gitlab-org--gitlab-foss/doc/ci/environments/protected_environments.md

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Protected environments (PREMIUM)

Environments can be used for both testing and production reasons.

Because deploy jobs can be raised by different users with different roles, it's important to be able to protect specific environments from the effects of unauthorized users.

By default, a protected environment ensures that only people with the appropriate privileges can deploy to it, keeping the environment safe.

NOTE: GitLab administrators can use all environments, including protected environments.

To protect, update, or unprotect an environment, you need to have at least the Maintainer role.

Protecting environments

To protect an environment:

1. On the top bar, select Menu > Projects and find your project.
2. On the left sidebar, select Settings > CI/CD.
3. Expand Protected environments.
4. From the Environment list, select the environment you want to protect.
5. In the Allowed to deploy list, select the role, users, or groups you want to give deploy access to. Keep in mind that:
   • There are two roles to choose from:
     • Maintainers: Allows access to all of the project's users with the Maintainer role.
     • Developers: Allows access to all of the project's users with the Maintainer and Developer role.
   • You can select groups that are already associated with the project only.
   • Users must have at least the Developer role to appear in the Allowed to deploy list.
6. In the Required approvals list, select the number of approvals required to deploy to this environment.
   • Ensure that this number is less than the number of users allowed to deploy.
   • See Deployment Approvals for more information about this feature.
7. Select Protect.

The protected environment now appears in the list of protected environments.

Use the API to protect an environment

Alternatively, you can use the API to protect an environment:

1. Use a project with a CI that creates an environment. For example:

   stages:
     - test
     - deploy
   
   test:
     stage: test
     script:
       - 'echo "Testing Application: ${CI_PROJECT_NAME}"'
   
   production:
     stage: deploy
     when: manual
     script:
       - 'echo "Deploying to ${CI_ENVIRONMENT_NAME}"'
     environment:
       name: ${CI_JOB_NAME}
   

2. Use the UI to create a new group. For example, this group is called protected-access-group and has the group ID 9899826. Note that the rest of the examples in these steps use this group.

   

3. Use the API to add a user to the group as a reporter:

   $ curl --request POST --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <your_access_token>" \
          --data "user_id=3222377&access_level=20" "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/groups/9899826/members"
   
   {"id":3222377,"name":"Sean Carroll","username":"sfcarroll","state":"active","avatar_url":"https://gitlab.com/uploads/-/system/user/avatar/3222377/avatar.png","web_url":"https://gitlab.com/sfcarroll","access_level":20,"created_at":"2020-10-26T17:37:50.309Z","expires_at":null}
   

4. Use the API to add the group to the project as a reporter:

   $ curl --request POST --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <your_access_token>" \
          --request POST "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/22034114/share?group_id=9899826&group_access=20"
   
   {"id":1233335,"project_id":22034114,"group_id":9899826,"group_access":20,"expires_at":null}
   

5. Use the API to add the group with protected environment access:

   curl --header 'Content-Type: application/json' --request POST --data '{"name": "production", "deploy_access_levels": [{"group_id": 9899826}], "required_approval_count": 0}' \
        --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <your_access_token>" "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/22034114/protected_environments"
   

The group now has access and can be seen in the UI.

Environment access by group membership

A user may be granted access to protected environments as part of group membership. Users with the Reporter role can only be granted access to protected environments with this method.

Deployment branch access

Users with the Developer role can be granted access to a protected environment through any of these methods:

• As an individual contributor, through a role.
• Through a group membership.

If the user also has push or merge access to the branch deployed on production, they have the following privileges:

• Stop an environment.
• Delete a stopped environment.
• Create an environment terminal.

Deployment-only access to protected environments

Users granted access to a protected environment, but not push or merge access to the branch deployed to it, are only granted access to deploy the environment. Invited groups added to the project with Reporter role, appear in the dropdown menu for deployment-only access.

To add deployment-only access:

1. Create a group with members who are granted to access to the protected environment, if it doesn't exist yet.
2. Invite the group to the project with the Reporter role.
3. Follow the steps in Protecting Environments.

Modifying and unprotecting environments

Maintainers can:

• Update existing protected environments at any time by changing the access in the Allowed to Deploy dropdown menu.
• Unprotect a protected environment by clicking the Unprotect button for that environment.

After an environment is unprotected, all access entries are deleted and must be re-entered if the environment is re-protected.

For more information, see Deployment safety.

Group-level protected environments

• Introduced in GitLab 14.0 with a flag named group_level_protected_environments. Disabled by default.
• Feature flag removed in GitLab 14.3.
• Generally available in GitLab 14.3.

Typically, large enterprise organizations have an explicit permission boundary between developers and operators. Developers build and test their code, and operators deploy and monitor the application. With group-level protected environments, operators can restrict access to critical environments from developers. Group-level protected environments extend the project-level protected environments to the group-level.

The permissions of deployments can be illustrated in the following table:

Environment	Developer	Operator	Category
Development	Allowed	Allowed	Lower environment
Testing	Allowed	Allowed	Lower environment
Staging	Disallowed	Allowed	Higher environment
Production	Disallowed	Allowed	Higher environment

(Reference: Deployment environments on Wikipedia)

Group-level protected environments names

Contrary to project-level protected environments, group-level protected environments use the deployment tier as their name.

A group may consist of many project environments that have unique names. For example, Project-A has a gprd environment and Project-B has a Production environment, so protecting a specific environment name doesn't scale well. By using deployment tiers, both are recognized as production deployment tier and are protected at the same time.

Configure group-level memberships

To maximize the effectiveness of group-level protected environments, group-level memberships must be correctly configured:

• Operators should be given at least the Maintainer role for the top-level group. They can maintain CI/CD configurations for the higher environments (such as production) in the group-level settings page, which includes group-level protected environments, group-level runners, and group-level clusters. Those configurations are inherited to the child projects as read-only entries. This ensures that only operators can configure the organization-wide deployment ruleset.
• Developers should be given no more than the Developer role for the top-level group, or explicitly given the Maintainer role for a child project They do not have access to the CI/CD configurations in the top-level group, so operators can ensure that the critical configuration won't be accidentally changed by the developers.
• For sub-groups and child projects:
  • Regarding sub-groups, if a higher group has configured the group-level protected environment, the lower groups cannot override it.
  • Project-level protected environments can be combined with the group-level setting. If both group-level and project-level environment configurations exist, to run a deployment job, the user must be allowed in both rulesets.
  • In a project or a subgroup of the top-level group, developers can be safely assigned the Maintainer role to tune their lower environments (such as testing).

Having this configuration in place:

• If a user is about to run a deployment job in a project and allowed to deploy to the environment, the deployment job proceeds.
• If a user is about to run a deployment job in a project but disallowed to deploy to the environment, the deployment job fails with an error message.

Protect critical environments under a group

To protect a group-level environment, make sure your environments have the correct deployment_tier defined in .gitlab-ci.yml.

Using the UI

Introduced in GitLab 15.1.

1. On the top bar, select Menu > Groups and find your group.
2. On the left sidebar, select Settings > CI/CD.
3. Expand Protected environments.
4. From the Environment list, select the deployment tier of environments you want to protect.
5. In the Allowed to deploy list, select the subgroups you want to give deploy access to.
6. Select Protect.

Using the API

Configure the group-level protected environments by using the REST API.

Deployment approvals

Protected environments can also be used to require manual approvals before deployments. See Deployment approvals for more information.