up are supported.
#
# Install the pg driver:
# gem install pg
# On OS X with Homebrew:
# gem install pg -- --with-pg-config=/usr/local/bin/pg_config
# On OS X with MacPorts:
# gem install pg -- --with-pg-config=/opt/local/lib/postgresql84/bin/pg_config
# On Windows:
# gem install pg
# Choose the win32 build.
# Install PostgreSQL and put its /bin directory on your path.
#
# Configure Using Gemfile
# gem 'pg'
#
development:
adapter: postgresql
encoding: unicode
database: gitapp_development
pool: 5
username: gitapp
password:
...
...
It also generated some lines in our database.yml configuration corresponding to our choice of PostgreSQL for database.
NOTE. The only catch with using the SCM options is that you have to make your application's directory first, then initialize your SCM, then you can run the rails new
command to generate the basis of your app.