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moby--moby/docs/tutorials/dockerimages.md
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Build your own images

Docker images are the basis of containers. Each time you've used docker run you told it which image you wanted. In the previous sections of the guide you used Docker images that already exist, for example the ubuntu image and the training/webapp image.

You also discovered that Docker stores downloaded images on the Docker host. If an image isn't already present on the host then it'll be downloaded from a registry: by default the Docker Hub Registry.

In this section you're going to explore Docker images a bit more including:

  • Managing and working with images locally on your Docker host.
  • Creating basic images.
  • Uploading images to Docker Hub Registry.

Listing images on the host

Let's start with listing the images you have locally on our host. You can do this using the docker images command like so:

$ docker images

REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
ubuntu              14.04               1d073211c498        3 days ago          187.9 MB
busybox             latest              2c5ac3f849df        5 days ago          1.113 MB
training/webapp     latest              54bb4e8718e8        5 months ago        348.7 MB

You can see the images you've previously used in the user guide. Each has been downloaded from Docker Hub when you launched a container using that image. When you list images, you get three crucial pieces of information in the listing.

  • What repository they came from, for example ubuntu.
  • The tags for each image, for example 14.04.
  • The image ID of each image.

Tip: You can use a third-party dockviz tool or the Image layers site to display
visualizations of image data.

A repository potentially holds multiple variants of an image. In the case of our ubuntu image you can see multiple variants covering Ubuntu 10.04, 12.04, 12.10, 13.04, 13.10 and 14.04. Each variant is identified by a tag and you can refer to a tagged image like so:

ubuntu:14.04

So when you run a container you refer to a tagged image like so:

$ docker run -t -i ubuntu:14.04 /bin/bash

If instead you wanted to run an Ubuntu 12.04 image you'd use:

$ docker run -t -i ubuntu:12.04 /bin/bash

If you don't specify a variant, for example you just use ubuntu, then Docker will default to using the ubuntu:latest image.

Tip: You should always specify an image tag, for example ubuntu:14.04. That way, you always know exactly what variant of an image you are using. This is useful for troubleshooting and debugging.

Getting a new image

So how do you get new images? Well Docker will automatically download any image you use that isn't already present on the Docker host. But this can potentially add some time to the launch of a container. If you want to pre-load an image you can download it using the docker pull command. Suppose you'd like to download the centos image.

$ docker pull centos

Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/centos
f1b10cd84249: Pull complete
c852f6d61e65: Pull complete
7322fbe74aa5: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:90305c9112250c7e3746425477f1c4ef112b03b4abe78c612e092037bfecc3b7
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest

You can see that each layer of the image has been pulled down and now you can run a container from this image and you won't have to wait to download the image.

$ docker run -t -i centos /bin/bash

bash-4.1#

Finding images

One of the features of Docker is that a lot of people have created Docker images for a variety of purposes. Many of these have been uploaded to Docker Hub. You can search these images on the Docker Hub website.

indexsearch

You can also search for images on the command line using the docker search command. Suppose your team wants an image with Ruby and Sinatra installed on which to do our web application development. You can search for a suitable image by using the docker search command to find all the images that contain the term sinatra.

$ docker search sinatra
NAME                                   DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
training/sinatra                       Sinatra training image                          0                    [OK]
marceldegraaf/sinatra                  Sinatra test app                                0
mattwarren/docker-sinatra-demo                                                         0                    [OK]
luisbebop/docker-sinatra-hello-world                                                   0                    [OK]
bmorearty/handson-sinatra              handson-ruby + Sinatra for Hands on with D...   0
subwiz/sinatra                                                                         0
bmorearty/sinatra                                                                      0
. . .

You can see the command returns a lot of images that use the term sinatra. You've received a list of image names, descriptions, Stars (which measure the social popularity of images - if a user likes an image then they can "star" it), and the Official and Automated build statuses. Official Repositories are a carefully curated set of Docker repositories supported by Docker, Inc. Automated repositories are Automated Builds that allow you to validate the source and content of an image.

You've reviewed the images available to use and you decided to use the training/sinatra image. So far you've seen two types of images repositories, images like ubuntu, which are called base or root images. These base images are provided by Docker Inc and are built, validated and supported. These can be identified by their single word names.

You've also seen user images, for example the training/sinatra image you've chosen. A user image belongs to a member of the Docker community and is built and maintained by them. You can identify user images as they are always prefixed with the user name, here training, of the user that created them.

Pulling our image

You've identified a suitable image, training/sinatra, and now you can download it using the docker pull command.

$ docker pull training/sinatra

The team can now use this image by running their own containers.

$ docker run -t -i training/sinatra /bin/bash

root@a8cb6ce02d85:/#

Creating our own images

The team has found the training/sinatra image pretty useful but it's not quite what they need and you need to make some changes to it. There are two ways you can update and create images.

  1. You can update a container created from an image and commit the results to an image.
  2. You can use a Dockerfile to specify instructions to create an image.

Updating and committing an image

To update an image you first need to create a container from the image you'd like to update.

$ docker run -t -i training/sinatra /bin/bash

root@0b2616b0e5a8:/#

Note: Take note of the container ID that has been created, 0b2616b0e5a8, as you'll need it in a moment.

Inside our running container first let's update Ruby:

root@0b2616b0e5a8:/# apt-get install -y ruby2.0-dev

Now let's add the json gem.

root@0b2616b0e5a8:/# gem2.0 install json

Once this has completed let's exit our container using the exit command.

Now you have a container with the change you want to make. You can then commit a copy of this container to an image using the docker commit command.

$ docker commit -m "Added json gem" -a "Kate Smith" \
0b2616b0e5a8 ouruser/sinatra:v2

4f177bd27a9ff0f6dc2a830403925b5360bfe0b93d476f7fc3231110e7f71b1c

Here you've used the docker commit command. You've specified two flags: -m and -a. The -m flag allows us to specify a commit message, much like you would with a commit on a version control system. The -a flag allows us to specify an author for our update.

You've also specified the container you want to create this new image from, 0b2616b0e5a8 (the ID you recorded earlier) and you've specified a target for the image:

ouruser/sinatra:v2

Break this target down. It consists of a new user, ouruser, that you're writing this image to. You've also specified the name of the image, here you're keeping the original image name sinatra. Finally you're specifying a tag for the image: v2.

You can then look at our new ouruser/sinatra image using the docker images command.

$ docker images

REPOSITORY          TAG     IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
training/sinatra    latest  5bc342fa0b91   10 hours ago  446.7 MB
ouruser/sinatra     v2      3c59e02ddd1a   10 hours ago  446.7 MB
ouruser/sinatra     latest  5db5f8471261   10 hours ago  446.7 MB

To use our new image to create a container you can then:

$ docker run -t -i ouruser/sinatra:v2 /bin/bash

root@78e82f680994:/#

Building an image from a Dockerfile

Using the docker commit command is a pretty simple way of extending an image but it's a bit cumbersome and it's not easy to share a development process for images amongst a team. Instead you can use a new command, docker build, to build new images from scratch.

To do this you create a Dockerfile that contains a set of instructions that tell Docker how to build our image.

First, create a directory and a Dockerfile.

$ mkdir sinatra

$ cd sinatra

$ touch Dockerfile

If you are using Docker Machine on Windows, you may access your host directory by cd to /c/Users/your_user_name.

Each instruction creates a new layer of the image. Try a simple example now for building your own Sinatra image for your fictitious development team.

# This is a comment
FROM ubuntu:14.04
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y ruby ruby-dev
RUN gem install sinatra

Examine what your Dockerfile does. Each instruction prefixes a statement and is capitalized.

INSTRUCTION statement

Note: You use # to indicate a comment

The first instruction FROM tells Docker what the source of our image is, in this case you're basing our new image on an Ubuntu 14.04 image.

Lastly, you've specified two RUN instructions. A RUN instruction executes a command inside the image, for example installing a package. Here you're updating our APT cache, installing Ruby and RubyGems and then installing the Sinatra gem.

Now let's take our Dockerfile and use the docker build command to build an image.

$ docker build -t ouruser/sinatra:v2 .

Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kB
Sending build context to Docker daemon
Step 1 : FROM ubuntu:14.04
 ---> e54ca5efa2e9
Step 2 : RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y ruby ruby-dev
 ---> Running in 3a2558904e9b
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 ---> c55c31703134
Removing intermediate container 3a2558904e9b
Step 3 : RUN gem install sinatra
 ---> Running in 6b81cb6313e5
unable to convert "\xC3" to UTF-8 in conversion from ASCII-8BIT to UTF-8 to US-ASCII for README.rdoc, skipping
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Successfully installed rack-1.5.2
Successfully installed tilt-1.4.1
Successfully installed rack-protection-1.5.3
Successfully installed sinatra-1.4.5
4 gems installed
Installing ri documentation for rack-1.5.2...
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Installing RDoc documentation for sinatra-1.4.5...
 ---> 97feabe5d2ed
Removing intermediate container 6b81cb6313e5
Successfully built 97feabe5d2ed

You've specified our docker build command and used the -t flag to identify our new image as belonging to the user ouruser, the repository name sinatra and given it the tag v2.

You've also specified the location of our Dockerfile using the . to indicate a Dockerfile in the current directory.

Note: You can also specify a path to a Dockerfile.

Now you can see the build process at work. The first thing Docker does is upload the build context: basically the contents of the directory you're building in. This is done because the Docker daemon does the actual build of the image and it needs the local context to do it.

Next you can see each instruction in the Dockerfile being executed step-by-step. You can see that each step creates a new container, runs the instruction inside that container and then commits that change - just like the docker commit work flow you saw earlier. When all the instructions have executed you're left with the 97feabe5d2ed image (also helpfuly tagged as ouruser/sinatra:v2) and all intermediate containers will get removed to clean things up.

Note: An image can't have more than 127 layers regardless of the storage driver. This limitation is set globally to encourage optimization of the overall size of images.

You can then create a container from our new image.

$ docker run -t -i ouruser/sinatra:v2 /bin/bash

root@8196968dac35:/#

Note: This is just a brief introduction to creating images. We've skipped a whole bunch of other instructions that you can use. We'll see more of those instructions in later sections of the Guide or you can refer to the Dockerfile reference for a detailed description and examples of every instruction. To help you write a clear, readable, maintainable Dockerfile, we've also written a Dockerfile Best Practices guide.

Setting tags on an image

You can also add a tag to an existing image after you commit or build it. We can do this using the docker tag command. Now, add a new tag to your ouruser/sinatra image.

$ docker tag 5db5f8471261 ouruser/sinatra:devel

The docker tag command takes the ID of the image, here 5db5f8471261, and our user name, the repository name and the new tag.

Now, see your new tag using the docker images command.

$ docker images ouruser/sinatra

REPOSITORY          TAG     IMAGE ID      CREATED        SIZE
ouruser/sinatra     latest  5db5f8471261  11 hours ago   446.7 MB
ouruser/sinatra     devel   5db5f8471261  11 hours ago   446.7 MB
ouruser/sinatra     v2      5db5f8471261  11 hours ago   446.7 MB

Image Digests

Images that use the v2 or later format have a content-addressable identifier called a digest. As long as the input used to generate the image is unchanged, the digest value is predictable. To list image digest values, use the --digests flag:

$ docker images --digests | head

REPOSITORY        TAG      DIGEST                                                                     IMAGE ID      CREATED       SIZE
ouruser/sinatra   latest   sha256:cbbf2f9a99b47fc460d422812b6a5adff7dfee951d8fa2e4a98caa0382cfbdbf    5db5f8471261  11 hours ago  446.7 MB

When pushing or pulling to a 2.0 registry, the push or pull command output includes the image digest. You can pull using a digest value.

$ docker pull ouruser/sinatra@sha256:cbbf2f9a99b47fc460d422812b6a5adff7dfee951d8fa2e4a98caa0382cfbdbf

You can also reference by digest in create, run, and rmi commands, as well as the FROM image reference in a Dockerfile.

Push an image to Docker Hub

Once you've built or created a new image you can push it to Docker Hub using the docker push command. This allows you to share it with others, either publicly, or push it into a private repository.

$ docker push ouruser/sinatra

The push refers to a repository [ouruser/sinatra] (len: 1)
Sending image list
Pushing repository ouruser/sinatra (3 tags)
. . .

Remove an image from the host

You can also remove images on your Docker host in a way similar to containers using the docker rmi command.

Delete the training/sinatra image as you don't need it anymore.

$ docker rmi training/sinatra

Untagged: training/sinatra:latest
Deleted: 5bc342fa0b91cabf65246837015197eecfa24b2213ed6a51a8974ae250fedd8d
Deleted: ed0fffdcdae5eb2c3a55549857a8be7fc8bc4241fb19ad714364cbfd7a56b22f
Deleted: 5c58979d73ae448df5af1d8142436d81116187a7633082650549c52c3a2418f0

Note: To remove an image from the host, please make sure that there are no containers actively based on it.

Next steps

Until now you've seen how to build individual applications inside Docker containers. Now learn how to build whole application stacks with Docker by networking together multiple Docker containers.

Go to Network containers.