rails--rails/guides/source/action_text_overview.md

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Action Text Overview

This guide provides you with all you need to get started in handling rich text content.

After reading this guide, you will know:

• How to configure Action Text.
• How to handle rich text content.
• How to style rich text content and attachments.

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What is Action Text?

Action Text brings rich text content and editing to Rails. It includes the Trix editor that handles everything from formatting to links to quotes to lists to embedded images and galleries. The rich text content generated by the Trix editor is saved in its own RichText model that's associated with any existing Active Record model in the application. Any embedded images (or other attachments) are automatically stored using Active Storage and associated with the included RichText model.

Trix compared to other rich text editors

Most WYSIWYG editors are wrappers around HTML’s contenteditable and execCommand APIs, designed by Microsoft to support live editing of web pages in Internet Explorer 5.5, and eventually reverse-engineered and copied by other browsers.

Because these APIs were never fully specified or documented, and because WYSIWYG HTML editors are enormous in scope, each browser's implementation has its own set of bugs and quirks, and JavaScript developers are left to resolve the inconsistencies.

Trix sidesteps these inconsistencies by treating contenteditable as an I/O device: when input makes its way to the editor, Trix converts that input into an editing operation on its internal document model, then re-renders that document back into the editor. This gives Trix complete control over what happens after every keystroke, and avoids the need to use execCommand at all.

Installation

Run bin/rails action_text:install to add the Yarn package and copy over the necessary migration. Also, you need to set up Active Storage for embedded images and other attachments. Please refer to the Active Storage Overview guide.

NOTE: Action Text uses polymorphic relationships with the action_text_rich_texts table so that it can be shared with all models that have rich text attributes. If your models with Action Text content use UUID values for identifiers, all models that use Action Text attributes will need to use UUID values for their unique identifiers. The generated migration for Action Text will also need to be updated to specify type: :uuid for the :record references line.

After the installation is complete, a Rails app should have the following changes:

1. Both trix and @rails/actiontext should be required in your JavaScript entrypoint.

   // application.js
   import "trix"
   import "@rails/actiontext"
   

2. The trix stylesheet will be included together with Action Text styles in your application.css file.

Creating Rich Text content

Add a rich text field to an existing model:

# app/models/message.rb
class Message < ApplicationRecord
  has_rich_text :content
end

or add rich text field while creating a new model using:

bin/rails generate model Message content:rich_text

Note: you don't need to add a content field to your messages table.

Then use rich_text_area to refer to this field in the form for the model:

<%# app/views/messages/_form.html.erb %>
<%= form_with model: message do |form| %>
  <div class="field">
    <%= form.label :content %>
    <%= form.rich_text_area :content %>
  </div>
<% end %>

And finally, display the sanitized rich text on a page:

<%= @message.content %>

To accept the rich text content, all you have to do is permit the referenced attribute:

class MessagesController < ApplicationController
  def create
    message = Message.create! params.require(:message).permit(:title, :content)
    redirect_to message
  end
end

Rendering Rich Text content

Action Text will sanitize and render rich content on your behalf.

By default, the Action Text editor and content are styled by the Trix defaults.

If you want to change these defaults, remove the // require "actiontext.scss" line from your application.scss to omit the contents of that file.

By default, Action Text will render rich text content into an element that declares the .trix-content class:

<%# app/views/layouts/action_text/contents/_content.html.erb %>
<div class="trix-content">
  <%= yield %>
</div>

If you'd like to change the rich text's surrounding HTML with your own layout, declare your own app/views/layouts/action_text/contents/_content.html.erb template and call yield in place of the content.

You can also style the HTML used for embedded images and other attachments (known as blobs). On installation, Action Text will copy over a partial to app/views/active_storage/blobs/_blob.html.erb, which you can specialize.

Rendering attachments

In addition to attachments uploaded through Active Storage, Action Text can embed anything that can be resolved by a Signed GlobalID.

Action Text renders embedded <action-text-attachment> elements by resolving their sgid attribute into an instance. Once resolved, that instance is passed along to render. The resulting HTML is embedded as a descendant of the <action-text-attachment> element.

For example, consider a User model:

# app/models/user.rb
class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_one_attached :avatar
end

user = User.find(1)
user.to_global_id.to_s #=> gid://MyRailsApp/User/1
user.to_signed_global_id.to_s #=> BAh7CEkiCG…

Next, consider some rich text content that embeds an <action-text-attachment> element that references the User instance's signed GlobalID:

<p>Hello, <action-text-attachment sgid="BAh7CEkiCG…"></action-text-attachment>.</p>

Action Text resolves uses the "BAh7CEkiCG…" String to resolve the User instance. Next, consider the application's users/user partial:

<%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb %>
<span><%= image_tag user.avatar %> <%= user.name %></span>

The resulting HTML rendered by Action Text would look something like:

<p>Hello, <action-text-attachment sgid="BAh7CEkiCG…"><span><img src="..."> Jane Doe</span></action-text-attachment>.</p>

To render a different partial, define User#to_attachable_partial_path:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  def to_attachable_partial_path
    "users/attachable"
  end
end

Then declare that partial. The User instance will be available as the user partial-local variable:

<%# app/views/users/_attachable.html.erb %>
<span><%= image_tag user.avatar %> <%= user.name %></span>

To integrate with Action Text <action-text-attachment> element rendering, a class must:

• include the ActionText::Attachable module
• implement #to_sgid(**options) (made available through the GlobalID::Identification concern)
• (optional) declare #to_attachable_partial_path

By default, all ActiveRecord::Base descendants mix-in GlobalID::Identification concern, and are therefore ActionText::Attachable compatible.

Avoid N+1 queries

If you wish to preload the dependent ActionText::RichText model, assuming your rich text field is named content, you can use the named scope:

Message.all.with_rich_text_content # Preload the body without attachments.
Message.all.with_rich_text_content_and_embeds # Preload both body and attachments.

API / Backend development

1. A backend API (for example, using JSON) needs a separate endpoint for uploading files that creates an ActiveStorage::Blob and returns its attachable_sgid:

   {
     "attachable_sgid": "BAh7CEkiCG…"
   }
   

2. Take that attachable_sgid and ask your frontend to insert it in rich text content using an <action-text-attachment> tag:

   <action-text-attachment sgid="BAh7CEkiCG…"></action-text-attachment>
   

This is based on Basecamp, so if you still can't find what you are looking for, check this Basecamp Doc.