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# Configuration of your builds with .gitlab-ci.yml
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This document describes the usage of `.gitlab-ci.yml` , the file that is used by
GitLab Runner to manage your project's builds.
If you want a quick introduction to GitLab CI, follow our
[quick start guide ](../quick_start/README.md ).
---
<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE - RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
**Table of Contents** *generated with [DocToc](https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc)*
- [.gitlab-ci.yml ](#gitlab-ci-yml )
- [image and services ](#image-and-services )
- [before_script ](#before_script )
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- [after_script ](#after_script )
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- [stages ](#stages )
- [types ](#types )
- [variables ](#variables )
- [cache ](#cache )
- [cache:key ](#cache-key )
- [Jobs ](#jobs )
- [script ](#script )
- [stage ](#stage )
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- [job variables ](#job-variables )
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- [only and except ](#only-and-except )
- [tags ](#tags )
- [when ](#when )
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- [environment ](#environment )
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- [artifacts ](#artifacts )
- [artifacts:name ](#artifacts-name )
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- [artifacts:when ](#artifacts-when )
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- [artifacts:expire_in ](#artifacts-expire_in )
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- [dependencies ](#dependencies )
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- [before_script and after_script ](#before_script-and-after_script )
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- [Hidden jobs ](#hidden-jobs )
- [Special YAML features ](#special-yaml-features )
- [Anchors ](#anchors )
- [Validate the .gitlab-ci.yml ](#validate-the-gitlab-ci-yml )
- [Skipping builds ](#skipping-builds )
- [Examples ](#examples )
<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
---
## .gitlab-ci.yml
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From version 7.12, GitLab CI uses a [YAML ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML )
file (`.gitlab-ci.yml`) for the project configuration. It is placed in the root
of your repository and contains definitions of how your project should be built.
The YAML file defines a set of jobs with constraints stating when they should
be run. The jobs are defined as top-level elements with a name and always have
to contain the `script` clause:
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```yaml
job1:
script: "execute-script-for-job1"
job2:
script: "execute-script-for-job2"
```
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The above example is the simplest possible CI configuration with two separate
jobs, where each of the jobs executes a different command.
Of course a command can execute code directly (`./configure;make;make install`)
or run a script (`test.sh`) in the repository.
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Jobs are used to create builds, which are then picked up by
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[Runners ](../runners/README.md ) and executed within the environment of the
Runner. What is important, is that each job is run independently from each
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other.
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The YAML syntax allows for using more complex job specifications than in the
above example:
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```yaml
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image: ruby:2.1
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services:
- postgres
before_script:
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- bundle install
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after_script:
- rm secrets
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stages:
- build
- test
- deploy
job1:
stage: build
script:
- execute-script-for-job1
only:
- master
tags:
- docker
```
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There are a few reserved `keywords` that **cannot** be used as job names:
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| Keyword | Required | Description |
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|---------------|----------|-------------|
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| image | no | Use docker image, covered in [Use Docker ](../docker/README.md ) |
| services | no | Use docker services, covered in [Use Docker ](../docker/README.md ) |
| stages | no | Define build stages |
| types | no | Alias for `stages` |
| before_script | no | Define commands that run before each job's script |
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| after_script | no | Define commands that run after each job's script |
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| variables | no | Define build variables |
| cache | no | Define list of files that should be cached between subsequent runs |
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### image and services
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This allows to specify a custom Docker image and a list of services that can be
used for time of the build. The configuration of this feature is covered in
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[a separate document ](../docker/README.md ).
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### before_script
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`before_script` is used to define the command that should be run before all
builds, including deploy builds. This can be an array or a multi-line string.
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### after_script
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>**Note:**
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Introduced in GitLab 8.7 and requires Gitlab Runner v1.2 (not yet released)
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`after_script` is used to define the command that will be run after for all
builds. This has to be an array or a multi-line string.
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### stages
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`stages` is used to define build stages that can be used by jobs.
The specification of `stages` allows for having flexible multi stage pipelines.
The ordering of elements in `stages` defines the ordering of builds' execution:
1. Builds of the same stage are run in parallel.
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1. Builds of the next stage are run after the jobs from the previous stage
complete successfully.
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Let's consider the following example, which defines 3 stages:
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```yaml
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stages:
- build
- test
- deploy
```
1. First all jobs of `build` are executed in parallel.
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1. If all jobs of `build` succeed, the `test` jobs are executed in parallel.
1. If all jobs of `test` succeed, the `deploy` jobs are executed in parallel.
1. If all jobs of `deploy` succeed, the commit is marked as `success` .
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1. If any of the previous jobs fails, the commit is marked as `failed` and no
jobs of further stage are executed.
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There are also two edge cases worth mentioning:
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1. If no `stages` is defined in `.gitlab-ci.yml` , then by default the `build` ,
`test` and `deploy` are allowed to be used as job's stage by default.
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2. If a job doesn't specify `stage` , the job is assigned the `test` stage.
### types
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Alias for [stages ](#stages ).
### variables
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>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab Runner v0.5.0.
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GitLab CI allows you to add to `.gitlab-ci.yml` variables that are set in build
environment. The variables are stored in the git repository and are meant to
store non-sensitive project configuration, for example:
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```yaml
variables:
DATABASE_URL: "postgres://postgres@postgres/my_database"
```
These variables can be later used in all executed commands and scripts.
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The YAML-defined variables are also set to all created service containers,
thus allowing to fine tune them.
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Variables can be also defined on [job level ](#job-variables ).
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### cache
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>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab Runner v0.7.0.
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`cache` is used to specify a list of files and directories which should be
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cached between builds.
**By default the caching is enabled per-job and per-branch.**
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If `cache` is defined outside the scope of the jobs, it means it is set
globally and all jobs will use its definition.
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Cache all files in `binaries` and `.config` :
```yaml
rspec:
script: test
cache:
paths:
- binaries/
- .config
```
Cache all Git untracked files:
```yaml
rspec:
script: test
cache:
untracked: true
```
Cache all Git untracked files and files in `binaries` :
```yaml
rspec:
script: test
cache:
untracked: true
paths:
- binaries/
```
Locally defined cache overwrites globally defined options. This will cache only
`binaries/` :
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```yaml
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cache:
paths:
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- my/files
rspec:
script: test
cache:
paths:
- binaries/
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```
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The cache is provided on best effort basis, so don't expect that cache will be
always present. For implementation details please check GitLab Runner.
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#### cache:key
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>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab Runner v1.0.0.
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The `key` directive allows you to define the affinity of caching
between jobs, allowing to have a single cache for all jobs,
cache per-job, cache per-branch or any other way you deem proper.
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This allows you to fine tune caching, allowing you to cache data between
different jobs or even different branches.
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The `cache:key` variable can use any of the [predefined variables ](../variables/README.md ).
---
**Example configurations**
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To enable per-job caching:
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```yaml
cache:
key: "$CI_BUILD_NAME"
untracked: true
```
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To enable per-branch caching:
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```yaml
cache:
key: "$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME"
untracked: true
```
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To enable per-job and per-branch caching:
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```yaml
cache:
key: "$CI_BUILD_NAME/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME"
untracked: true
```
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To enable per-branch and per-stage caching:
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```yaml
cache:
key: "$CI_BUILD_STAGE/$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME"
untracked: true
```
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If you use **Windows Batch** to run your shell scripts you need to replace
`$` with `%` :
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```yaml
cache:
key: "%CI_BUILD_STAGE%/%CI_BUILD_REF_NAME%"
untracked: true
```
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## Jobs
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`.gitlab-ci.yml` allows you to specify an unlimited number of jobs. Each job
must have a unique name, which is not one of the Keywords mentioned above.
A job is defined by a list of parameters that define the build behavior.
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```yaml
job_name:
script:
- rake spec
- coverage
stage: test
only:
- master
except:
- develop
tags:
- ruby
- postgres
allow_failure: true
```
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| Keyword | Required | Description |
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|---------------|----------|-------------|
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| script | yes | Defines a shell script which is executed by Runner |
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| image | no | Use docker image, covered in [Using Docker Images ](../docker/using_docker_images.md#define-image-and-services-from-gitlab-ciyml ) |
| services | no | Use docker services, covered in [Using Docker Images ](../docker/using_docker_images.md#define-image-and-services-from-gitlab-ciyml ) |
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| stage | no | Defines a build stage (default: `test` ) |
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| type | no | Alias for `stage` |
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| variables | no | Define build variables on a job level |
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| only | no | Defines a list of git refs for which build is created |
| except | no | Defines a list of git refs for which build is not created |
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| tags | no | Defines a list of tags which are used to select Runner |
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| allow_failure | no | Allow build to fail. Failed build doesn't contribute to commit status |
| when | no | Define when to run build. Can be `on_success` , `on_failure` or `always` |
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| dependencies | no | Define other builds that a build depends on so that you can pass artifacts between them|
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| artifacts | no | Define list of build artifacts |
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| cache | no | Define list of files that should be cached between subsequent runs |
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| before_script | no | Override a set of commands that are executed before build |
| after_script | no | Override a set of commands that are executed after build |
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| environment | no | Defines a name of environment to which deployment is done by this build |
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### script
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`script` is a shell script which is executed by the Runner. For example:
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```yaml
job:
script: "bundle exec rspec"
```
This parameter can also contain several commands using an array:
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```yaml
job:
script:
- uname -a
- bundle exec rspec
```
### stage
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`stage` allows to group build into different stages. Builds of the same `stage`
are executed in `parallel` . For more info about the use of `stage` please check
[stages ](#stages ).
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### only and except
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`only` and `except` are two parameters that set a refs policy to limit when
jobs are built:
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1. `only` defines the names of branches and tags for which the job will be
built.
2. `except` defines the names of branches and tags for which the job will
**not** be built.
There are a few rules that apply to the usage of refs policy:
* `only` and `except` are inclusive. If both `only` and `except` are defined
in a job specification, the ref is filtered by `only` and `except` .
* `only` and `except` allow the use of regular expressions.
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* `only` and `except` allow the use of special keywords: `branches` , `tags` , and `triggers` .
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* `only` and `except` allow to specify a repository path to filter jobs for
forks.
In the example below, `job` will run only for refs that start with `issue-` ,
whereas all branches will be skipped.
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```yaml
job:
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# use regexp
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only:
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- /^issue-.*$/
# use special keyword
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except:
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- branches
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```
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In this example, `job` will run only for refs that are tagged, or if a build is explicitly requested
via an API trigger.
```yaml
job:
# use special keywords
only:
- tags
- triggers
```
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The repository path can be used to have jobs executed only for the parent
repository and not forks:
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```yaml
job:
only:
- branches@gitlab-org/gitlab-ce
except:
- master@gitlab-org/gitlab-ce
```
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The above example will run `job` for all branches on `gitlab-org/gitlab-ce` ,
except master.
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### job variables
It is possible to define build variables using a `variables` keyword on a job
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level. It works basically the same way as its global-level equivalent but
allows you to define job-specific build variables.
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When the `variables` keyword is used on a job level, it overrides global YAML
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build variables and predefined variables.
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Build variables priority is defined in
[variables documentation ](../variables/README.md ).
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### tags
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`tags` is used to select specific Runners from the list of all Runners that are
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allowed to run this project.
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During the registration of a Runner, you can specify the Runner's tags, for
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example `ruby` , `postgres` , `development` .
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`tags` allow you to run builds with Runners that have the specified tags
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assigned to them:
```yaml
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job:
tags:
- ruby
- postgres
```
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The specification above, will make sure that `job` is built by a Runner that
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has both `ruby` AND `postgres` tags defined.
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### when
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`when` is used to implement jobs that are run in case of failure or despite the
failure.
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`when` can be set to one of the following values:
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1. `on_success` - execute build only when all builds from prior stages
succeeded. This is the default.
1. `on_failure` - execute build only when at least one build from prior stages
failed.
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1. `always` - execute build despite the status of builds from prior stages.
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For example:
```yaml
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stages:
- build
- cleanup_build
- test
- deploy
- cleanup
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build_job:
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stage: build
script:
- make build
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cleanup_build_job:
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stage: cleanup_build
script:
- cleanup build when failed
when: on_failure
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test_job:
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stage: test
script:
- make test
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deploy_job:
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stage: deploy
script:
- make deploy
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cleanup_job:
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stage: cleanup
script:
- cleanup after builds
when: always
```
The above script will:
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1. Execute `cleanup_build_job` only when `build_job` fails
2. Always execute `cleanup_job` as the last step in pipeline.
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### environment
>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab v8.9.0.
`environment` is used to define that job does deployment to specific environment.
This allows to easily track all deployments to your environments straight from GitLab.
If `environment` is specified and no environment under that name does exist a new one will be created automatically.
The `environment` name must contain only letters, digits, '-' and '_'.
---
**Example configurations**
```
deploy to production:
stage: deploy
script: git push production HEAD:master
environment: production
```
The `deploy to production` job will be marked as doing deployment to `production` environment.
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### artifacts
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>**Notes:**
>
> - Introduced in GitLab Runner v0.7.0 for non-Windows platforms.
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> - Windows support was added in GitLab Runner v.1.0.0.
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> - Currently not all executors are supported.
> - Build artifacts are only collected for successful builds.
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`artifacts` is used to specify list of files and directories which should be
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attached to build after success. To pass artifacts between different builds,
see [dependencies ](#dependencies ).
Below are some examples.
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Send all files in `binaries` and `.config` :
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```yaml
artifacts:
paths:
- binaries/
- .config
```
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Send all Git untracked files:
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```yaml
artifacts:
untracked: true
```
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Send all Git untracked files and files in `binaries` :
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```yaml
artifacts:
untracked: true
paths:
- binaries/
```
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You may want to create artifacts only for tagged releases to avoid filling the
build server storage with temporary build artifacts.
Create artifacts only for tags (`default-job` will not create artifacts):
```yaml
default-job:
script:
- mvn test -U
except:
- tags
release-job:
script:
- mvn package -U
artifacts:
paths:
- target/*.war
only:
- tags
```
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The artifacts will be sent to GitLab after a successful build and will
be available for download in the GitLab UI.
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#### artifacts:name
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>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab 8.6 and GitLab Runner v1.1.0.
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The `name` directive allows you to define the name of the created artifacts
archive. That way, you can have a unique name of every archive which could be
useful when you'd like to download the archive from GitLab. The `artifacts:name`
variable can make use of any of the [predefined variables ](../variables/README.md ).
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---
**Example configurations**
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To create an archive with a name of the current build:
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```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "$CI_BUILD_NAME"
```
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To create an archive with a name of the current branch or tag including only
the files that are untracked by Git:
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```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "$CI_BUILD_REF_NAME"
untracked: true
```
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To create an archive with a name of the current build and the current branch or
tag including only the files that are untracked by Git:
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```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "${CI_BUILD_NAME}_${CI_BUILD_REF_NAME}"
untracked: true
```
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To create an archive with a name of the current [stage ](#stages ) and branch name:
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```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "${CI_BUILD_STAGE}_${CI_BUILD_REF_NAME}"
untracked: true
```
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---
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If you use **Windows Batch** to run your shell scripts you need to replace
`$` with `%` :
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "%CI_BUILD_STAGE%_%CI_BUILD_REF_NAME%"
untracked: true
```
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#### artifacts:when
>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab 8.9 and GitLab Runner v1.3.0.
`artifacts:when` is used to upload artifacts on build failure or despite the
failure.
`artifacts:when` can be set to one of the following values:
1. `on_success` - upload artifacts only when build succeeds. This is the default
1. `on_failure` - upload artifacts only when build fails
1. `always` - upload artifacts despite the build status
---
**Example configurations**
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To upload artifacts only when build fails.
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```yaml
job:
artifacts:
when: on_failure
```
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#### artifacts:expire_in
>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab 8.9 and GitLab Runner v1.3.0.
`artifacts:expire_in` is used to remove uploaded artifacts after specified time.
By default artifacts are stored on GitLab forver.
`expire_in` allows to specify after what time the artifacts should be removed.
The artifacts will expire counting from the moment when they are uploaded and stored on GitLab.
After artifacts uploading you can use the **Keep** button on build page to keep the artifacts forever.
Artifacts are removed every hour, but they are not accessible after expire date.
The value of `expire_in` is a elapsed time. The example of parsable values:
- '3 mins 4 sec'
- '2 hrs 20 min'
- '2h20min'
- '6 mos 1 day'
- '47 yrs 6 mos and 4d'
- '3 weeks and 2 days'
---
**Example configurations**
To expire artifacts after 1 week from the moment that they are uploaded:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
expire_in: 1 week
```
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### dependencies
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>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab 8.6 and GitLab Runner v1.1.1.
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This feature should be used in conjunction with [`artifacts` ](#artifacts ) and
allows you to define the artifacts to pass between different builds.
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Note that `artifacts` from previous [stages ](#stages ) are passed by default.
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To use this feature, define `dependencies` in context of the job and pass
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a list of all previous builds from which the artifacts should be downloaded.
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You can only define builds from stages that are executed before the current one.
An error will be shown if you define builds from the current stage or next ones.
---
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In the following example, we define two jobs with artifacts, `build:osx` and
`build:linux` . When the `test:osx` is executed, the artifacts from `build:osx`
will be downloaded and extracted in the context of the build. The same happens
for `test:linux` and artifacts from `build:linux` .
The job `deploy` will download artifacts from all previous builds because of
the [stage ](#stages ) precedence:
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```yaml
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build:osx:
stage: build
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script: make build:osx
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artifacts:
paths:
- binaries/
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build:linux:
stage: build
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script: make build:linux
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artifacts:
paths:
- binaries/
test:osx:
stage: test
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script: make test:osx
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dependencies:
- build:osx
test:linux:
stage: test
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script: make test:linux
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dependencies:
- build:linux
deploy:
stage: deploy
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script: make deploy
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```
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### before_script and after_script
It's possible to overwrite globally defined `before_script` and `after_script` :
```yaml
before_script
- global before script
job:
before_script:
- execute this instead of global before script
script:
- my command
after_script:
- execute this after my script
```
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## Hidden jobs
>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab 8.6 and GitLab Runner v1.1.1.
Jobs that start with a dot (`.`) will be not processed by GitLab CI. You can
use this feature to ignore jobs, or use the
[special YAML features ](#special-yaml-features ) and transform the hidden jobs
into templates.
In the following example, `.job_name` will be ignored:
```yaml
.job_name:
script:
- rake spec
```
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## Special YAML features
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It's possible to use special YAML features like anchors (`& `), aliases (`*`)
and map merging (`< < `), which will allow you to greatly reduce the complexity
of `.gitlab-ci.yml` .
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Read more about the various [YAML features ](https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/yaml/ ).
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### Anchors
>**Note:**
Introduced in GitLab 8.6 and GitLab Runner v1.1.1.
YAML also has a handy feature called 'anchors', which let you easily duplicate
content across your document. Anchors can be used to duplicate/inherit
properties, and is a perfect example to be used with [hidden jobs ](#hidden-jobs )
to provide templates for your jobs.
The following example uses anchors and map merging. It will create two jobs,
`test1` and `test2` , that will inherit the parameters of `.job_template` , each
having their own custom `script` defined:
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```yaml
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.job_template: & job_definition # Hidden job that defines an anchor named 'job_definition'
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image: ruby:2.1
services:
- postgres
- redis
test1:
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< < : * job_definition # Merge the contents of the ' job_definition ' alias
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script:
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- test1 project
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test2:
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< < : * job_definition # Merge the contents of the ' job_definition ' alias
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script:
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- test2 project
```
`&` sets up the name of the anchor (`job_definition`), `<<` means "merge the
given hash into the current one", and `*` includes the named anchor
(`job_definition` again). The expanded version looks like this:
```yaml
.job_template:
image: ruby:2.1
services:
- postgres
- redis
test1:
image: ruby:2.1
services:
- postgres
- redis
script:
- test1 project
test2:
image: ruby:2.1
services:
- postgres
- redis
script:
- test2 project
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```
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Let's see another one example. This time we will use anchors to define two sets
of services. This will create two jobs, `test:postgres` and `test:mysql` , that
will share the `script` directive defined in `.job_template` , and the `services`
directive defined in `.postgres_services` and `.mysql_services` respectively:
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```yaml
.job_template: & job_definition
script:
- test project
.postgres_services:
services: & postgres_definition
- postgres
- ruby
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.mysql_services:
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services: & mysql_definition
- mysql
- ruby
test:postgres:
< < *job_definition
services: *postgres_definition
test:mysql:
< < *job_definition
services: *mysql_definition
```
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The expanded version looks like this:
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```yaml
.job_template:
script:
- test project
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.postgres_services:
services:
- postgres
- ruby
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.mysql_services:
services:
- mysql
- ruby
test:postgres:
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script:
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- test project
services:
- postgres
- ruby
test:mysql:
script:
- test project
services:
- mysql
- ruby
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```
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You can see that the hidden jobs are conveniently used as templates.
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## Validate the .gitlab-ci.yml
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Each instance of GitLab CI has an embedded debug tool called Lint.
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You can find the link under `/ci/lint` of your gitlab instance.
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## Skipping builds
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If your commit message contains `[ci skip]` , the commit will be created but the
builds will be skipped.
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## Examples
Visit the [examples README][examples] to see a list of examples using GitLab
CI with various languages.
[examples]: ../examples/README.md