rails--rails/guides/source/form_helpers.md

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Action View Form Helpers

Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of the need to handle form control naming and its numerous attributes. Rails does away with this complexity by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since these helpers have different use cases, developers need to know the differences between the helper methods before putting them to use.

After reading this guide, you will know:

• How to create search forms and similar kind of generic forms not representing any specific model in your application.
• How to make model-centric forms for creating and editing specific database records.
• How to generate select boxes from multiple types of data.
• What date and time helpers Rails provides.
• What makes a file upload form different.
• How to post forms to external resources and specify setting an authenticity_token.
• How to build complex forms.

---

NOTE: This guide is not intended to be a complete documentation of available form helpers and their arguments. Please visit the Rails API documentation for a complete reference.

Dealing with Basic Forms

The main form helper is form_with.

<%= form_with do %>
  Form contents
<% end %>

When called without arguments like this, it creates a form tag which, when submitted, will POST to the current page. For instance, assuming the current page is a home page, the generated HTML will look like this:

<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/" data-remote="true" method="post">
  <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="J7CBxfHalt49OSHp27hblqK20c9PgwJ108nDHX/8Cts=" />
  Form contents
</form>

You'll notice that the HTML contains an input element with type hidden. This input is important, because non-GET form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The hidden input element with the name authenticity_token is a security feature of Rails called cross-site request forgery protection, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the Securing Rails Applications guide.

A Generic Search Form

One of the most basic forms you see on the web is a search form. This form contains:

• a form element with "GET" method,
• a label for the input,
• a text input element, and
• a submit element.

To create this form you will use form_with, label_tag, text_field_tag, and submit_tag, respectively. Like this:

<%= form_with(url: "/search", method: "get") do %>
  <%= label_tag(:q, "Search for:") %>
  <%= text_field_tag(:q) %>
  <%= submit_tag("Search") %>
<% end %>

This will generate the following HTML:

<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" data-remote="true" method="get">
  <label for="q">Search for:</label>
  <input id="q" name="q" type="text" />
  <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Search" data-disable-with="Search" />
</form>

TIP: Passing url: my_specified_path to form_with tells the form where to make the request. However, as explained below, you can also pass ActiveRecord objects to the form.

TIP: For every form input, an ID attribute is generated from its name ("q" in above example). These IDs can be very useful for CSS styling or manipulation of form controls with JavaScript.

IMPORTANT: Use "GET" as the method for search forms. This allows users to bookmark a specific search and get back to it. More generally Rails encourages you to use the right HTTP verb for an action.

Helpers for Generating Form Elements

Rails provides a series of helpers for generating form elements such as checkboxes, text fields, and radio buttons. These basic helpers, with names ending in _tag (such as text_field_tag and check_box_tag), generate just a single <input> element. The first parameter to these is always the name of the input. When the form is submitted, the name will be passed along with the form data, and will make its way to the params in the controller with the value entered by the user for that field. For example, if the form contains <%= text_field_tag(:query) %>, then you would be able to get the value of this field in the controller with params[:query].

When naming inputs, Rails uses certain conventions that make it possible to submit parameters with non-scalar values such as arrays or hashes, which will also be accessible in params. You can read more about them in chapter Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions of this guide. For details on the precise usage of these helpers, please refer to the API documentation.

Checkboxes

Checkboxes are form controls that give the user a set of options they can enable or disable:

<%= check_box_tag(:pet_dog) %>
<%= label_tag(:pet_dog, "I own a dog") %>
<%= check_box_tag(:pet_cat) %>
<%= label_tag(:pet_cat, "I own a cat") %>

This generates the following:

<input id="pet_dog" name="pet_dog" type="checkbox" value="1" />
<label for="pet_dog">I own a dog</label>
<input id="pet_cat" name="pet_cat" type="checkbox" value="1" />
<label for="pet_cat">I own a cat</label>

The first parameter to check_box_tag, of course, is the name of the input. The second parameter, naturally, is the value of the input. This value will be included in the form data (and be present in params) when the checkbox is checked.

Radio Buttons

Radio buttons, while similar to checkboxes, are controls that specify a set of options in which they are mutually exclusive (i.e., the user can only pick one):

<%= radio_button_tag(:age, "child") %>
<%= label_tag(:age_child, "I am younger than 21") %>
<%= radio_button_tag(:age, "adult") %>
<%= label_tag(:age_adult, "I am over 21") %>

Output:

<input id="age_child" name="age" type="radio" value="child" />
<label for="age_child">I am younger than 21</label>
<input id="age_adult" name="age" type="radio" value="adult" />
<label for="age_adult">I am over 21</label>

As with check_box_tag, the second parameter to radio_button_tag is the value of the input. Because these two radio buttons share the same name (age), the user will only be able to select one of them, and params[:age] will contain either "child" or "adult".

NOTE: Always use labels for checkbox and radio buttons. They associate text with a specific option and, by expanding the clickable region, make it easier for users to click the inputs.

Other Helpers of Interest

Other form controls worth mentioning are textareas, password fields, hidden fields, search fields, telephone fields, date fields, time fields, color fields, datetime-local fields, month fields, week fields, URL fields, email fields, number fields, and range fields:

<%= text_area_tag(:message, "Hi, nice site", size: "24x6") %>
<%= password_field_tag(:password) %>
<%= hidden_field_tag(:parent_id, "5") %>
<%= search_field(:user, :name) %>
<%= telephone_field(:user, :phone) %>
<%= date_field(:user, :born_on) %>
<%= datetime_local_field(:user, :graduation_day) %>
<%= month_field(:user, :birthday_month) %>
<%= week_field(:user, :birthday_week) %>
<%= url_field(:user, :homepage) %>
<%= email_field(:user, :address) %>
<%= color_field(:user, :favorite_color) %>
<%= time_field(:task, :started_at) %>
<%= number_field(:product, :price, in: 1.0..20.0, step: 0.5) %>
<%= range_field(:product, :discount, in: 1..100) %>

Output:

<textarea id="message" name="message" cols="24" rows="6">Hi, nice site</textarea>
<input id="password" name="password" type="password" />
<input id="parent_id" name="parent_id" type="hidden" value="5" />
<input id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
<input id="user_phone" name="user[phone]" type="tel" />
<input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" />
<input id="user_graduation_day" name="user[graduation_day]" type="datetime-local" />
<input id="user_birthday_month" name="user[birthday_month]" type="month" />
<input id="user_birthday_week" name="user[birthday_week]" type="week" />
<input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />
<input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />
<input id="user_favorite_color" name="user[favorite_color]" type="color" value="#000000" />
<input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
<input id="product_price" max="20.0" min="1.0" name="product[price]" step="0.5" type="number" />
<input id="product_discount" max="100" min="1" name="product[discount]" type="range" />

Hidden inputs are not shown to the user but instead hold data like any textual input. Values inside them can be changed with JavaScript.

IMPORTANT: The search, telephone, date, time, color, datetime, datetime-local, month, week, URL, email, number, and range inputs are HTML5 controls. If you require your app to have a consistent experience in older browsers, you will need an HTML5 polyfill (provided by CSS and/or JavaScript). There is definitely no shortage of solutions for this, although a popular tool at the moment is Modernizr, which provides a simple way to add functionality based on the presence of detected HTML5 features.

TIP: If you're using password input fields (for any purpose), you might want to configure your application to prevent those parameters from being logged. You can learn about this in the Securing Rails Applications guide.

Dealing with Model Objects

Model Object Helpers

A particularly common task for a form is editing or creating a model object. While the *_tag helpers can certainly be used for this task they are somewhat verbose as for each tag you would have to ensure the correct parameter name is used and set the default value of the input appropriately. Rails provides helpers tailored to this task. These helpers lack the _tag suffix, for example text_field, text_area.

For these helpers the first argument is the name of an instance variable and the second is the name of a method (usually an attribute) to call on that object. Rails will set the value of the input control to the return value of that method for the object and set an appropriate input name. If your controller has defined @person and that person's name is Henry then a form containing:

<%= text_field(:person, :name) %>

will produce output similar to

<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" value="Henry" />

Upon form submission the value entered by the user will be stored in params[:person][:name].

WARNING: You must pass the name of an instance variable, i.e. :person or "person", not an actual instance of your model object.

Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the Active Record Validations guide.

Binding a Form to an Object

While this is an increase in comfort it is far from perfect. If Person has many attributes to edit then we would be repeating the name of the edited object many times. What we want to do is somehow bind a form to a model object, which is exactly what form_with with :model does.

Assume we have a controller for dealing with articles app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:

def new
  @article = Article.new
end

The corresponding view app/views/articles/new.html.erb using form_with looks like this:

<%= form_with model: @article, class: "nifty_form" do |f| %>
  <%= f.text_field :title %>
  <%= f.text_area :body, size: "60x12" %>
  <%= f.submit "Create" %>
<% end %>

There are a few things to note here:

• @article is the actual object being edited.
• There is a single hash of options. HTML options (except id and class) are passed in the :html hash. Also you can provide a :namespace option for your form to ensure uniqueness of id attributes on form elements. The scope attribute will be prefixed with underscore on the generated HTML id.
• The form_with method yields a form builder object (the f variable).
• If you wish to direct your form request to a particular url, you would use form_with url: my_nifty_url_path instead. To see more in depth options on what form_with accepts be sure to check out the API documentation.
• Methods to create form controls are called on the form builder object f.

The resulting HTML is:

<form class="nifty_form" action="/articles" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="NRkFyRWxdYNfUg7vYxLOp2SLf93lvnl+QwDWorR42Dp6yZXPhHEb6arhDOIWcqGit8jfnrPwL781/xlrzj63TA==" />
  <input type="text" name="article[title]" id="article_title" />
  <textarea name="article[body]" id="article_body" cols="60" rows="12"></textarea>
  <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Create" data-disable-with="Create" />
</form>

The object passed as :model in form_with controls the key used in params to access the form's values. Here the name is article and so all the inputs have names of the form article[attribute_name]. Accordingly, in the create action params[:article] will be a hash with keys :title and :body. You can read more about the significance of input names in chapter Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions of this guide.

TIP: Conventionally your inputs will mirror model attributes. However, they don't have to! If there is other information you need you can include it in your form just as with attributes and access it via params[:article][:my_nifty_non_attribute_input].

The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder.

You can create a similar binding without actually creating <form> tags with the fields_for helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example, if you had a Person model with an associated ContactDetail model, you could create a form for creating both like so:

<%= form_with model: @person do |person_form| %>
  <%= person_form.text_field :name %>
  <%= fields_for :contact_detail, @person.contact_detail do |contact_detail_form| %>
    <%= contact_detail_form.text_field :phone_number %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>

which produces the following output:

<form action="/people" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="bL13x72pldyDD8bgtkjKQakJCpd4A8JdXGbfksxBDHdf1uC0kCMqe2tvVdUYfidJt0fj3ihC4NxiVHv8GVYxJA==" />
  <input type="text" name="person[name]" id="person_name" />
  <input type="text" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" id="contact_detail_phone_number" />
</form>

The object yielded by fields_for is a form builder like the one yielded by form_with.

Relying on Record Identification

The Article model is directly available to users of the application, so - following the best practices for developing with Rails - you should declare it a resource:

resources :articles

TIP: Declaring a resource has a number of side effects. See Rails Routing from the Outside In guide for more information on setting up and using resources.

When dealing with RESTful resources, calls to form_with can get significantly easier if you rely on record identification. In short, you can just pass the model instance and have Rails figure out model name and the rest:

## Creating a new article
# long-style:
form_with(model: @article, url: articles_path)
short-style:
form_with(model: @article)

## Editing an existing article
# long-style:
form_with(model: @article, url: article_path(@article), method: "patch")
# short-style:
form_with(model: @article)

Notice how the short-style form_with invocation is conveniently the same, regardless of the record being new or existing. Record identification is smart enough to figure out if the record is new by asking record.new_record?. It also selects the correct path to submit to, and the name based on the class of the object.

WARNING: When you're using STI (single-table inheritance) with your models, you can't rely on record identification on a subclass if only their parent class is declared a resource. You will have to specify :url, and :scope (the model name) explicitly.

Dealing with Namespaces

If you have created namespaced routes, form_with has a nifty shorthand for that too. If your application has an admin namespace then

form_with model: [:admin, @article]

will create a form that submits to the ArticlesController inside the admin namespace (submitting to admin_article_path(@article) in the case of an update). If you have several levels of namespacing then the syntax is similar:

form_with model: [:admin, :management, @article]

For more information on Rails' routing system and the associated conventions, please see Rails Routing from the Outside In guide.

How do forms with PATCH, PUT, or DELETE methods work?

The Rails framework encourages RESTful design of your applications, which means you'll be making a lot of "PATCH", "PUT", and "DELETE" requests (besides "GET" and "POST"). However, most browsers don't support methods other than "GET" and "POST" when it comes to submitting forms.

Rails works around this issue by emulating other methods over POST with a hidden input named "_method", which is set to reflect the desired method:

form_with(url: search_path, method: "patch")

Output:

<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" data-remote="true" method="post">
  <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
  <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
  ...
</form>

When parsing POSTed data, Rails will take into account the special _method parameter and act as if the HTTP method was the one specified inside it ("PATCH" in this example).

IMPORTANT: All forms using form_with implement remote: true by default. These forms will submit data using an XHR (Ajax) request. To disable this include local: true. To dive deeper see Working with JavaScript in Rails guide.

Making Select Boxes with Ease

Select boxes in HTML require a significant amount of markup (one OPTION element for each option to choose from), therefore it makes the most sense for them to be dynamically generated.

Here is what the markup might look like:

<select name="city_id" id="city_id">
  <option value="1">Lisbon</option>
  <option value="2">Madrid</option>
  <option value="3">Berlin</option>
</select>

Here you have a list of cities whose names are presented to the user. Internally the application only wants to handle their IDs so they are used as the options' value attribute. Let's see how Rails can help out here.

The Select and Option Tags

The most generic helper is select_tag, which - as the name implies - simply generates the SELECT tag that encapsulates an options string:

<%= select_tag(:city_id, raw('<option value="1">Lisbon</option><option value="2">Madrid</option><option value="3">Berlin</option>')) %>

This is a start, but it doesn't dynamically create the option tags. You can generate option tags with the options_for_select helper:

<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2], ['Berlin', 3]]) %>

Output:

<option value="1">Lisbon</option>
<option value="2">Madrid</option>
<option value="3">Berlin</option>

The first argument to options_for_select is a nested array where each element has two elements: option text (city name) and option value (city id). The option value is what will be submitted to your controller. Often this will be the id of a corresponding database object but this does not have to be the case.

Knowing this, you can combine select_tag and options_for_select to achieve the desired, complete markup:

<%= select_tag(:city_id, options_for_select(...)) %>

options_for_select allows you to pre-select an option by passing its value.

<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2], ['Berlin', 3]], 2) %>

Output:

<option value="1">Lisbon</option>
<option value="2" selected="selected">Madrid</option>
<option value="3">Berlin</option>

Whenever Rails sees that the internal value of an option being generated matches this value, it will add the selected attribute to that option.

You can add arbitrary attributes to the options using hashes:

<%= options_for_select(
  [
    ['Lisbon', 1, { 'data-size' => '2.8 million' }],
    ['Madrid', 2, { 'data-size' => '3.2 million' }],
    ['Berlin', 3, { 'data-size' => '3.4 million' }]
  ], 2
) %>

Output:

<option value="1" data-size="2.8 million">Lisbon</option>
<option value="2" selected="selected" data-size="3.2 million">Madrid</option>
<option value="3" data-size="3.4 million">Berlin</option>

Select Boxes for Dealing with Model Objects

In most cases form controls will be tied to a specific model and as you might expect Rails provides helpers tailored for that purpose. Consistent with other form helpers, when dealing with a model object drop the _tag suffix from select_tag:

If your controller has defined @person and that person's city_id is 2:

@person = Person.new(city_id: 2)

<%= select(:person, :city_id, [['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2], ['Berlin', 3]]) %>

will produce output similar to

<select name="person[city_id]" id="person_city_id">
  <option value="1">Lisbon</option>
  <option value="2" selected="selected">Madrid</option>
  <option value="3">Berlin</option>
</select>

Notice that the third parameter, the options array, is the same kind of argument you pass to options_for_select. One advantage here is that you don't have to worry about pre-selecting the correct city if the user already has one - Rails will do this for you by reading from the @person.city_id attribute.

As with other helpers, if you were to use the select helper on a form builder scoped to the @person object, the syntax would be:

<%= form_with model: @person do |person_form| %>
  <%= person_form.select(:city_id, [['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2], ['Berlin', 3]]) %>
<% end %>

You can also pass a block to select helper:

<%= form_with model: @person do |person_form| %>
  <%= person_form.select(:city_id) do %>
    <% [['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2], ['Berlin', 3]].each do |c| %>
      <%= content_tag(:option, c.first, value: c.last) %>
    <% end %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>

WARNING: If you are using select or similar helpers to set a belongs_to association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above city_id), not the name of association itself.

WARNING: When :include_blank or :prompt are not present, :include_blank is forced true if the select attribute required is true, display size is one, and multiple is not true.

Option Tags from a Collection of Arbitrary Objects

Generating options tags with options_for_select requires that you create an array containing the text and value for each option. But what if you had a City model (perhaps an Active Record one) and you wanted to generate option tags from a collection of those objects? One solution would be to make a nested array by iterating over them:

<% cities_array = City.all.map { |city| [city.name, city.id] } %>
<%= options_for_select(cities_array) %>

This is a perfectly valid solution, but Rails provides a less verbose alternative: options_from_collection_for_select. This helper expects a collection of arbitrary objects and two additional arguments: the names of the methods to read the option value and text from, respectively:

<%= options_from_collection_for_select(City.all, :id, :name) %>

As the name implies, this only generates option tags. To generate a working select box you would need to use collection_select:

<%= collection_select(:person, :city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %>

As with other helpers, if you were to use the collection_select helper on a form builder scoped to the @person object, the syntax would be:

<%= form_with model: @person do |person_form| %>
  <%= person_form.collection_select(:city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %>
<% end %>

NOTE: Pairs passed to options_for_select should have the text first and the value second, however with options_from_collection_for_select should have the value method first and the text method second.

Time Zone and Country Select

To leverage time zone support in Rails, you have to ask your users what time zone they are in. Doing so would require generating select options from a list of pre-defined ActiveSupport::TimeZone objects using collection_select, but you can simply use the time_zone_select helper that already wraps this:

<%= time_zone_select(:person, :time_zone) %>

There is also time_zone_options_for_select helper for a more manual (therefore more customizable) way of doing this. Read the API documentation to learn about the possible arguments for these two methods.

Rails used to have a country_select helper for choosing countries, but this has been extracted to the country_select plugin.

Using Date and Time Form Helpers

You can choose not to use the form helpers generating HTML5 date and time input fields and use the alternative date and time helpers. These date and time helpers differ from all the other form helpers in two important respects:

• Dates and times are not representable by a single input element. Instead, you have several, one for each component (year, month, day etc.) and so there is no single value in your params hash with your date or time.
• Other helpers use the _tag suffix to indicate whether a helper is a barebones helper or one that operates on model objects. With dates and times, select_date, select_time and select_datetime are the barebones helpers, date_select, time_select and datetime_select are the equivalent model object helpers.

Both of these families of helpers will create a series of select boxes for the different components (year, month, day etc.).

Barebones Helpers

The select_* family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of Date, Time, or DateTime that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example:

<%= select_date Date.today, prefix: :start_date %>

outputs (with actual option values omitted for brevity)

<select id="start_date_year" name="start_date[year]">
</select>
<select id="start_date_month" name="start_date[month]">
</select>
<select id="start_date_day" name="start_date[day]">
</select>

The above inputs would result in params[:start_date] being a hash with keys :year, :month, :day. To get an actual Date, Time, or DateTime object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example:

Date.civil(params[:start_date][:year].to_i, params[:start_date][:month].to_i, params[:start_date][:day].to_i)

The :prefix option is the key used to retrieve the hash of date components from the params hash. Here it was set to start_date, if omitted it will default to date.

Model Object Helpers

select_date does not work well with forms that update or create Active Record objects as Active Record expects each element of the params hash to correspond to one attribute. The model object helpers for dates and times submit parameters with special names; when Active Record sees parameters with such names it knows they must be combined with the other parameters and given to a constructor appropriate to the column type. For example:

<%= date_select :person, :birth_date %>

outputs (with actual option values omitted for brevity)

<select id="person_birth_date_1i" name="person[birth_date(1i)]">
</select>
<select id="person_birth_date_2i" name="person[birth_date(2i)]">
</select>
<select id="person_birth_date_3i" name="person[birth_date(3i)]">
</select>

which results in a params hash like

{'person' => {'birth_date(1i)' => '2008', 'birth_date(2i)' => '11', 'birth_date(3i)' => '22'}}

When this is passed to Person.new (or update), Active Record spots that these parameters should all be used to construct the birth_date attribute and uses the suffixed information to determine in which order it should pass these parameters to functions such as Date.civil.

Common Options

Both families of helpers use the same core set of functions to generate the individual select tags and so both accept largely the same options. In particular, by default Rails will generate year options 5 years either side of the current year. If this is not an appropriate range, the :start_year and :end_year options override this. For an exhaustive list of the available options, refer to the API documentation.

As a rule of thumb you should be using date_select when working with model objects and select_date in other cases, such as a search form which filters results by date.

Individual Components

Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component select_year, select_month, select_day, select_hour, select_minute, select_second. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example, "year" for select_year, "month" for select_month etc.) although this can be overridden with the :field_name option. The :prefix option works in the same way that it does for select_date and select_time and has the same default value.

The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a Date, Time, or DateTime, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example:

<%= select_year(2009) %>
<%= select_year(Time.new(2009)) %>

will produce the same output and the value chosen by the user can be retrieved by params[:date][:year].

Uploading Files

A common task is uploading some sort of file, whether it's a picture of a person or a CSV file containing data to process. The most important thing to remember with file uploads is that the rendered form's enctype attribute must be set to "multipart/form-data". If you use form_with with :model, this is done automatically. If you use form_with without :model, you must set it yourself, as per the following example.

The following two forms both upload a file.

<%= form_with(url: {action: :upload}, multipart: true) do %>
  <%= file_field_tag 'picture' %>
<% end %>

<%= form_with model: @person do |f| %>
  <%= f.file_field :picture %>
<% end %>

Rails provides the usual pair of helpers: the barebones file_field_tag and the model oriented file_field. As you would expect in the first case the uploaded file is in params[:picture] and in the second case in params[:person][:picture].

What Gets Uploaded

The object in the params hash is an instance of ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile. The following snippet saves the uploaded file in #{Rails.root}/public/uploads under the same name as the original file.

def upload
  uploaded_file = params[:picture]
  File.open(Rails.root.join('public', 'uploads', uploaded_file.original_filename), 'wb') do |file|
    file.write(uploaded_file.read)
  end
end

Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging from where to store the files (on Disk, Amazon S3, etc), associating them with models, resizing image files, and generating thumbnails, etc. Active Storage is designed to assist with these tasks.

Customizing Form Builders

The object yielded by form_with and fields_for is an instance of ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder. Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also create subclass ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder and add the helpers there. For example:

<%= form_with model: @person do |f| %>
  <%= text_field_with_label f, :first_name %>
<% end %>

can be replaced with

<%= form_with model: @person, builder: LabellingFormBuilder do |f| %>
  <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
<% end %>

by defining a LabellingFormBuilder class similar to the following:

class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
  def text_field(attribute, options={})
    label(attribute) + super
  end
end

If you reuse this frequently you could define a labeled_form_with helper that automatically applies the builder: LabellingFormBuilder option:

def labeled_form_with(model: nil, scope: nil, url: nil, format: nil, **options, &block)
  options.merge! builder: LabellingFormBuilder
  form_with model: model, scope: scope, url: url, format: format, **options, &block
end

The form builder used also determines what happens when you do

<%= render partial: f %>

If f is an instance of ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder then this will render the form partial, setting the partial's object to the form builder. If the form builder is of class LabellingFormBuilder then the labelling_form partial would be rendered instead.

Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions

Values from forms can be at the top level of the params hash or nested in another hash. For example, in a standard create action for a Person model, params[:person] would usually be a hash of all the attributes for the person to create. The params hash can also contain arrays, arrays of hashes, and so on.

Fundamentally HTML forms don't know about any sort of structured data, all they generate is name-value pairs, where pairs are just plain strings. The arrays and hashes you see in your application are the result of some parameter naming conventions that Rails uses.

Basic Structures

The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in params. For example, if a form contains:

<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" value="Henry"/>

the params hash will contain

{'person' => {'name' => 'Henry'}}

and params[:person][:name] will retrieve the submitted value in the controller.

Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example:

<input id="person_address_city" name="person[address][city]" type="text" value="New York"/>

will result in the params hash being

{'person' => {'address' => {'city' => 'New York'}}}

Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets [] then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted users to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form:

<input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
<input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
<input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>

This would result in params[:person][:phone_number] being an array containing the inputted phone numbers.

Combining Them

We can mix and match these two concepts. One element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example, a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment

<input name="person[addresses][][line1]" type="text"/>
<input name="person[addresses][][line2]" type="text"/>
<input name="person[addresses][][city]" type="text"/>
<input name="person[addresses][][line1]" type="text"/>
<input name="person[addresses][][line2]" type="text"/>
<input name="person[addresses][][city]" type="text"/>

This would result in params[:person][:addresses] being an array of hashes with keys line1, line2, and city.

There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can usually be replaced by hashes; for example, instead of having an array of model objects, one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index, or some other parameter.

WARNING: Array parameters do not play well with the check_box helper. According to the HTML specification unchecked checkboxes submit no value. However it is often convenient for a checkbox to always submit a value. The check_box helper fakes this by creating an auxiliary hidden input with the same name. If the checkbox is unchecked only the hidden input is submitted and if it is checked then both are submitted but the value submitted by the checkbox takes precedence.

Using Form Helpers

The previous sections did not use the Rails form helpers at all. While you can craft the input names yourself and pass them directly to helpers such as text_field_tag Rails also provides higher level support. The two tools at your disposal here are the name parameter to form_with and fields_for and the :index option that helpers take.

You might want to render a form with a set of edit fields for each of a person's addresses. For example:

<%= form_with model: @person do |person_form| %>
  <%= person_form.text_field :name %>
  <% @person.addresses.each do |address| %>
    <%= person_form.fields_for address, index: address.id do |address_form| %>
      <%= address_form.text_field :city %>
    <% end %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>

Assuming the person had two addresses, with ids 23 and 45 this would create output similar to this:

<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/1" data-remote="true" method="post">
  <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
  <input id="person_address_23_city" name="person[address][23][city]" type="text" />
  <input id="person_address_45_city" name="person[address][45][city]" type="text" />
</form>

This will result in a params hash that looks like

{'person' => {'name' => 'Bob', 'address' => {'23' => {'city' => 'Paris'}, '45' => {'city' => 'London'}}}}

Rails knows that all these inputs should be part of the person hash because you called fields_for on the first form builder. By specifying an :index option you're telling Rails that instead of naming the inputs person[address][city] it should insert that index surrounded by [] between the address and the city. This is often useful as it is then easy to locate which Address record should be modified. You can pass numbers with some other significance, strings or even nil (which will result in an array parameter being created).

To create more intricate nestings, you can specify the first part of the input name (person[address] in the previous example) explicitly:

<%= fields_for 'person[address][primary]', address, index: address.id do |address_form| %>
  <%= address_form.text_field :city %>
<% end %>

will create inputs like

<input id="person_address_primary_1_city" name="person[address][primary][1][city]" type="text" value="Bologna" />

As a general rule the final input name is the concatenation of the name given to fields_for/form_with, the index value, and the name of the attribute. You can also pass an :index option directly to helpers such as text_field, but it is usually less repetitive to specify this at the form builder level rather than on individual input controls.

As a shortcut you can append [] to the name and omit the :index option. This is the same as specifying index: address.id so

<%= fields_for 'person[address][primary][]', address do |address_form| %>
  <%= address_form.text_field :city %>
<% end %>

produces exactly the same output as the previous example.

Forms to External Resources

Rails' form helpers can also be used to build a form for posting data to an external resource. However, at times it can be necessary to set an authenticity_token for the resource; this can be done by passing an authenticity_token: 'your_external_token' parameter to the form_with options:

<%= form_with url: 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: 'external_token' do %>
  Form contents
<% end %>

Sometimes when submitting data to an external resource, like a payment gateway, the fields that can be used in the form are limited by an external API and it may be undesirable to generate an authenticity_token. To not send a token, simply pass false to the :authenticity_token option:

<%= form_with url: 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: false do %>
  Form contents
<% end %>

Building Complex Forms

Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example, when creating a Person you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove, or amend addresses as necessary.

Configuring the Model

Active Record provides model level support via the accepts_nested_attributes_for method:

class Person < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :addresses, inverse_of: :person
  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses
end

class Address < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :person
end

This creates an addresses_attributes= method on Person that allows you to create, update, and (optionally) destroy addresses.

Nested Forms

The following form allows a user to create a Person and its associated addresses.

<%= form_with model: @person do |f| %>
  Addresses:
  <ul>
    <%= f.fields_for :addresses do |addresses_form| %>
      <li>
        <%= addresses_form.label :kind %>
        <%= addresses_form.text_field :kind %>

        <%= addresses_form.label :street %>
        <%= addresses_form.text_field :street %>
        ...
      </li>
    <% end %>
  </ul>
<% end %>

When an association accepts nested attributes fields_for renders its block once for every element of the association. In particular, if a person has no addresses it renders nothing. A common pattern is for the controller to build one or more empty children so that at least one set of fields is shown to the user. The example below would result in 2 sets of address fields being rendered on the new person form.

def new
  @person = Person.new
  2.times { @person.addresses.build }
end

The fields_for yields a form builder. The parameters' name will be what accepts_nested_attributes_for expects. For example, when creating a user with 2 addresses, the submitted parameters would look like:

{
  'person' => {
    'name' => 'John Doe',
    'addresses_attributes' => {
      '0' => {
        'kind' => 'Home',
        'street' => '221b Baker Street'
      },
      '1' => {
        'kind' => 'Office',
        'street' => '31 Spooner Street'
      }
    }
  }
}

The keys of the :addresses_attributes hash are unimportant, they need merely be different for each address.

If the associated object is already saved, fields_for autogenerates a hidden input with the id of the saved record. You can disable this by passing include_id: false to fields_for.

The Controller

As usual you need to declare the permitted parameters in the controller before you pass them to the model:

def create
  @person = Person.new(person_params)
  # ...
end

private
  def person_params
    params.require(:person).permit(:name, addresses_attributes: [:id, :kind, :street])
  end

Removing Objects

You can allow users to delete associated objects by passing allow_destroy: true to accepts_nested_attributes_for

class Person < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :addresses
  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses, allow_destroy: true
end

If the hash of attributes for an object contains the key _destroy with a value that evaluates to true (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true') then the object will be destroyed. This form allows users to remove addresses:

<%= form_with model: @person do |f| %>
  Addresses:
  <ul>
    <%= f.fields_for :addresses do |addresses_form| %>
      <li>
        <%= addresses_form.check_box :_destroy %>
        <%= addresses_form.label :kind %>
        <%= addresses_form.text_field :kind %>
        ...
      </li>
    <% end %>
  </ul>
<% end %>

Don't forget to update the permitted params in your controller to also include the _destroy field:

def person_params
  params.require(:person).
    permit(:name, addresses_attributes: [:id, :kind, :street, :_destroy])
end

Preventing Empty Records

It is often useful to ignore sets of fields that the user has not filled in. You can control this by passing a :reject_if proc to accepts_nested_attributes_for. This proc will be called with each hash of attributes submitted by the form. If the proc returns false then Active Record will not build an associated object for that hash. The example below only tries to build an address if the kind attribute is set.

class Person < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :addresses
  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses, reject_if: lambda {|attributes| attributes['kind'].blank?}
end

As a convenience you can instead pass the symbol :all_blank which will create a proc that will reject records where all the attributes are blank excluding any value for _destroy.

Adding Fields on the Fly

Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new address' button. Rails does not provide any built-in support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the key of the associated array is unique - the current JavaScript date (milliseconds since the epoch) is a common choice.

Using form_for and form_tag

Before form_with was introduced in Rails 5.1 its functionality used to be split between form_tag and form_for. Both are now soft-deprecated. Documentation on their usage can be found in older versions of this guide.