gitlab-org--gitlab-foss/doc/ssh/README.md

# GitLab and SSH keys

Git is a distributed version control system, which means you can work locally
but you can also share or "push" your changes to other servers.
Before you can push your changes to a GitLab server
you need a secure communication channel for sharing information.

The SSH protocol provides this security and allows you to authenticate to the
GitLab remote server without supplying your username or password each time.

For a more detailed explanation of how the SSH protocol works, read
[this nice tutorial by DigitalOcean](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/understanding-the-ssh-encryption-and-connection-process).

## Requirements

The only requirement is to have the OpenSSH client installed on your system. This
comes pre-installed on GNU/Linux and macOS, but not on Windows.

Depending on your Windows version, there are different methods to work with
SSH keys.

### Installing the SSH client for Windows 10

Starting with Windows 10, you can
[install the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-win10)
where you can run Linux distributions directly on Windows, without the overhead
of a virtual machine. Once installed and set up, you'll have the Git and SSH
clients at your disposal.

### Installing the SSH client for Windows 8.1 and Windows 7

The easiest way to install Git and the SSH client on Windows 8.1 and Windows 7
is [Git for Windows](https://gitforwindows.org). It provides a BASH
emulation (Git Bash) used for running Git from the command line and the
`ssh-keygen` command that is useful to create SSH keys as you'll learn below.

NOTE: **Alternative tools:**
Although not explored in this page, you can use some alternative tools.
[Cygwin](https://www.cygwin.com) is a large collection of GNU and open source
tools which provide functionality similar to a Unix distribution.
[PuttyGen](https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html)
provides a graphical user interface to [create SSH keys](https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/htmldoc/Chapter8.html#pubkey-puttygen).

## Types of SSH keys and which to choose

GitLab supports RSA, DSA, ECDSA, and ED25519 keys. Their difference lies on
the signing algorithm, and some of them have advantages over the others. For
more information, you can read this
[nice article on ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSH_keys#Choosing_the_authentication_key_type).
We'll focus on ED25519 and RSA and here.

NOTE: **Note:**
As an admin, you can restrict
[which keys should be permitted and their minimum length](../security/ssh_keys_restrictions.md).
By default, all keys are permitted, which is also the case for
[GitLab.com](../user/gitlab_com/index.md#ssh-host-keys-fingerprints).

## ED25519 SSH keys

Following [best practices](https://linux-audit.com/using-ed25519-openssh-keys-instead-of-dsa-rsa-ecdsa/),
you should always favor [ED25519](https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/) SSH keys, since they
are more secure and have better performance over the other types.

They were introduced in OpenSSH 6.5, so any modern OS should include the
option to create them. If for any reason your OS or the GitLab instance you
interact with doesn't support this, you can fallback to RSA.

## RSA SSH keys

RSA keys are the most common ones and therefore the most compatible with
servers that may have an old OpenSSH version. Use them if the GitLab server
doesn't work with ED25519 keys.

The minimum key size is 1024 bits, defaulting to 2048. If you wish to generate a
stronger RSA key pair, specify the `-b` flag with a higher bit value than the
default.

The old, default password encoding for SSH private keys is
[insecure](https://latacora.singles/2018/08/03/the-default-openssh.html);
it's only a single round of an MD5 hash. Since OpenSSH version 6.5, you should
use the `-o` option to `ssh-keygen` to encode your private key in a new, more
secure format.

If you already have an RSA SSH key pair to use with GitLab, consider upgrading it
to use the more secure password encryption format by using the following command
on the private key:

```bash
ssh-keygen -o -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa
```

## Generating a new SSH key pair

Before creating an SSH key pair, make sure to read about the
[different types of keys](#types-of-ssh-keys-and-which-to-choose) to understand
their differences.

To create a new SSH key pair:

1. Open a terminal on Linux or macOS, or Git Bash / WSL on Windows.
1. Generate a new ED25519 SSH key pair:

    ```bash
    ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "email@example.com"
    ```

    Or, if you want to use RSA:

    ```bash
    ssh-keygen -o -t rsa -b 4096 -C "email@example.com"
    ```

    The `-C` flag adds a comment in the key in case you have multiple of them
    and want to tell which is which. It is optional.

1. Next, you will be prompted to input a file path to save your SSH key pair to.
   If you don't already have an SSH key pair, use the suggested path by pressing
   <kbd>Enter</kbd>. Using the suggested path will normally allow your SSH client
   to automatically use the SSH key pair with no additional configuration.

    If you already have an SSH key pair with the suggested file path, you will need
    to input a new file path and [declare what host](#working-with-non-default-ssh-key-pair-paths)
    this SSH key pair will be used for in your `~/.ssh/config` file.

1. Once the path is decided, you will be prompted to input a password to
   secure your new SSH key pair. It's a best practice to use a password,
   but it's not required and you can skip creating it by pressing
   <kbd>Enter</kbd> twice.

    If, in any case, you want to add or change the password of your SSH key pair,
    you can use the `-p`flag:

    ```
    ssh-keygen -p -o -f <keyname>
    ```

Now, it's time to add the newly created public key to your GitLab account.

## Adding an SSH key to your GitLab account

1. Copy your **public** SSH key to the clipboard by using one of the commands below
   depending on your Operating System:

    **macOS:**

    ```bash
    pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
    ```

    **WSL / GNU/Linux (requires the xclip package):**

    ```bash
    xclip -sel clip < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
    ```

    **Git Bash on Windows:**

    ```bash
    cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub | clip
    ```

    You can also open the key in a graphical editor and copy it from there,
    but be careful not to accidentally change anything.

    NOTE: **Note:**
    If you opted to create an RSA key, the name might differ.

1. Add your public SSH key to your GitLab account by clicking your avatar
   in the upper right corner and selecting **Settings**. From there on,
   navigate to **SSH Keys** and paste your public key in the "Key" section.
   If you created the key with a comment, this will appear under "Title".
   If not, give your key an identifiable title like _Work Laptop_ or
   _Home Workstation_, and click **Add key**.

    NOTE: **Note:**
    If you manually copied your public SSH key make sure you copied the entire
    key starting with `ssh-ed25519` (or `ssh-rsa`) and ending with your email.

## Testing that everything is set up correctly

To test whether your SSH key was added correctly, run the following command in
your terminal (replacing `gitlab.com` with your GitLab's instance domain):

```bash
ssh -T git@gitlab.com
```

You should receive a _Welcome to GitLab, `@username`!_ message.

If the welcome message doesn't appear, run SSH's verbose mode by replacing `-T`
with `-vvvT` to understand where the error is.

## Working with non-default SSH key pair paths

If you used a non-default file path for your GitLab SSH key pair,
you must configure your SSH client to find your GitLab private SSH key
for connections to GitLab.

Open a terminal and use the following commands
(replacing `other_id_rsa` with your private SSH key):

```bash
eval $(ssh-agent -s)
ssh-add ~/.ssh/other_id_rsa
```

To retain these settings, you'll need to save them to a configuration file.
For OpenSSH clients this is configured in the `~/.ssh/config` file. In this
file you can set up configurations for multiple hosts, like GitLab.com, your
own GitLab instance, GitHub, Bitbucket, etc.

Below are two example host configurations using their own SSH key:

```conf
# GitLab.com
Host gitlab.com
  Preferredauthentications publickey
  IdentityFile ~/.ssh/gitlab_com_rsa

# Private GitLab instance
Host gitlab.company.com
  Preferredauthentications publickey
  IdentityFile ~/.ssh/example_com_rsa
```

Public SSH keys need to be unique to GitLab, as they will bind to your account.
Your SSH key is the only identifier you'll have when pushing code via SSH,
that's why it needs to uniquely map to a single user.

## Deploy keys

### Per-repository deploy keys

Deploy keys allow read-only or read-write (if enabled) access to one or
multiple projects with a single SSH key pair.

This is really useful for cloning repositories to your Continuous
Integration (CI) server. By using deploy keys, you don't have to set up a
dummy user account.

If you are a project maintainer or owner, you can add a deploy key in the
project settings under the section 'Repository'. Specify a title for the new
deploy key and paste a public SSH key. After this, the machine that uses
the corresponding private SSH key has read-only or read-write (if enabled)
access to the project.

You can't add the same deploy key twice using the form.
If you want to add the same key to another project, please enable it in the
list that says 'Deploy keys from projects available to you'. All the deploy
keys of all the projects you have access to are available. This project
access can happen through being a direct member of the project, or through
a group.

Deploy keys can be shared between projects, you just need to add them to each
project.

### Global shared deploy keys

Global Shared Deploy keys allow read-only or read-write (if enabled) access to
be configured on any repository in the entire GitLab installation.

This is really useful for integrating repositories to secured, shared Continuous
Integration (CI) services or other shared services.
GitLab administrators can set up the Global Shared Deploy key in GitLab and
add the private key to any shared systems.  Individual repositories opt into
exposing their repository using these keys when a project maintainers (or higher)
authorizes a Global Shared Deploy key to be used with their project.

Global Shared Keys can provide greater security compared to Per-Project Deploy
Keys since an administrator of the target integrated system is the only one
who needs to know and configure the private key.

GitLab administrators set up Global Deploy keys in the Admin area under the
section **Deploy Keys**. Ensure keys have a meaningful title as that will be
the primary way for project maintainers and owners to identify the correct Global
Deploy key to add.  For instance, if the key gives access to a SaaS CI instance,
use the name of that service in the key name if that is all it is used for.
When creating Global Shared Deploy keys, give some thought to the granularity
of keys - they could be of very narrow usage such as just a specific service or
of broader usage for something like "Anywhere you need to give read access to
your repository".

Once a GitLab administrator adds the Global Deployment key, project maintainers
and owners can add it in project's **Settings > Repository** section by expanding the
**Deploy Key** section and clicking **Enable** next to the appropriate key listed
under **Public deploy keys available to any project**.

NOTE: **Note:**
The heading **Public deploy keys available to any project** only appears
if there is at least one Global Deploy Key configured.

CAUTION: **Warning:**
Defining Global Deploy Keys does not expose any given repository via
the key until that repository adds the Global Deploy Key to their project.
In this way the Global Deploy Keys enable access by other systems, but do
not implicitly give any access just by setting them up.

## Applications

### Eclipse

How to add your SSH key to Eclipse: https://wiki.eclipse.org/EGit/User_Guide#Eclipse_SSH_Configuration

## SSH on the GitLab server

GitLab integrates with the system-installed SSH daemon, designating a user
(typically named `git`) through which all access requests are handled. Users
connecting to the GitLab server over SSH are identified by their SSH key instead
of their username.

SSH *client* operations performed on the GitLab server wil be executed as this
user. Although it is possible to modify the SSH configuration for this user to,
e.g., provide a private SSH key to authenticate these requests by, this practice
is **not supported** and is strongly discouraged as it presents significant
security risks.

The GitLab check process includes a check for this condition, and will direct you
to this section if your server is configured like this, e.g.:

```
$ gitlab-rake gitlab:check
# ...
Git user has default SSH configuration? ... no
  Try fixing it:
  mkdir ~/gitlab-check-backup-1504540051
  sudo mv /var/lib/git/.ssh/id_rsa ~/gitlab-check-backup-1504540051
  sudo mv /var/lib/git/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ~/gitlab-check-backup-1504540051
  For more information see:
  doc/ssh/README.md in section "SSH on the GitLab server"
  Please fix the error above and rerun the checks.
```

Remove the custom configuration as soon as you're able to. These customizations
are *explicitly not supported* and may stop working at any time.

## Troubleshooting

If on Git clone you are prompted for a password like `git@gitlab.com's password:`
something is wrong with your SSH setup.

- Ensure that you generated your SSH key pair correctly and added the public SSH
  key to your GitLab profile
- Try manually registering your private SSH key using `ssh-agent` as documented
  earlier in this document
- Try to debug the connection by running `ssh -Tv git@example.com`
  (replacing `example.com` with your GitLab domain)